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Chen A, Zhu J, Lin Q, Liu W. A Comparative Study of Forehead Temperature and Core Body Temperature under Varying Ambient Temperature Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15883. [PMID: 36497956 PMCID: PMC9740153 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED When the ambient temperature, in which a person is situated, fluctuates, the body's surface temperature will alter proportionally. However, the body's core temperature will remain relatively steady. Consequently, using body surface temperature to characterize the core body temperature of the human body in varied situations is still highly inaccurate. This research aims to investigate and establish the link between human body surface temperature and core body temperature in a variety of ambient conditions, as well as the associated conversion curves. METHODS Plan an experiment to measure temperature over a thousand times in order to get the corresponding data for human forehead, axillary, and oral temperatures at varying ambient temperatures (14-32 °C). Utilize the axillary and oral temperatures as the core body temperature standards or the control group to investigate the new approach's accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for detecting fever/non-fever conditions and the forehead temperature as the experimental group. Analyze the statistical connection, data correlation, and agreement between the forehead temperature and the core body temperature. RESULTS A total of 1080 tests measuring body temperature were conducted on healthy adults. The average axillary temperature was (36.7 ± 0.41) °C, the average oral temperature was (36.7 ± 0.33) °C, and the average forehead temperature was (36.2 ± 0.30) °C as a result of the shift in ambient temperature. The forehead temperature was 0.5 °C lower than the average of the axillary and oral temperatures. The Pearson correlation coefficient between axillary and oral temperatures was 0.41 (95% CI, 0.28-0.52), between axillary and forehead temperatures was 0.07 (95% CI, -0.07-0.22), and between oral and forehead temperatures was 0.26 (95% CI, 0.11-0.39). The mean differences between the axillary temperature and the oral temperature, the oral temperature and the forehead temperature, and the axillary temperature and the forehead temperature were -0.08 °C, 0.49 °C, and 0.42 °C, respectively, according to a Bland-Altman analysis. Finally, the regression analysis revealed that there was a linear association between the axillary temperature and the forehead temperature, as well as the oral temperature and the forehead temperature due to the change in ambient temperature. CONCLUSION The changes in ambient temperature have a substantial impact on the temperature of the forehead. There are significant differences between the forehead and axillary temperatures, as well as the forehead and oral temperatures, when the ambient temperature is low. As the ambient temperature rises, the forehead temperature tends to progressively converge with the axillary and oral temperatures. In clinical or daily applications, it is not advised to utilize the forehead temperature derived from an uncorrected infrared thermometer as the foundation for a body temperature screening in public venues such as hospital outpatient clinics, shopping malls, airports, and train stations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anming Chen
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qunxiong Lin
- Guangdong Public Security Science and Technology Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Public Security Department, Guangzhou 510050, China
| | - Weiqiang Liu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Lai F, Li X, Wang Q, Luo Y, Wang X, Huang X, Zhang J, Peng J, Wang Q, Fan L, Li W, Huo J, Liu T, Li Y, Lin Y, Yang X. Reliability of Non-Contact Infrared Thermometers for Fever Screening Under COVID-19. Healthc Policy 2022; 15:447-456. [PMID: 35300277 PMCID: PMC8922455 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s357567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fever is one of the most typical clinical symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) are commonly used to screen for fever. However, there is a lack of authoritative data to define a “fever” when an NCIT is used and previous studies have shown that NCIT readings fluctuate widely depending on ambient temperatures and the body surface site screened. The aim of this study was to establish cut-off points for normal temperatures of different body sites (neck, forehead, temples, and wrist) and investigate the accuracy of NCITs at various ambient temperatures to improve the standardization and accuracy of fever screening. Patients and Methods A prospective investigation was conducted among 904 participants in the outpatient and emergency departments of Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital. Body temperature was measured using NCITs and mercury axillary thermometers. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the accuracy of body temperature detection at the four body surface sites. Data on participant characteristics were also collected. Results Among the four surface sites, the neck temperature detection group had the highest accuracy. When the neck temperature was 37.35°C as the optimum fever diagnostic threshold, the sensitivity was 0.866. The optimum fever diagnostic thresholds for forehead, temporal, and wrist temperature were 36.65°C, 36.65°C, and 36.75°C, respectively. Moreover, triple neck temperature detection had the highest sensitivity, up to 0.998, whereas the sensitivity of triple wrist temperature detections was 0.949. Notably, the accuracy of NCITs significantly reduced when the temperature was lower than 18°C. Conclusion Neck temperature had the highest accuracy among the four NCIT temperature measurement sites, with an optimum fever diagnostic threshold of 37.35°C. Considering the findings reported in our study, we recommend triple neck temperature detection with NCITs as the fever screening standard for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lai
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingjuan Luo
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuhua Huang
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jieru Peng
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Fan
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Li
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junrong Huo
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianjiao Liu
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yalan Li
- The Fourth People’s Hospital of Chengdu, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Lin
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiao Yang; Yonghong Lin, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, 1617 Riyue Avenue, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13882288881; +86 13808031895, Email ;
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3
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Johansson K, Lindström M, Alhabshi M, Ahmad M, Svensson PJ, Becktor JP. Estimation of Blood Loss in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery by Measurements of Low Haemoglobin Levels in Mixtures of Blood, Saliva and Saline: a Laboratory Study. EJOURNAL OF ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL RESEARCH 2021; 12:e3. [PMID: 34377380 PMCID: PMC8326882 DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2021.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Estimating blood loss is an important factor in several surgical procedures. The accuracy of blood loss measurements in situations where blood is mixed with saliva and saline is however uncertain. The purpose of this laboratory study was to ascertain if blood loss measurements in mixtures of blood, saline, and saliva are reliable and could be applicable in a clinical setting. Material and Methods Venous blood and resting saliva were collected from six volunteers. Saliva, saline, and combinations thereof were mixed with blood to obtain different concentrations. A portable spectrophotometer was first used to measure the haemoglobin concentration in undiluted venous blood followed by measurements of the haemoglobin concentration after each dilution. To examine the strength of linear relationships, linear regression and Pearson correlations were used. Results The measurements of haemoglobin concentrations in mixtures of blood, saline, and saliva were proven to be accurate for haemoglobin measurements > 0.3 g/dl (correlation = 0.986 to 1). For haemoglobin measurements < 0.3 g/dl, a small increase in haemoglobin values were reported, which was directly associated to the saliva concentration in the solution (correlation = 0.983 to 1). This interference of saliva was significantly eliminated by diluting the samples with saline, mimicking the clinical situation. Conclusions The results suggest that a portable spectrophotometer can be used clinically to preoperatively measure the haemoglobin value of a venous blood sample and postoperatively measure the haemoglobin value of the collected liquids, including shed blood, thereby achieving a highly accurate method of measuring blood loss during oral and maxillofacial surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krister Johansson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, MalmöSweden.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, LundSweden
| | - Martin Lindström
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, MalmöSweden
| | - Manaf Alhabshi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, MalmöSweden
| | - Marianne Ahmad
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, MalmöSweden
| | - Peter J Svensson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Coagulation Research Unit, Skåne University Hospital, MalmöSweden
| | - Jonas P Becktor
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, MalmöSweden
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Winter J, Frankenberger R, Günther F, Roggendorf MJ. Dental Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a German Dental Hospital. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6905. [PMID: 34199085 PMCID: PMC8297123 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, dental treatment performed by undergraduate students at the University of Marburg/Germany was immediately stopped in spring 2020 and stepwise reinstalled under a new hygiene concept until full recovery in winter 2020/21. Patient treatment in the student courses was evaluated based on three aspects: (1) Testing of patients with a SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen (SCRA) Test applied by student assistants (SA); (2) Improved hygiene regimen, with separated treatment units, cross-ventilation, pre-operative mouth rinse and rubber dam application wherever possible; (3) Recruitment of patients: 735 patients were pre-registered for the two courses; 384 patients were treated and a total of 699 tests with the SCRA test were performed by SAs. While half of the patients treated in the course were healthy, over 40% of the patients that were pre-registered but not treated in the course revealed a disease being relevant to COVID (p < 0.001). 46 patients had concerns to visit the dental hospital due to the increase of COVID incidence levels, 14 persons refused to be tested. The presented concept was suitable to enable patient treatment in the student course during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Winter
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics, and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Center for Dentistry, Philipps University Marburg and University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg (Campus Marburg), Georg Voigt Str. 3, 35039 Marburg, Germany; (J.W.); (R.F.)
| | - Roland Frankenberger
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics, and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Center for Dentistry, Philipps University Marburg and University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg (Campus Marburg), Georg Voigt Str. 3, 35039 Marburg, Germany; (J.W.); (R.F.)
| | - Frank Günther
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Marburg University Hospital, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Matthias Johannes Roggendorf
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics, and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Center for Dentistry, Philipps University Marburg and University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg (Campus Marburg), Georg Voigt Str. 3, 35039 Marburg, Germany; (J.W.); (R.F.)
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5
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Impact of measuring distance and exposure to cold outdoor environment on the temperature measurement using a non-contact infrared thermometer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 135:121-122. [PMID: 34054022 PMCID: PMC8850864 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Toledo LV, Santos BXD, Salgado PDO, Souza LMD, Brinati LM, Januário CDF, Ercole FF. Changes in body temperature of critically ill patients submitted to bed bathing: a crossover clinical trial. Rev Bras Enferm 2021; 74:e20200969. [PMID: 34037151 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to compare tympanic and axillary body temperature values of critical patients before and after the traditional and dry bed bath. METHODS this is a randomized, open crossover clinical trial conducted with 50 adult critical patients. All patients received both types of bed bathing. The tympanic and axillary temperature values were measured at the beginning and end of the baths. The Wilcoxon test or paired Student's t test was used. RESULTS elderly and male patients predominated. There was no significant difference between tympanic temperature medians measured during the traditional bed bath (p=0.707) and dry bath (p=0.101). Axillary temperature means reduced at the end of the baths (p=0.001), being 36.12ºC in the traditional bath and 35.92ºC in dry bath. CONCLUSIONS bed bath, regardless of the method used, caused a reduction in critical patients' axillary temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carla de Fátima Januário
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Hospital das Clínicas. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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7
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Buoite Stella A, Manganotti P, Furlanis G, Accardo A, Ajčević M. Return to school in the COVID-19 era: considerations for temperature measurement. J Med Eng Technol 2020; 44:468-471. [PMID: 32990119 DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2020.1822941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemics required a reorganisation of social spaces to prevent the spread of the virus. Due to the common presence of fever in the symptomatic patients, temperature measurement is one of the most common screening protocols. Indeed, regulations in many countries require temperature measurements before entering shops, workplaces, and public buildings. Due to the necessity of providing rapid non-contact and non-invasive protocols to measure body temperature, infra-red thermometry is mostly used. Many countries are now facing the need to organise the return to school and universities in the COVID-19 era, which require solutions to prevent the risk of contagion between students and/or teachers and technical/administrative staff. This paper highlights and discusses some of the strengths and limitations of infra-red cameras, including the site of measurements and the influence of the environment, and recommends to be careful to consider such measurements as a single "safety rule" for a good return to normality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Buoite Stella
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Manganotti
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni Furlanis
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, Trieste, Italy
| | - Agostino Accardo
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Miloš Ajčević
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital ASUGI, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Chen G, Xie J, Dai G, Zheng P, Hu X, Lu H, Xu L, Chen X, Chen X. Validity of the Use of Wrist and Forehead Temperatures in Screening the General Population for COVID-19: A Prospective Real-World Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 49:57-66. [PMID: 34268206 PMCID: PMC8266026 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v49is1.3670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background We aimed to compare the accuracy of individuals' wrist and forehead temperatures with their tympanic temperature under different circumstances. Methods We performed a prospective observational study in a real-life population in Ningbo First Hospital in China. We consecutively recorded individuals' wrist and forehead temperatures in Celsius (°C) using a non-contact infrared thermometer (NCIT). We also measured individuals' tympanic temperature using a tympanic thermometer (IRTT) and defined fever as a tympanic temperature of ≥37.3 °C. Results We enrolled 528 participants, including 261 indoor and 267 outdoor participants. We grouped the outdoor participants into four groups according to their means of transportation to the hospital: by foot, by bicycle/electric vehicle, by car, or as a passenger in a car. Under different circumstances, the mean difference in the forehead measurement ranged from -1.72 to -0.56 °C across groups, and that in the wrist measurement ranged from -0.96 to -0.61°C. Both measurements had high fever screening abilities in indoor patients. (Wrist: AUC 0.790; 95% CI: 0.725-0.854, P<0.001; forehead: AUC 0.816; 95% CI: 0.757-0.876, P <0.001). The cut-off value of the wrist measurement for detecting a tympanic temperature of ≥37.3 °C was 36.2 °C, with 86.4% sensitivity and 67.0% specificity, and the best threshold for the forehead measurement was 36.2 °C, with 93.2% sensitivity and 60.0% specificity. Conclusion Wrist measurements are more stable than forehead measurements under different circumstances. Both measurements have favorable fever screening abilities in indoor patients. The cut-off values were both 36.2 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Chen
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiarong Xie
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guangli Dai
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Peijun Zheng
- Department of Nursing, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaqing Hu
- Department of Emergency, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongpeng Lu
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.,Department of Cardiology, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
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Diegritz C, Manhart J, Bücher K, Grabein B, Schuierer G, Kühnisch J, Kunzelmann KH, Hickel R, Fotiadou C. A detailed report on the measures taken in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology in Munich at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:2931-2941. [PMID: 32607830 PMCID: PMC7326529 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The corona disease (COVID-19) is developing into one of the greatest challenges for healthcare professionals around the world. In this article, we report the detailed actions taken in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany, during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and methods After a joint on-site inspection of the dental clinic with the Department of Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, existing clinical and hygiene protocols were adapted for COVID-19 patients. Results A comprehensive summary of the preparation of the facilities as well as pre- treatment, treatment and posttreatment protocols are described and arising problems are being discussed. Conclusions The importance of rigorous hygiene and treatment protocols as well as a sufficient supply of PPE for dental offices and hospitals is highlighted. The measures reported may be subject to change due to the dynamics of the pandemic. Clinical relevance The modes of transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (e.g., droplets, aerosols, and fomites) can pose a risk for dental healthcare professionals and patients alike. The presented measures may guide dental faculties and dental practices during the early stage of the COVID-19 crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Diegritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Manhart
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Bücher
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Béatrice Grabein
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Günther Schuierer
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Kühnisch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Kunzelmann
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hickel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Fotiadou
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
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10
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Hsiao SH, Chen TC, Chien HC, Yang CJ, Chen YH. Measurement of body temperature to prevent pandemic COVID-19 in hospitals in Taiwan: repeated measurement is necessary. J Hosp Infect 2020; 105:360-361. [PMID: 32278704 PMCID: PMC7195063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S-H Hsiao
- Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - T-C Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - H-C Chien
- Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-J Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Y-H Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Graduate Medicine, Centre of Sepsis, Centre of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
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11
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Yap Kannan R, Keresztes K, Hussain S, Coats TJ, Bown MJ. Infrared cameras are potential traceable "fixed points" for future thermometry studies. J Med Eng Technol 2015; 39:485-9. [PMID: 26468981 DOI: 10.3109/03091902.2015.1067728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The National physical laboratory (NPL) requires "fixed points" whose temperatures have been established by the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS 90) be used for device calibration. In practice, "near" blackbody radiators together with the standard platinum resistance thermometer is accepted as a standard. The aim of this study was to report the correlation and limits of agreement (LOA) of the thermal infrared camera and non-contact infrared temporal thermometer against each other and the "near" blackbody radiator. Temperature readings from an infrared thermography camera (FLIR T650sc) and a non-contact infrared temporal thermometer (Hubdic FS-700) were compared to a near blackbody (Hyperion R blackbody model 982) at 0.5 °C increments between 20-40 °C. At each increment, blackbody cavity temperature was confirmed with the platinum resistance thermometer. Measurements were taken initially with the thermal infrared camera followed by the infrared thermometer, with each device mounted in turn on a stand at a fixed distance of 20 cm and 5 cm from the blackbody aperture, respectively. The platinum thermometer under-estimated the blackbody temperature by 0.015 °C (95% LOA: -0.08 °C to 0.05 °C), in contrast to the thermal infrared camera and infrared thermometer which over-estimated the blackbody temperature by 0.16 °C (95% LOA: 0.03 °C to 0.28 °C) and 0.75 °C (95% LOA: -0.30 °C to 1.79 °C), respectively. Infrared thermometer over-estimates thermal infrared camera measurements by 0.6 °C (95% LOA: -0.46 °C to 1.65 °C). In conclusion, the thermal infrared camera is a potential temperature reference "fixed point" that could substitute mercury thermometers. However, further repeatability and reproducibility studies will be required with different models of thermal infrared cameras.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yap Kannan
- a Department of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Leicester , Infirmary Road , Leicester LE2 7LX , UK .,b NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit , Leicester , UK
| | - K Keresztes
- c Emergency Department Academic Unit , and.,d Space Research Centre, Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Infirmary Road , Leicester LE2 7LX , UK
| | - S Hussain
- c Emergency Department Academic Unit , and
| | - T J Coats
- c Emergency Department Academic Unit , and
| | - M J Bown
- a Department of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Leicester , Infirmary Road , Leicester LE2 7LX , UK .,b NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit , Leicester , UK
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