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Zhang Y, Hu Y, Lei L, Jiang L, Fu C, Chen M, Wu S, Duan X, Chen J, Zeng Q. UVB-induced TRPS1 regulates MITF transcription activity to promote skin pigmentation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167445. [PMID: 39074626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Hyperpigmented dermatoses are characterized by increased skin pigmentation caused by genetic, environmental factors and inflammation, which lasts a long time and is difficult to treat. Ultraviolet (UV), especially ultraviolet B (UVB), is the primary external factor inducing skin pigmentation. However, the specific regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. Through analysis of GEO datasets from four UV-exposed skin cell/tissue samples, we found that TRPS1 is the only gene differentially expressed in multiple datasets (GSE22083, GSE67098 and GSE70280) and highly positively correlated with the expression of key melanogenesis genes. Consistently, we observed that TRPS1 is highly expressed in sun-exposed skin tissues compared to non-exposed skin. Additionally, the expression of TRPS1 was also significantly upregulated after UVB irradiation in isolated skin tissues and melanocytes, while knockdown of TRPS1 expression inhibited the UVB-induced melanogenesis. Further research revealed that overexpression of TRPS1 increased melanin content and tyrosinase activity in MNT1 cells, as well as upregulated the expression levels of key melanogenesis genes (MITF, TYR, TYRP1, DCT). In contrast, inhibition of TRPS1 expression showed the opposite effect. Moreover, we found that TRPS1 can bind to the promoter region of MITF, inhibiting the expression of MITF can antagonize the melanogenesis induced by TRPS1. In conclusion, UVB-induced TRPS1 promotes melanogenesis by activating the transcriptional activity of MITF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yibo Hu
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Lei
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chuhan Fu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Menglu Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Songjiang Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaolei Duan
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinghai Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Xu S, Ma L, Wu T, Tian Y, Wu L. Assessment of cellular senescence potential of PM2.5 using 3D human lung fibroblast spheroids in vitro model. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae037. [PMID: 38500513 PMCID: PMC10944558 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies demonstrate that particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure closely related to chronic respiratory diseases. Cellular senescence plays an important role in many diseases. However, it is not fully clear whether PM2.5 exposure could induce cellular senescence in the human lung. In this study, we generated a three-dimensional (3D) spheroid model using isolated primary human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) to investigate the effects of PM2.5 on cellular senescence at the 3D level. Methods 3D spheroids were exposed to 25-100 μg/ml of PM2.5 in order to evaluate the impact on cellular senescence. SA-β-galactosidase activity, cell proliferation, and the expression of key genes and proteins were detected. Results Exposure of the HLF spheroids to PM2.5 yielded a more sensitive cytotoxicity than 2D HLF cell culture. Importantly, PM2.5 exposure induced the rapid progression of cellular senescence in 3D HLF spheroids, with a dramatically increased SA-β-Gal activity. In exploiting the mechanism underlying the effect of PM2.5 on senescence, we found a significant increase of DNA damage, upregulation of p21 protein levels, and suppression of cell proliferation in PM2.5-treated HLF spheroids. Moreover, PM2.5 exposure created a significant inflammatory response, which may be at least partially associated with the activation of TGF-β1/Smad3 axis and HMGB1 pathway. Conclusions Our results indicate that PM2.5 could induce DNA damage, inflammation, and cellular senescence in 3D HLF spheroids, which may provide a new evidence for PM2.5 toxicity based on a 3D model which has been shown to be more in vivo-like in their phenotype and physiology than 2D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmin Xu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Jingkai District, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Jingkai District, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yushan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, 6 Cuizhu Street, New & High-tech Industry Development District, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, 111 Jiulong Road, Jingkai District, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Road, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
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Moon HG, Bae S, Chae Y, Kim YJ, Kim HM, Song M, Bae MS, Lee CH, Ha T, Seo JS, Kim S. Assessment of potential ecological risk for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils with high level of atmospheric particulate matter concentration. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116014. [PMID: 38295737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to be representative carcinogenic environmental pollutants with high toxicity. However, information on the potential ecological and environmental risks of PAH contamination in soil remains scarce. Thus, this study was evaluated the potential ecological risks of PAHs in soils of five Korean areas (Gunsan (GS), Gwangju, Yeongnam, Busan, and Gangwon) using organic carbon (OC)-normalized analysis, mean effect range-median quotient (M-ERM-Q), toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) analysis, and risk quotient (RQ) derived by the species sensitivity distribution model. In this study, atmospheric particulate matter has a significant effect on soil pollution in GS through the presence of hopanes and the similar pattern of PAHs in soil and atmospheric PAHs. From analysis of source identification, combustion sources in soils of GS were important PAH sources. For PAHs in soils of GS, the OC-normalized analysis, M-ERM-Q, and TEQ analysis have 26.78 × 105 ng/g-OC, 0.218, and 49.72, respectively. Therefore, the potential ecological risk assessment results showed that GS had moderate-high ecological risk and moderate-high carcinogenic risk, whereas the other regions had low ecological risk and low-moderate carcinogenic risk. The risk level (M-ERM-Q) of PAH contamination in GS was similar to that in Changchun and Xiangxi Bay in China. The Port Harcourt City in Nigeria for PAH has the highest risk (M-ERM-Q = 4.02 and TEQ = 7923). Especially, compared to China (RQPhe =0.025 and 0.05), and Nigeria (0.059), phenanthrene showed the highest ecological risk in Korea (0.001-0.18). Korea should focus on controlling the release of PAHs originating from the PM in GS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hi Gyu Moon
- Ecological Risk Assessment Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju 52834, the Republic of Korea
| | - Seonhee Bae
- Ecological Risk Assessment Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju 52834, the Republic of Korea
| | - Yooeun Chae
- Ecological Risk Assessment Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju 52834, the Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jae Kim
- Medical Industry Venture Center, Korea Testing Laboratory, Wonju 26495, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Ecological Risk Assessment Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju 52834, the Republic of Korea
| | - Mijung Song
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, the Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, the Republic of Korea
| | - Chil-Hyoung Lee
- Green Energy & Nano Technology R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gwangju 61012, the Republic of Korea
| | - Taewon Ha
- Green Energy & Nano Technology R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gwangju 61012, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Su Seo
- Ecological Risk Assessment Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju 52834, the Republic of Korea.
| | - Sooyeon Kim
- Ecological Risk Assessment Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Jinju 52834, the Republic of Korea.
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Fu M, Yang Y, Zhang X, Lei B, Chen T, Chen Y. In Vitro Profiling of Toxicity Effects of Different Environmental Factors on Skin Cells. TOXICS 2024; 12:108. [PMID: 38393203 PMCID: PMC10892983 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The skin is constantly exposed to a variety of environmental threats. Therefore, the influence of environmental factors on skin damage has always been a matter of concern. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of different environmental factors, including cooking oil fumes (COFs), haze (PM2.5), and cigarette smoke (CS), on epidermal HaCaT cells and dermal fibroblast (FB) cells. Cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, inflammatory cytokine levels, and collagen mRNA expression were used as toxicity endpoints. Additionally, the effects of ozone (O3) on cell viability and release of inflammatory cytokines in 3D epidermal cells were also examined. The results showed that the organic extracts of CS, COFs, and PM2.5 significantly inhibited the viability of HaCaT and FB cells at higher exposure concentrations. These extracts also increased intracellular ROS levels in FB cells. Furthermore, they significantly promoted the release of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1α and TNF-α, in HaCaT cells and down-regulated the mRNA expression of collagen I, III, IV, and VII in FB cells. Comparatively, SC organic extracts exhibited stronger cytotoxicity to skin cells compared to PM2.5 and COFs. Additionally, O3 at all test concentrations significantly inhibited the viability of 3D epidermal cells in a concentration-dependent manner and markedly increased the levels of TNF-α and IL-1α in 3D epidermal cells. These findings emphasize the potential cytotoxicity of COFs, PM2.5, CS, and O3 to skin cells, which may lead to skin damage; therefore, we should pay attention to these environmental factors and take appropriate measures to protect the skin from their harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Fu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (M.F.); (Y.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yingxin Yang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (M.F.); (Y.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (M.F.); (Y.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Bingli Lei
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (M.F.); (Y.Y.); (X.Z.)
| | - Tian Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of the Assessment of Effects of Emerging Pollutants on Environmental and Human Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
- Department of Environmental Health, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Yuanqi Chen
- Skincare Research Center of Dr. YU, Shanghai Jahwa United Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200082, China;
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Mokrzyński K, Krzysztyńska-Kuleta O, Wojtala M, Wnuk D, Sarna M, Sarna T. Can l-ascorbic acid and trans-resveratrol protect HaCaT cells from fine particulate matter toxicity? Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:172-189. [PMID: 37365883 DOI: 10.1111/php.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Continuous exposure of human skin to air pollution can result in a range of undesirable skin conditions. In our recent study, UV and visible light were found to increase cytotoxicity of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) against human keratinocytes. Since it is impossible to avoid exposure of human skin to PM2.5 , effective strategies are needed to reduce their damaging effects. l-ascorbic acid and resveratrol were tested as potential topical agents against pollution-related skin impairment. Although these agents were previously found to ameliorate PM-dependent damage, the effect of light and seasonal variation of particles were not previously studied. EPR spin-trapping, DPPH assay, and singlet oxygen phosphorescence were used to determine the scavenging activities of the antioxidants. MTT, JC-10 and iodometric assays were used to analyze the effect on PM2.5 -induced cytotoxicity, mitochondrial damage and oxidation of lipids. Live-cell imaging was employed to examine wound-healing properties of cells. Light-induced, PM2.5 -mediated oxidative damage was examined by immunofluorescent staining. Both antioxidants effectively scavenged free radicals and singlet oxygen produced by PM2.5 , reduced cell death and prevented oxidative damage to HaCaT cells. l-ascorbic acid and resveratrol, especially when applied in combination, can protect HaCaT cells against the dark and light induced toxicity of PM2.5 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Mokrzyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Biophysics and Cancer Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Olga Krzysztyńska-Kuleta
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wojtala
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dawid Wnuk
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Squittieri R, Baldino L, Reverchon E. Production of Antioxidant Transfersomes by a Supercritical CO 2 Assisted Process for Transdermal Delivery Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1812. [PMID: 37368242 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Transfersomes are deformable vesicles that can transport drugs across difficult-to-permeate barriers in human tissues. In this work, nano-transfersomes were produced for the first time by a supercritical CO2 assisted process. Operating at 100 bar and 40 °C, different amounts of phosphatidylcholine (2000 and 3000 mg), kinds of edge activators (Span® 80 and Tween® 80), and phosphatidylcholine to edge activator weight ratio (95:5, 90:10, 80:20) were tested. Formulations prepared using Span® 80 and phosphatidylcholine at an 80:20 weight ratio produced stable transfersomes (-30.4 ± 2.4 mV ζ-potential) that were characterized by a mean diameter of 138 ± 55 nm. A prolonged ascorbic acid release of up to 5 h was recorded when the largest amount of phosphatidylcholine (3000 mg) was used. Moreover, a 96% ascorbic acid encapsulation efficiency and a quasi-100% DPPH radical scavenging activity of transfersomes were measured after supercritical processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Squittieri
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Lucia Baldino
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Research Center for Biomaterials BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Ernesto Reverchon
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Research Center for Biomaterials BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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7
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Lin ZC, Hsu CY, Hwang E, Wang PW, Fang JY. The role of cytokines/chemokines in an aging skin immune microenvironment. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 210:111761. [PMID: 36496171 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reversing or slowing down the skin aging process is one of the most intriguing areas of focus across the social and scientific communities around the world. While aging is considered a universal and inevitable natural process of physiological decline, the aging of the skin is the most apparent visual representation of an individual's health. Aging skin may be objectively defined by epidermal thinning; increased transepidermal water loss; decreased cutaneous barrier function; loss of elasticity, laxity, and textured appearance; and gradual deterioration of the epidermal immune environment. As the largest structure of the immune system and of the body as a whole, the skin is the most vulnerable barrier of defense against the environment. The skin reflects an individual's exposures, lifestyle habits, and overall health. From an immunological perspective, cytokines and chemokines act as a central character in the communicating of the immunity in skin aging. These cell signaling proteins serve as the intercellular communication link. This review aims to elucidate how cell-cell crosstalk through cytokines and chemokines, and the interplay between host cells, infiltrating immune cells, and exogenous factors contribute to the overall aging skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zih-Chan Lin
- Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yun Hsu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Erica Hwang
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) as a Cosmeceutical to Increase Dermal Collagen for Skin Antiaging Purposes: Emerging Combination Therapies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091663. [PMID: 36139737 PMCID: PMC9495646 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) is an essential nutrient and has great potential as a cosmeceutical that protects the health and beauty of the skin. AA is expected to attenuate photoaging and the natural aging of the skin by reducing oxidative stress caused by external and internal factors and by promoting collagen gene expression and maturation. In this review, the biochemical basis of AA associated with collagen metabolism and clinical evidence of AA in increasing dermal collagen and inhibiting skin aging were discussed. In addition, we reviewed emerging strategies that have been developed to overcome the shortcomings of AA as a cosmeceutical and achieve maximum efficacy. Because extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagen, have unique amino acid compositions, their production in cells is influenced by the availability of specific amino acids. For example, glycine residues occupy 1/3 of amino acid residues in collagen protein, and the supply of glycine can be a limiting factor for collagen synthesis. Experiments showed that glycinamide was the most effective among the various amino acids and amidated amino acids in stimulating collagen production in human dermal fibroblasts. Thus, it is possible to synergistically improve collagen synthesis by combining AA analogs and amino acid analogs that act at different stages of the collagen production process. This combination therapy would be useful for skin antiaging that requires enhanced collagen production.
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Effects of Air Pollution on Cellular Senescence and Skin Aging. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142220. [PMID: 35883663 PMCID: PMC9320051 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin is exposed daily to different environmental factors such as air pollutants and ultraviolet (UV) light. Air pollution is considered a harmful environmental risk to human skin and is known to promote aging and inflammation of this tissue, leading to the onset of skin disorders and to the appearance of wrinkles and pigmentation issues. Besides this, components of air pollution can interact synergistically with ultraviolet light and increase the impact of damage to the skin. However, little is known about the modulation of air pollution on cellular senescence in skin cells and how this can contribute to skin aging. In this review, we are summarizing the current state of knowledge about air pollution components, their involvement in the processes of cellular senescence and skin aging, as well as the current therapeutic and cosmetic interventions proposed to prevent or mitigate the effects of air pollution in the skin.
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The Role of Antioxidants in the Interplay between Oxidative Stress and Senescence. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071224. [PMID: 35883714 PMCID: PMC9311946 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an irreversible state of cell cycle arrest occurring in response to stressful stimuli, such as telomere attrition, DNA damage, reactive oxygen species, and oncogenic proteins. Although beneficial and protective in several physiological processes, an excessive senescent cell burden has been involved in various pathological conditions including aging, tissue dysfunction and chronic diseases. Oxidative stress (OS) can drive senescence due to a loss of balance between pro-oxidant stimuli and antioxidant defences. Therefore, the identification and characterization of antioxidant compounds capable of preventing or counteracting the senescent phenotype is of major interest. However, despite the considerable number of studies, a comprehensive overview of the main antioxidant molecules capable of counteracting OS-induced senescence is still lacking. Here, besides a brief description of the molecular mechanisms implicated in OS-mediated aging, we review and discuss the role of enzymes, mitochondria-targeting compounds, vitamins, carotenoids, organosulfur compounds, nitrogen non-protein molecules, minerals, flavonoids, and non-flavonoids as antioxidant compounds with an anti-aging potential, therefore offering insights into innovative lifespan-extending approaches.
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