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Sheng ZA, Wu CL, Wang DY, Zhong SH, Yang X, Rao GS, Peng H, Feng SW, Li J, Huang WY, Luo HL. Proteomic analysis of exosome-like vesicles from Fasciola gigantica adult worm provides support for new vaccine targets against fascioliasis. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:62. [PMID: 36765398 PMCID: PMC9921414 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05659-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by helminths play an important role in parasite-host communication. However, little is known about the characteristics and contents of the EVs of Fasciola gigantica, a parasitic flatworm that causes tropical fascioliasis. A better understanding of EVs released by F. gigantica will help elucidate the mechanism of F. gigantica-host interaction and facilitate the search for new vaccine candidates for the control and treatment of fascioliasis. METHODS Two different populations of EVs (15k EVs and 100k EVs) were purified from adult F. gigantica culture media by ultracentrifugation. The morphology and size of the purified EVs were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by the Zetasizer Nano ZSP high performance particle characterization system. With the aim of identifying diagnostic markers or potential vaccine candidates, proteins within the isolated 100k EVs were analyzed using mass spectrometry-based proteomics (LC-MS/MS). Mice were then vaccinated with excretory/secretory products (ESPs; depleted of EVs), 15k EVs, 100k EVs and recombinant F. gigantica heat shock protein 70 (rFg-HSP70) combined with alum adjuvant followed by challenge infection with F. gigantica metacercariae. Fluke recovery and antibody levels were used as measures of vaccine protection. RESULTS TEM analysis and nanoparticle tracking analysis indicated the successful isolation of two subpopulations of EVs (15k EVs and 100k EVs) from adult F. gigantica culture supernatants using differential centrifugation. A total of 755 proteins were identified in the 100k EVs. Exosome biogenesis or vesicle trafficking proteins, ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) pathway proteins and exosome markers, heat shock proteins and 14-3-3 proteins were identified in the 100k EVs. These results indicate that the isolated 100k EVs were exosome-like vesicles. The functions of the identified proteins may be associated with immune regulation, immune evasion and virulence. Mice immunized with F. gigantica ESPs, 15k EVs, 100k EVs and rFg-HSP70 exhibited a reduction in fluke burden of 67.90%, 60.38%, 37.73% and 56.6%, respectively, compared with the adjuvant control group. The vaccination of mice with F. gigantica 100k EVs, 15k EVs, ESP and rFg-HSP70 induced significant production of specific immunoglobulins in sera, namely IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that proteins within the exosome-like vesicles of F. gigantica have immunomodulatory, immune evasion and virulence functions. This knowledge may lead to new strategies for immunotherapy, vaccination and the diagnosis of fascioliasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-An Sheng
- grid.256609.e0000 0001 2254 5798Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China ,grid.449428.70000 0004 1797 7280Department of Pathogenic Biology, Jining Medical University, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cui-Lan Wu
- grid.418337.aGuangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Ying Wang
- grid.256609.e0000 0001 2254 5798Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Hong Zhong
- grid.418337.aGuangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Yang
- grid.256609.e0000 0001 2254 5798Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China ,Yuxi Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Yuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Shun Rao
- grid.256609.e0000 0001 2254 5798Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Peng
- grid.418337.aGuangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Wen Feng
- grid.418337.aGuangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, Guangxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Yi Huang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Lin Luo
- Institute of Oncology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China. .,Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China.
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Immunoreactivity of Brugia malayi Calreticulin and Its Domains with Sera of Different Categories of Bancroftian Filarial Patients. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:784-793. [PMID: 35083711 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We identified calreticulin in human filaria Brugia malayi (BmCRT) that shares 97% homology with Wuchereria bancrofti calreticulin (WbCRT), but only 56% with human calreticulin. We found that BmCRT binds C1q and prevents complement-mediated parasite death; immunization with BmCRT leads to parasite death in a rodent model of the infection. BmCRT could, therefore, be a potential vaccine candidate. In the present study, we determined the levels of BmCRT-reactive IgG and its isotype in bancroftian filarial subjects. METHODS Recombinant BmCRT (rBmCRT) was prepared, and the sera of endemic normal subjects (EN), microfilaraemics (Mf+) and chronic amicrofilaraemics (ChMf-) from a bancroftian filaria-endemic area and normal subjects from filaria-non-endemic area (NEN) were probed for IgG and its isotypes reacting with rBmCRT and its domains rN, rP and rC. RESULTS rBmCRT and its rN domain-reactive IgG levels were high in EN and Mf+ groups; rC domain and rP domain showed moderate and very little reactivity, respectively. NEN sera were non-reactive. Moderate levels of rBmCRT-reactive IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 in EN and Mf+ groups and low levels of IgG2 in Mf+ were found; IgG1 and IgG3 reactivity was found for rBmCRT and its rN domain only, while IgG4 reactivity was moderate for rN domain and low for rP and rC domains. While IgG reactivity was seen in all the endemic subjects, IgG isotype reactivity was found mostly in EN and Mf+ subjects. CONCLUSIONS Moderate levels of rBmCRT (and its rN domain)-reactive IgG and its isotypes are present in bancroftian subjects. Preponderance of IgG1 and IgG3 isotypes which bind and activate complement has relevance to vaccine potential of BmCRT.
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Joshi P, Mishra PKK. Functional Diversity of the Excretory/Secretory Proteins of Nematode Parasites. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:619-627. [PMID: 35113339 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parasites release a wide array of protein as excretory and secretory products (ESPs). Irrespective of their mode of propagation, ESPs are found to be secreted or excreted by both naturally occurring and laboratory-cultivated parasites. Mass spectrometry-based approaches have been extensively used to identify and characterize the ESP constituents. ESPs are involved in various cellular activities such as immune modulation, proteolysis, inhibition of proteases and protection of cells against oxidants. Specifically, their role in host immune evasion by down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines attracts scientific attention. A thorough investigation of functional diversity of ESPs may be helpful in planning control strategies against many parasites. METHODS This review focuses on diversity of ES proteins, various approaches to identify them and discusses about the biochemical and functional aspects of such proteins. RESULTS The diverse array of proteins secreted or excreted (a, GST-1, acetylcholinesterase, GAPDH) by the parasites are also described emphasizing their role in cellular physiology. CONCLUSION Finally, it concludes by citing some of these proteins as potential therapeutic agents against helminth challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paritosh Joshi
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., 243122, India.
- Panchvati, Bijroli, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Prasanta Kumar K Mishra
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, U.P., 243122, India.
- Unit of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, RGSC, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, U.P., India.
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Rahal A, Sharma DK, Kumar A, Sharma N, Dayal D. In silico to In vivo development of a polyherbal against Haemonchus contortus. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08789. [PMID: 35106389 PMCID: PMC8789534 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a major constraint in the development of small ruminant subsector due to significant production losses incurred by it. The present study explores the antiparasitic potential of three anthelmintic plants (Butea monosperma, Vitex negundo and Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don) against H. contortus taking albendazole as the standard. In silico molecular docking and pharmacokinetic prediction studies were conducted with known bioactive molecules of these plants (palasonin, vinblastine, vincristine, betulinic acid and ursolic acid) against Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH) and tubulin molecules of the parasite. Methanolic extracts of these herbs were fractionated (hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and methanol) and used in in vitro larvicidal studies. Based on the in vitro data, two herbal prototypes were developed and clinically tested. All the 5 ligand molecules showed better binding affnity for GDH and tubulin protein as compared with albendazole and shared similar binding site in the core of the GDH hexamer with slight variations. Albendazole approximately stacked against GLY190A residue, showing hydrophobic interactions with PRO157A and a Pi-cation electrostatic interaction with ARG390 along with four hydrogen bonds. Vincristine formed 2 pi-anionic electrostatic bonds with ASP158 of B and C subunits alongwith hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction and an additional pi-anion electrostatic interaction at ASP158A for vinblastine. Albendazole bound to α-tubulin next to colchicine site whereas vinblastine is bound at the nearby laulimalide/peloruside site of the dimer. Betulinic acid showed lateral interaction between the H2-H3 loop of one alpha subunit and H10 of the adjacent alpha subunit of two tubulin dimers. Ursolic acid and palasonin bound at the intradimer N site of microtubulin involving the H1-H7 and H1-H2 zone, respectively. The in vitro studies demonstrated good dose dependent anthelmintic potential. Both the prototypes were quite efficacious in clearing the infection, keeping it to a minimal for more than 5 months, probably, through direct anthelmintic effect through GDH, tubulin depolymerization and uncoupling as well as indirectly through immunomodulation along with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Rahal
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, 281122, UP, India
| | - D K Sharma
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, 281122, UP, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, 281122, UP, India
| | - Nitika Sharma
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, 281122, UP, India
| | - Deen Dayal
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura, 281122, UP, India
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Mining nematode protein secretomes to explain lifestyle and host specificity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009828. [PMID: 34587193 PMCID: PMC8504978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes are highly successful pathogens, inflicting disease on humans, animals and plants. Despite great differences in their life cycles, host preference and transmission modes, these parasites share a common capacity to manipulate their host's immune system. This is at least partly achieved through the release of excretory/secretory proteins, the most well-characterized component of nematode secretomes, that are comprised of functionally diverse molecules. In this work, we analyzed published protein secretomes of parasitic nematodes to identify common patterns as well as species-specific traits. The 20 selected organisms span 4 nematode clades, including plant pathogens, animal parasites, and the free-living species Caenorhabditis elegans. Transthyretin-like proteins were the only component common to all adult secretomes; many other protein classes overlapped across multiple datasets. The glycolytic enzymes aldolase and enolase were present in all parasitic species, but missing from C. elegans. Secretomes from larval stages showed less overlap between species. Although comparison of secretome composition across species and life-cycle stages is challenged by the use of different methods and depths of sequencing among studies, our workflow enabled the identification of conserved protein families and pinpointed elements that may have evolved as to enable parasitism. This strategy, extended to more secretomes, may be exploited to prioritize therapeutic targets in the future.
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de Mattos Pereira L, de Jezuz MPG, Rangel AR, Baldasso BD, Zaluski AB, Graeff-Teixeira C, Morassutti AL. De novo transcriptome reveals blood coagulation/antithrombin factors and infection mechanisms in Angiostrongylus cantonensis adult worms. Parasitology 2021; 148:857-870. [PMID: 33729108 PMCID: PMC11010222 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the main aetiological agent of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans. Several outbreaks have been documented around the world, cementing its status as an emerging global public health concern. As a result, new strategies for the diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of cerebral angiostrongyliasis are urgently needed. In this study, we report on the de novo assembly of the A. cantonensis transcriptome, its full functional annotation and a reconstruction of complete metabolic pathways. All results are available at AngiostrongylusDB (http://angiostrongylus.lad.pucrs.br/admin/welcome). The aim of this study was to identify the active genes and metabolic pathways involved in the mechanisms of infection and survival inside Rattus norvegicus. Among 389 metabolic mapped pathways, the blood coagulation/antithrombin pathways of heparan sulphate/heparin are highlighted. Moreover, we identified genes codified to GP63 (leishmanolysin), CALR (calreticulin), ACE (peptidyl-dipeptidase A), myoglobin and vWD (von Willebrand factor type D domain protein) involved in the infection invasion and survival of the parasite. The large dataset of functional annotations provided and the full-length transcripts identified in this research may facilitate future functional genomics studies and provides a basis for the development of new techniques for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of cerebral angiostrongyliasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro de Mattos Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Escola de Ciências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Databiomics, Parque Tecnológico Tecnovates, Lajeado, RS95914-014, Brazil
| | - Milene Pereira Guimarães de Jezuz
- Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Escola de Ciências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amaranta Ramos Rangel
- Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Escola de Ciências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Dalcin Baldasso
- Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Escola de Ciências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Bungi Zaluski
- Laboratório de Biologia e Desenvolvimento do Sistema Nervoso, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Escola de Ciências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Graeff-Teixeira
- Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Escola de Ciências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Loureiro Morassutti
- Escola de Medicina IMED, Passo Fundo, RS99070-220, Brazil
- Instituto de Patologia de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS99010-081, Brazil
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Optimized GAPDH-truncated immunogen of Streptococcus equi elicits an enhanced immune response and provides effective protection in a mouse model. Vet Microbiol 2020; 254:108953. [PMID: 33647714 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Strangles is an acute and frequently diagnosed infectious disease caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. Infection with this pathogen can cause grave losses to the equine industry. The present work investigates glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), an important surface-localized virulence factor of S. equi, to determine whether it could be developed into an efficacious and suitable subunit vaccine against strangles. Two different recombinant fragments of S. equi GAPDH, namely, GAPDH-L and GAPDH-S, were constructed and expressed. Further, the antigenicity and immunogenicity of these two recombinant proteins were compared and evaluated in a mouse model. Our results revealed that immune responses were efficiently induced by the proteins in immunized mice. Remarkably, higher survival rates and significantly lower bacterial loads in the lung, liver, kidney, and spleen were observed in the GAPDH-S group compared with the GAPDH-L group after challenge with S. equi. High levels of specific antibodies, elevated antibody titers, and increased proportions of CD8 + T cells further indicated that GAPDH-S elicited better humoral and cellular immune responses than GAPDH-L. Furthermore, the induction of TCR, TLR-2, TLR-3, and TLR-4 significantly increased in the GAPDH-S group compared with those in the GAPDH-L and negative control groups. In summary, our results indicate that the optimized recombinant protein GAPDH-S is a promising candidate construct that may be further developed into a multivalent subunit vaccine for strangles.
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Enhancing the Stability of Haemonchus contortus Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase and Binding of Host Albumin to the Parasite Enzyme. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:980-984. [PMID: 32472399 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-020-00212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Haemonchus contortus is an economically important parasite of domestic animals. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) excreted in the ES product of H. contortus can be a promising vaccine candidate for controlling the parasite infection. Unfortunately, the parasite enzyme breaks down rapidly. The current study focusses on stabilizing the recombinant GAPDH (rGAPDH) of H. contortus. METHODS The rGAPDH was purified and stored in two different buffers (sodium phosphate + EDTA and bicarbonate-sodium chloride) to check the stability. The affinity of the parasite enzyme towards host serum (Goat) components was evaluated by affinity chromatography. The interacting component was identified by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Here, we report that the enzyme can be stabilized for at least 3 months if stored in bicarbonate-sodium chloride. This should facilitate testing of the enzyme in challenge trials. Additionally, we show that the parasite enzyme has affinity for host albumin; this interaction may have significance in host-parasite relationship. CONCLUSION The present study reports a combination of sodium bicarbonate (0.1 M) with 0.5 M sodium chloride as a suitable buffer to enhance the stability of H. contortus GAPDH.
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Recombinant HcGAPDH Protein Expressed on Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Spores Protects Sheep from Haemonchus contortus Infection by Inducing both Humoral and Cell-Mediated Responses. mSystems 2020; 5:5/3/e00239-20. [PMID: 32398277 PMCID: PMC7219552 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00239-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotic Bacillales are effective in controlling pathogens. Live probiotic bacteria improve the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota, leading to a reduction in pathogen colonization. However, it remains largely unknown how probiotics regulate the host's immunologic responses and protect the host from parasitic infection. In this study, we addressed whether Bacillales were effective against Haemonchus contortus, a parasitic nematode that infects small ruminants worldwide. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we found that Bacillales were largely depleted in the abomasal microbiota of sheep infected with H. contortus We constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis named rBS CotB-HcG that express the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of H. contortus (HcGAPDH) on its spore surface using the Bacillus subtilis spore coat protein B (CotB) as a carrier. Mice receiving rBS CotB-HcG orally showed strong Th1-dominated immune responses. More importantly, sheep administered BS CotB-HcG per os showed increasing proliferation of the peripheral blood mononucleates, elevated anti-HcGAPDH IgG in sera, and higher anti-HcGAPDH sIgA in the intestinal mucus than the control sheep. The average weight gain of H. contortus-infected sheep treated with rBS CotB-HcG (Hc+rBS CotB-HcG ) was 48.73% greater than that of unvaccinated sheep. Furthermore, these Hc+rBS CotB-HcG sheep had fewer eggs per gram of feces by 84.1% and adult worms by 71.5%. They also demonstrated greatly lessened abomasal damage by H. contortus with an abundance of probiotic species in the abomasal microbiota. Collectively, our data unequivocally demonstrate the protective roles of CotB-HcGAPDH-expressing B. subtilis spores in against H. contortus infection and showed great potential of using probiotic-based strategy in controlling parasitic nematodes of socioeconomic importance in general.IMPORTANCE Initial analyses of the abomasal microbiota of sheep using 16S rRNA sequencing suggested that probiotic bacteria played a protective role in against H. contortus infection. A recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressing a fusion protein CotB-HcGAPDH on its spore's surface induced strong Th1 immune response in a murine model. The same probiotic recombinant, upon only one oral application, protected sheep against H. contortus infection by reducing egg shedding and decreasing adult worm loads of the parasite and increasing body weight gain of infected sheep. Both Th1 and Th2 immune responses were evident in these immunized sheep.
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Pirovich DB, Da'dara AA, Skelly PJ. Schistosoma mansoni glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enhances formation of the blood-clot lysis protein plasmin. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio050385. [PMID: 32098782 PMCID: PMC7104858 DOI: 10.1242/bio.050385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomes are intravascular blood flukes that cause the parasitic disease schistosomiasis. In agreement with Schistosoma mansoni (Sm) proteomic analysis, we show here that the normally intracellular glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is also found at the parasite surface; live worms from all intravascular life stages display GAPDH activity. Suppressing GAPDH gene expression using RNA interference significantly lowers this live worm surface activity. Medium in which the worms are cultured overnight displays essentially no activity, showing that the enzyme is not shed or excreted but remains associated with the worm surface. Immunolocalization experiments confirm that the enzyme is highly expressed in the parasite tegument (skin). Surface activity in schistosomula amounts to ∼8% of that displayed by equivalent parasite lysates. To address the functional role of SmGAPDH, we purified the protein following its expression in Escherichiacoli strain DS113. The recombinant protein displays optimal enzymatic activity at pH 9.2, shows robust activity at the temperature of the parasite's hosts, and has a Michaelis-Menten constant for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) of 1.4 mM±0.24. We show that recombinant SmGAPDH binds plasminogen (PLMG) and promotes PLMG conversion to its active form (plasmin) in a dose response in the presence of tissue plasminogen activator. Since plasmin is a key mediator of thrombolysis, our results support the hypothesis that SmGAPDH, a host-interactive tegumental protein that can enhance PLMG activation, could help degrade blood clots around the worms in the vascular microenvironment and thus promote parasite survival in vivoThis article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Pirovich
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Akram A Da'dara
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Patrick J Skelly
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Rajan P, Mishra PKK, Joshi P. Defining the complement C3 binding site and the antigenic region of Haemonchus contortus GAPDH. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12611. [PMID: 30548600 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is an economically important parasite that survives the host defense system by modulating the immune response. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is secreted by the parasite and the host responds by producing anti-enzyme antibodies. The enzyme inhibits complement cascade, an arm of the innate immunity, by binding to complement C3. In this study, the C3 binding site and the antigenic region of the enzyme were identified by generating short recombinant fragments and deleting a defined region of the enzyme. Using these proteins in ligand overlay and plate binding assay, the C3 binding region of GAPDH was localized within the 38 residues represented by 77-114 amino acids whereas one of the antigenic regions was identified in between 77 and 171 amino acids. In addition, deletion of amino acids 77 to 171 from GAPDH (fragment AB) also showed weak immunogenicity but lacked C3 binding activity. Fragment D comprising 95 residues (77-171), had both the C3 binding activity as well as immunogenicity like the parent enzyme, also stimulated host peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. This truncated GAPDH moiety was stable at refrigerated temperature for at least 12 weeks and appears as a promising new therapeutic tool considering its longer shelf life as compared to the parent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Rajan
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Prasanta K K Mishra
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Paritosh Joshi
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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12
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Pirovich D, Da'dara AA, Skelly PJ. Why Do Intravascular Schistosomes Coat Themselves in Glycolytic Enzymes? Bioessays 2019; 41:e1900103. [PMID: 31661165 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomes are intravascular parasitic helminths (blood flukes) that infect more than 200 million people globally. Proteomic analysis of the tegument (skin) of these worms has revealed the surprising presence of glycolytic enzymes on the parasite's external surface. Immunolocalization data as well as enzyme activity displayed by live worms confirm that functional glycolytic enzymes are indeed expressed at the host-parasite interface. Since these enzymes are traditionally considered to function intracellularly to drive glycolysis, in an extracellular location they are hypothesized to engage in novel "moonlighting" functions such as immune modulation and blood clot dissolution that promote parasite survival. For instance, several glycolytic enzymes can interact with plasminogen and promote its activation to the thrombolytic plasmin; some can inhibit complement function; some induce B cell proliferation or macrophage apoptosis. Several pathogenic bacteria and protists also express glycolytic enzymes externally, suggesting that moonlighting functions of extracellular glycolytic enzymes can contribute broadly to pathogen virulence. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/njtWZ2y3k_I.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pirovich
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Akram A Da'dara
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Patrick J Skelly
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
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13
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Shao S, Sun X, Chen Y, Zhan B, Zhu X. Complement Evasion: An Effective Strategy That Parasites Utilize to Survive in the Host. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:532. [PMID: 30949145 PMCID: PMC6435963 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections induce host immune responses that eliminate the invading parasites. However, parasites have evolved to develop many strategies to evade host immune attacks and survive in a hostile environment. The complement system acts as the first line of immune defense to eliminate the invading parasites by forming the membrane attack complex (MAC) and promoting an inflammatory reaction on the surface of invading parasites. To date, the complement activation pathway has been precisely delineated; however, the manner in which parasites escape complement attack, as a survival strategy in the host, is not well understood. Increasing evidence has shown that parasites develop sophisticated strategies to escape complement-mediated killing, including (i) recruitment of host complement regulatory proteins on the surface of the parasites to inhibit complement activation; (ii) expression of orthologs of host RCA to inhibit complement activation; and (iii) expression of parasite-encoded proteins, specifically targeting different complement components, to inhibit complement function and formation of the MAC. In this review, we compiled information regarding parasitic abilities to escape host complement attack as a survival strategy in the hostile environment of the host and the mechanisms underlying complement evasion. Effective escape of host complement attack is a crucial step for the survival of parasites within the host. Therefore, those proteins expressed by parasites and involved in the regulation of the complement system have become important targets for the development of drugs and vaccines against parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ximeng Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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14
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Gómez S, Querol-García J, Sánchez-Barrón G, Subias M, González-Alsina À, Franco-Hidalgo V, Albertí S, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Fernández FJ, Vega MC. The Antimicrobials Anacardic Acid and Curcumin Are Not-Competitive Inhibitors of Gram-Positive Bacterial Pathogenic Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase by a Mechanism Unrelated to Human C5a Anaphylatoxin Binding. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:326. [PMID: 30863383 PMCID: PMC6400076 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous and highly abundant glycolytic enzyme D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is pivotal for the energy and carbon metabolism of most organisms, including human pathogenic bacteria. For bacteria that depend mostly on glycolysis for survival, GAPDH is an attractive target for inhibitor discovery. The availability of high-resolution structures of GAPDH from various pathogenic bacteria is central to the discovery of new antibacterial compounds. We have determined the X-ray crystal structures of two new GAPDH enzymes from Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, Streptococcus pyogenes and Clostridium perfringens. These two structures, and the recent structure of Atopobium vaginae GAPDH, reveal details in the active site that can be exploited for the design of novel inhibitors based on naturally occurring molecules. Two such molecules, anacardic acid and curcumin, have been found to counter bacterial infection in clinical settings, although the cellular targets responsible for their antimicrobial properties remain unknown. We show that both anacardic acid and curcumin inhibit GAPDH from two bacterial pathogens through uncompetitive and non-competitive mechanisms, suggesting GAPDH as a relevant pharmaceutical target for antibacterial development. Inhibition of GAPDH by anacardic acid and curcumin seems to be unrelated to the immune evasion function of pathogenic bacterial GAPDH, since neither natural compound interfere with binding to the human C5a anaphylatoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez
- Center for Biological Research, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Querol-García
- Center for Biological Research, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gara Sánchez-Barrón
- Center for Biological Research, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Subias
- Center for Biological Research, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Àlex González-Alsina
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, University of the Balearic Islands, Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Sebastián Albertí
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut, University of the Balearic Islands, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Santiago Rodríguez de Córdoba
- Center for Biological Research, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M Cristina Vega
- Center for Biological Research, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Wang Z, Hao C, Huang J, Zhuang Q, Zhan B, Zhu X. Mapping of the complement C1q binding site on Trichinella spiralis paramyosin. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:666. [PMID: 30587214 PMCID: PMC6307294 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trichinella spiralis is a tissue-dwelling parasite has developed the ability to evade the host immune attack to establish parasitism in a host. One of the strategies evolved by the nematode is to produce proteins that immunomodulate the host immune system. TsPmy is a paramyosin secreted by T. spiralis on the surface of larvae and adult worms that can interact with complement components C1q and C8/C9 to compromise their activation and functions. To better understand the mechanism of TsPmy involved in the C1q inactivation and immune evasion, the C1q-binding site on TsPmy was investigated. Methods The TsPmy C1q-binding site was investigated by sequential narrow-down fragment expression in bacteria and peptide binding screening. C1q binding activity was identified by Far-Western blotting and ELISA assays. Results After several runs of sequential fragment expression, the C1q binding site was narrowed down to fragments of N-terminal TsPmy226-280aa and TsPmy231-315aa, suggesting the final C1q binding site is probably located to TsPmy231-280aa. A total of nine peptides covering different amino acid sequences within TsPmy231-280aa were synthesized. The binding assay to C1q determined that only P2 peptide covering TsPmy241-280aa binds to C1q, indicating that the C1q binding domain may need both the linearized sequence and conformational structure required for binding to C1q. The binding of peptide P2 to C1q significantly inhibited both C1q-initiated complement classical activation and C1q-induced macrophage chemotaxis. Conclusions This study identifies the C1q binding site within TsPmy which provides helpful information for developing a vaccine against trichinellosis by targeting the C1q-binding activity of TsPmy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixia Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyue Hao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghui Zhuang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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16
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Garza JJ, Greiner SP, Bowdridge SA. Serum‐mediated
Haemonchus contortus
larval aggregation differs by larval stage and is enhanced by complement. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Garza
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA
| | - S. P. Greiner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA USA
| | - S. A. Bowdridge
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA
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