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Cubillos VM, Ramírez FE, Mardones-Toledo DA, Valdivia N, Chaparro OR, Montory JA, Cruces EA. Specific plasticity of the anemone Anthopleura hermaphroditica to intertidal and subtidal environmental conditions of the Quempillén estuary. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279482. [PMID: 36603008 PMCID: PMC9815623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular capacity of marine organisms to address rapid fluctuations in environmental conditions is decisive, especially when their bathymetric distribution encompasses intertidal and subtidal zones of estuarine systems. To understand how the bathymetric distribution determines the oxidative damage and antioxidant response of the estuarine anemone Anthopleura hermaphroditica, individuals were collected from upper intertidal and shallow subtidal zones of Quempillén River estuary (Chile), and their response analysed in a fully orthogonal, multifactorial laboratory experiment. The organisms were exposed to the effects of temperature (10°C and 30°C), salinity (10 ppt and 30 ppt) and radiation (PAR, > 400-700 nm; PAR+UV-A, > 320-700 nm; PAR+UV-A+UV-B, > 280-700 nm), and their levels of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl and total antioxidant capacity were determined. The results indicated that the intertidal individuals of A. hermaphroditica presented higher levels of tolerance to the stressful ranges of temperature, salinity, and radiation than individuals from the subtidal zone, which was evident from their lower levels of oxidative damage to lipids and proteins. These results were consistent with increased levels of total antioxidant capacity observed in subtidal organisms. Thus intertidal individuals could have greater plasticity to environmental variations than subtidal individuals. Future studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underlying stress adaptation in individuals from this estuarine anemone subjected to different environmental stressors during their life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M. Cubillos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Felipe E. Ramírez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Daniela A. Mardones-Toledo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nelson Valdivia
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Oscar R. Chaparro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Edgardo A. Cruces
- Centro de Investigaciones Costeras, Universidad de Atacama (CIC-UDA), Copiapó, Chile
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Cubillos VM, Álvarez JA, Ramírez E, Cruces E, Chaparro OR, Montory J, Spano CA. Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Sediment Burial Parameters and Photo-Oxidative Response of the Intertidal Anemone Anthopleura hermaphroditica. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091725. [PMID: 36139800 PMCID: PMC9495649 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthopleura hermaphroditica is an intertidal anemone that lives semi-buried in soft sediments of estuaries and releases its brooded embryos directly to the benthos, being exposed to potentially detrimental ultraviolet radiation (UVR) levels. In this study, we investigated how experimental radiation (PAR: photosynthetically active radiation; UVA: ultraviolet A radiation; and UVB: ultraviolet B radiation) influences burrowing (time, depth and speed) in adults and juveniles when they were exposed to PAR (P, 400–700 nm), PAR + UVA (PA, 315–700 nm) and PAR + UVA + UVB (PAB, 280–700 nm) experimental treatments. The role of sediment as a physical shield was also assessed by exposing anemones to these radiation treatments with and without sediment, after which lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and total antioxidant capacity were quantified. Our results indicate that PAB can induce a faster burial response compared to those anemones exposed only to P. PAB increased oxidative damage, especially in juveniles where oxidative damage levels were several times higher than in adults. Sediment offers protection to adults against P, PA and PAB, as significant differences in their total antioxidant capacity were observed compared to those anemones without sediment. Conversely, the presence or absence of sediment did not influence total antioxidant capacity in juveniles, which may reflect that those anemones have sufficient antioxidant defenses to minimize photooxidative damage due to their reduced tolerance to experimental radiation. Burrowing behavior is a key survival skill for juveniles after they have been released after brooding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Cubillos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Javier A Álvarez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Eduardo Ramírez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5110566, Chile
| | - Edgardo Cruces
- Centro de Investigaciones Costeras, Universidad de Atacama (CIC-UDA), Avenida Copayapu 485, Copiapó 1530000, Chile
| | - Oscar R Chaparro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Jaime Montory
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Carlos A Spano
- Departamento de Oceanografía Biológica, Ecotecnos S.A., Limache 3405, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
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Qarri A, Rosner A, Rabinowitz C, Rinkevich B. UV-B radiation bearings on ephemeral soma in the shallow water tunicate Botryllus schlosseri. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110489. [PMID: 32278137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary shallow water marine organisms acquire numerous protective mechanisms to mitigate the detrimental effects of UV radiation (UV-R). Here we investigated morphological and gene expression outcomes in colonies of the cosmopolitan ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, up to 15-days post UV-B irradiation. Astogeny in Botryllus is characterized by weekly repeating sets of asexual budding, coinciding with apoptotic elimination of functional zooids (blastogenesis). Ten UV-B doses were administered to three clusters: sublethal, enhanced-mortality, lethal (LD50 = 6.048 kJ/m2) which differed in mortality rates, yet reflected similar distorted morphotypes, and arrested blastogenesis, all intensified in the enhanced-mortality/lethal clusters. Even the sub-lethal doses inflicted expression modifications in 8 stress proteins (HSP 90/70 families and NIMA) as well as morphological blastogenesis. The morphological/gene-expression impacts in surviving colonies lasted for 15 days post irradiation (two blastogenic-cycles), where all damaged and arrested zooids/buds were absorbed, after which the colonies returned to their normal blastogenic-cycles and gene expression profiles, and initiated new buds. The above reflects a novel colonial maintenance strategy associated with the disposable-soma tenet, where the ephemeral soma in Botryllus is eliminated without engaging with the costs of repair, whereas other colonial components, primarily the pool of totipotent stem cells, are sustained under yet unknown colonial-level regulatory cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Qarri
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 8030, Tel Shikmona, 31080, Haifa, Israel; The Department of Maritime Civilizations, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 3498838, Israel.
| | - Amalia Rosner
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 8030, Tel Shikmona, 31080, Haifa, Israel
| | - Claudette Rabinowitz
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 8030, Tel Shikmona, 31080, Haifa, Israel
| | - Baruch Rinkevich
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 8030, Tel Shikmona, 31080, Haifa, Israel
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Hoepner CM, Abbott CA, Burke da Silva K. The Ecological Importance of Toxicity: Sea Anemones Maintain Toxic Defence When Bleached. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050266. [PMID: 31083576 PMCID: PMC6563229 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians are amongst the most venomous animals on the planet. They are also under significant threat due to the impacts of climate change. Corals and anemones undergo climate-induced bleaching during extreme environmental conditions, where a loss of symbiotic photosynthetic algae (zooxanthellae) causes whitening in colour, loss of internal food supply, and reduction in health, which can ultimately lead to death. What has yet to be determined is whether bleaching causes a reduction in the production or quality of venom. In this study, the sea anemone Entacmaea quadricolor was exposed to long-term light-induced bleaching to examine the effect that bleaching has on venom. Venom quality and quantity, as determined through lethality and haemolysis measures and nematocyst production was highly preserved over the five-month imposed bleaching event. Maintenance of venom and nematocyst production, despite a loss of an internal food source provided by endosymbiotic algae, indicates both the ecological importance of maintaining toxicity and a remarkable resilience that anemones have to major environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie M Hoepner
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Catherine A Abbott
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - Karen Burke da Silva
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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Cubillos V, Chaparro O, Segura C, Montory J, Cruces E, Burritt D. Isolation-hypoxia and re-oxygenation of the pallial cavity of female Crepipatella dilatata during estuarine salinity changes requires increased glyoxylase activity and antioxidant metabolism to avoid oxidative damage to female tissues and developing embryos. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 119:59-71. [PMID: 27232979 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The estuarine slipper limpet Crepipatella dilatata is a gastropod that can survive prolonged periods of low salinities (< 24 PSU) caused by tidal changes and/or prolonged periods of rain. During low salinity events, C. dilatata can isolate its body from the outside environment, by sealing its shell against the substrate on which it grows. Prolonged isolation periods from the surrounding environment can greatly lower available oxygen levels inside of the pallial cavity, impacting on the physiology of both females and their incubated encapsulated embryos. When salinity levels return to normal, isolation is terminated and the inflow of seawater results in re-oxygenation. In this study we show that when re-oxygenation of the pallial cavity takes place, oxidative damage, in the form of increased levels of lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls, occurs in both maternal tissues and in incubated embryos. To avoid terminal oxidative damage both females and their embryos increase their levels of the glyoxalase pathway enzymes (GLX-I and GLX-II) and general antioxidant metabolism (SOD, CAT, GR, GPOX and GST). As a result the levels of oxidative damage decline to basal levels within 24 h of reoxygenation. Thus the combination of isolation, a behavioural strategy, combined with encapsulation of embryos and a capacity to up regulate relatively rapidly the glyoxylase pathway and general antioxidant metabolism, play major roles in facilitating the survival of C. dilatata in the small estuaries of Southern Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Cubillos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Oscar Chaparro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Cristian Segura
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jaime Montory
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Edgardo Cruces
- Center for Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Burritt
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Paredes-Molina FJ, Cubillos VM, Montory JA, Andrade-Villagrán PA. Are embryonic developing modes determinant in the acquisition and levels of photoprotective compounds in slipper limpets of the Crepipatella genus? JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 162:511-518. [PMID: 27472902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The type of embryonic development (mixed and direct) and its influence on the accumulation and translocation of photoprotective compounds from the mother to the encapsulated embryo was studied in the intertidal gastropods Crepipatella peruviana and Crepipatella dilatata during their reproductive peak. HPLC/MS was used to determine type and levels of sunscreen compounds (total carotenoids; TC/and mycosporine-like amino acid; MAA) in brooding females, capsule walls and early and pre-hatching embryos of both species. Photoprotective compounds were only quantified in nurse eggs of C. dilatata. Our results indicate that females of both species can accumulate TC and MAA at different levels, and they are able to transfer them selectively to capsule walls, embryos and nurse eggs. Palythine-serine (MW=244Da; λmax=320nm) and MAA-330 (MW=234Da; λmax=330nm) constitute total MAA pool in brooding females, whereas brooded embryos incorporate palythine (MW=244Da; λmax=320nm) to the MAA pool. Although TC was transferred from the mother to the embryo through the yolk in both species, MAA trespass showed differences. Females of C. peruviana transfer MAA to their embryos through the embryonic yolk; C. dilatata can transfer MAA only through their nurse eggs, which are consumed by embryos during the terminal stages of intracapsular development. Differences between mixed and direct embryonic development, as well as environmental UV-R levels, which the recently hatched larvae and juveniles of C. peruviana and C. dilatata are exposed to, would determine levels of sunscreen compounds in each species. Higher TC and MAA levels in pre-hatching larvae of C. peruviana compared to C. dilatata, indicate a necessity of C. peruviana for protection against UV-R radiation during approximately 15days when their veliger larvae remain in the water column before metamorphosis is complete. Conversely, low photoprotective levels in pre-hatching juveniles of C. dilatata could be related to low UV-R exposure levels due to the direct incorporation to the benthos and the presence of a protective shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Paredes-Molina
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - V M Cubillos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - J A Montory
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro i-mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - P A Andrade-Villagrán
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Cubillos VM, Burritt DJ, Lamare MD, Peake BM. The relationship between UV-irradiance, photoprotective compounds and DNA damage in two intertidal invertebrates with contrasting mobility characteristics. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 149:280-8. [PMID: 26117416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photoprotective role of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAA) against the generation of DNA cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) was studied in the sessile intertidal anemone Actinia tenebrosa and the mobile intertidal gastropod Diloma aethiops through 27months at a mid-latitude New Zealand location. MAA were sequestered by A. tenebrosa and D. aethiops from their diet, although maximum total MAA levels in both species were not correlated with seasonal variation in maximum ambient UV-B levels recorded at the collection site. Temporal changes in total MAA in A. tenebrosa showed a six months lag-time in their concentration regarding to the environmental UV-B levels. This lag period corresponded to an observed increase in CPD production from spring to summer; suggesting that MAA do not completely protect the anemone from UV-B during summer. For D. aethiops, total MAA concentrations did not change significantly during the study, although qualitative changes in MAA were apparent. A month lag-time in MAA concentration in D. aethiops and possibly the physical barrier that the shell confers to the animal, can explain reduced CPD levels in comparative terms with A. tenebrosa. Although MAA are used by invertebrates for photoprotection, contrasting mobility characteristics and the presence of physical adaptations can confer them important protection levels during temporal changes of UV-B at mid-latitude places of the Southern Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Mauricio Cubillos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - David J Burritt
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Miles D Lamare
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Barrie M Peake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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