1
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Tung CC, Rathore APS, St. John AL. Conventional and non-conventional antigen presentation by mast cells. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 2:kyad016. [PMID: 38567067 PMCID: PMC10917180 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are multifunctional immune cells that express a diverse repertoire of surface receptors and pre-stored bioactive mediators. They are traditionally recognized for their involvement in allergic and inflammatory responses, yet there is a growing body of literature highlighting their contributions to mounting adaptive immune responses. In particular, there is growing evidence that MCs can serve as antigen-presenting cells, owing to their often close proximity to T cells in both lymphoid organs and peripheral tissues. Recent studies have provided compelling support for this concept, by demonstrating the presence of antigen processing and presentation machinery in MCs and their ability to engage in classical and non-classical pathways of antigen presentation. However, there remain discrepancies and unresolved questions regarding the extent of the MC's capabilities with respect to antigen presentation. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the antigen presentation by MCs and its influence on adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ching Tung
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abhay P S Rathore
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashley L St. John
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Polinas M, Padrós F, Merella P, Prearo M, Sanna MA, Marino F, Burrai GP, Antuofermo E. Stages of Granulomatous Response Against Histozoic Metazoan Parasites in Mullets (Osteichthyes: Mugilidae). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061501. [PMID: 34064270 PMCID: PMC8224377 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Parasitic diseases represent a common issue in fish and, when histozoic forms are present, this elicits a chronic inflammatory reaction leading to granuloma formation. Despite the large knowledge of granuloma formation due to parasites in visceral organs, little is known about the development and the evolutive stages of granulomas in naturally infected fish. Mullets (Osteichthyes: Mugilidae) are a widespread euryhaline fish species that harbor different parasites, thus representing a suitable model for the study of parasite-induced granulomas. Combining histopathology and immunohistochemical tools, we identified three developmental granuloma stages (pre-granuloma, intermediate, and late stage), that ranged from an intact parasite with mild signs of tissue reaction to the formation of a structured granuloma. The identified histological patterns could be reliable tools in the staging of the granulomatous response associated with histozoic parasites and are an attempt to broaden the knowledge of the inflammatory response in different host–parasite systems. Abstract Histozoic parasite–fish host interaction is a dynamic process that leads to the formation of a granuloma, a specific chronic inflammatory response with discernible histological features. Mullets (Osteichthyes: Mugilidae) represent a suitable model concerning the development of such lesions in the host–parasite interface. The present work aimed to identify granuloma developmental stages from the early to the late phase of the infection and to characterize the immune cells and non-inflammatory components of the granuloma in different stages. For this purpose, 239 mullets were collected from 4 Sardinian lagoons, and several organs were examined by combining histopathological, bacteriological, and immunohistochemical methods. Granulomas associated with trematode metacercariae and myxozoan parasites were classified into three developmental stages: (1) pre-granuloma stage, characterized by intact encysted parasite and with no or mild tissue reaction; (2) intermediate stage, with partially degenerated parasites, necrosis, and a moderate number of epithelioid cells (ECs); and (3) late stage, with a necrotic core and no detectable parasite with a high number of ECs and fibroblasts. The three-tier staging and the proposed morphological diagnosis make it conceivable that histopathology could be an essential tool to evaluate the granulomas associated with histozoic parasitic infection in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Polinas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.M.); (M.A.S.); (G.P.B.); (E.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(079)-229566
| | - Francesc Padrós
- Fish Diseases Diagnostic Service, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Paolo Merella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.M.); (M.A.S.); (G.P.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Marino Prearo
- Fish Disease Laboratory, State Veterinary Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley, 10154 Torino, Italy;
| | - Marina Antonella Sanna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.M.); (M.A.S.); (G.P.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Fabio Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Pietro Burrai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.M.); (M.A.S.); (G.P.B.); (E.A.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Antuofermo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.M.); (M.A.S.); (G.P.B.); (E.A.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control (MCDC), University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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3
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Malta KK, Silva TP, Palazzi C, Neves VH, Carmo LAS, Cardoso SJ, Melo RCN. Changing our view of the Schistosoma granuloma to an ecological standpoint. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1404-1420. [PMID: 33754464 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a neglected parasitic tropical disease that has plagued humans for centuries, remains a major public health burden. A primary challenge to understanding schistosomiasis is deciphering the most remarkable pathological feature of this disease, the granuloma - a highly dynamic and self-organized structure formed by both host and parasite components. Granulomas are considered a remarkable example of how parasites evolved with their hosts to establish complex and intimate associations. However, much remains unclear regarding life within the granuloma, and strategies to restrain its development are still lacking. Here we explore current information on the hepatic Schistosoma mansoni granuloma in the light of Ecology and propose that this intricate structure acts as a real ecosystem. The schistosomal granuloma is formed by cells (biotic component), protein scaffolds, fibres, and chemical compounds (abiotic components) with inputs/outputs of energy and matter, as complex as in classical ecosystems. We review the distinct cell populations ('species') within the granuloma and examine how they integrate with each other and interact with their microenvironment to form a multifaceted cell community in different space-time frames. The colonization of the hepatic tissue to form granulomas is explained from the point of view of an ecological succession whereby a community is able to modify its physical environment, creating conditions and resources for ecosystem construction. Remarkably, the granuloma represents a dynamic evolutionary system that undergoes progressive changes in the 'species' that compose its community over time. In line with ecological concepts, we examine the granuloma not only as a place where a community of cells is settled (spatial niche or habitat) but also as a site in which the functional activities of these combined populations occur in an orchestrated way in response to microenvironmental gradients such as cytokines and egg antigens. Finally, we assert how the levels of organization of cellular components in a granuloma as conventionally defined by Cell Biology can fit perfectly into a hierarchical structure of biological systems as defined by Ecology. By rethinking the granuloma as an integrating and evolving ecosystem, we draw attention to the inner workings of this structure that are central to the understanding of schistosomiasis and could guide its future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kássia K Malta
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biodiversity, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biodiversity, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Palazzi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vitor H Neves
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lívia A S Carmo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas, Rodovia AL-115, Bom Sucesso, Arapiraca, AL, 57309-005, Brazil
| | - Simone J Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Biodiversity, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.,Laboratory of Plankton Ecology, Department of Zoology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biodiversity, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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4
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Quaresma JAS. Organization of the Skin Immune System and Compartmentalized Immune Responses in Infectious Diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:e00034-18. [PMID: 31366611 PMCID: PMC6750136 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00034-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is an organ harboring several types of immune cells that participate in innate and adaptive immune responses. The immune system of the skin comprises both skin cells and professional immune cells that together constitute what is designated skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT). In this review, I extensively discuss the organization of SALT and the mechanisms involved in its responses to infectious diseases of the skin and mucosa. The nature of these SALT responses, and the cellular mediators involved, often determines the clinical course of such infections. I list and describe the components of innate immunity, such as the roles of the keratinocyte barrier and of inflammatory and natural killer cells. I also examine the mechanisms involved in adaptive immune responses, with emphasis on new cytokine profiles, and the role of cell death phenomena in host-pathogen interactions and control of the immune responses to infectious agents. Finally, I highlight the importance of studying SALT in order to better understand host-pathogen relationships involving the skin and detail future directions in the immunological investigation of this organ, especially in light of recent findings regarding the skin immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma
- Center of Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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5
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Ryan NM, Oghumu S. Role of mast cells in the generation of a T-helper type 2 dominated anti-helminthic immune response. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181771. [PMID: 30670631 PMCID: PMC6379226 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are long-lived, innate immune cells of the myeloid lineage which are found in peripheral tissues located throughout the body, and positioned at the interface between the host and the environment. Mast cells are found in high concentrations during helminth infection. Using Kitw-sh mast cell deficient mice, a recently published study in Bioscience Reports by Gonzalez et al. (Biosci. Rep., 2018) focused on the role of mast cells in the immune response to infection by the helminth Hymenolepis diminuta The authors showed that mast cells play a role in the modulation of Th2 immune response characterized by a unique IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 cytokine profile, as well as subsequent robust worm expulsion during H. diminuta infection. Unlike WT mice which expelled H. diminuta at day 10, Kitw-sh deficient mice displayed delayed worm expulsion (day 14 post infection). Further, a possible role for mast cells in the basal expression of cytokines IL-25, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin was described. Deletion of neutrophils in Kitw-sh deficient mice enhanced H. diminuta expulsion, which was accompanied by splenomegaly. However, interactions between mast cells and other innate and adaptive immune cells during helminth infections are yet to be fully clarified. We conclude that the elucidation of mechanisms underlying mast cell interactions with cells of the innate and adaptive immune system during infection by helminths can potentially uncover novel therapeutic applications against inflammatory, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Ryan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - Steve Oghumu
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, U.S.A.
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6
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Macháček T, Turjanicová L, Bulantová J, Hrdý J, Horák P, Mikeš L. Cercarial dermatitis: a systematic follow-up study of human cases with implications for diagnostics. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3881-3895. [PMID: 30302587 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cercarial dermatitis (CD) is an allergic skin disease that rises in consequence of infection by invasive stages (cercariae) of trematodes of the family Schistosomatidae. CD has been considered a re-emerging disease, human cases have been reported from all continents, and tourism-threatening outbreaks occur even in frequented recreational areas. Although the symptoms of CD are generally known, the data on immune response in human patients are sporadic and incomprehensive. In the present study, we attempted to correlate the symptoms, personal history, and time course of CD in human patients with differential cell counts, dynamics of selected cytokines, and dynamics and quality of antibody response. By a systematic follow-up, we obtained a uniquely complex dataset from ten persons accidentally and concurrently infected by the same parasite species in the same locality. The onset of CD was significantly faster, and the symptoms were heavier in participants with a history of CD if compared to naive ones, who, however, also developed some of the symptoms. The repeatedly infected persons had elevated proportion of eosinophils 1 week post exposure (p.e.) and a stronger specific IgG but not IgM response, whereas specific IgE response was not observed. Increased serum levels of IL-4 occurred 1 and 3 week(s) p.e. in all participants. There was high variability in individual immunoblot patterns of IgG response, and no antigen with a universal diagnostic potential was confirmed. The presented analyses suggested that a complex approach can improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of CD, but component data should be interpreted carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Macháček
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Libuše Turjanicová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Bulantová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hrdý
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studničkova 7, 12800, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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7
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Cheng Y, Zhu X, Wang X, Zhuang Q, Huyan X, Sun X, Huang J, Zhan B, Zhu X. Trichinella spiralis Infection Mitigates Collagen-Induced Arthritis via Programmed Death 1-Mediated Immunomodulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1566. [PMID: 30093899 PMCID: PMC6070611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infection induces Th2-biased immune responses and inhibitory/regulatory pathways that minimize excessive inflammation to facilitate the chronic infection of helminth in the host and in the meantime, prevent host hypersensitivity from autoimmune or atopic diseases. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms behind modulation on inflammatory diseases are yet to be clarified. Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is one of the important inhibitory receptors involved in the balance of host immune responses during chronic infection. Here, we used the murine model to examine the role of PD-1 in CD4+ T cells in the effects of Trichinella spiralis infection on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Mice infected with T. spiralis demonstrated higher expression of PD-1 in the spleen CD4+ T cells than those without infection. Mice infected with T. spiralis 2 weeks prior to being immunized with type II collagen displayed lower arthritis incidence and significantly attenuated pathology of CIA compared with those of uninfected mice. The therapeutic effect of T. spiralis infection on CIA was reversed by blocking PD-1 with anti-PD-1 antibody, associated with enhanced Th1/Th17 pro-inflammatory responses and reduced Th2 responses. The role of PD-1 in regulating CD4+ T cell differentiation and proliferation during T. spiralis infection was further examined in PD-1 knockout (PD-1-/-) C57BL/6 J mice. Interestingly, T. spiralis-induced alteration of attenuated Th1 and enhanced Th2/regulatory T cell differentiation in wild-type (WT) mice was effectively diminished in PD-1-/- mice characterized by recovered Th1 cytokine levels, reduced levels of Th2 and regulatory cytokines and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells. Moreover, T. spiralis-induced CD4+ T cell proliferation suppression in WT mice was partially restored in PD-1-/- mice. This study introduces the first evidence that PD-1 plays a critical role in helminth infection-attenuated CIA in a mouse model by regulating the CD4+ T cell function, which may provide the new insights into the mechanisms of helminth-induced immunomodulation of host autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Cheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohuan Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghui Zhuang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Huyan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ximeng Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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8
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Sombetzki M, Koslowski N, Rabes A, Seneberg S, Winkelmann F, Fritzsche C, Loebermann M, Reisinger EC. Host Defense Versus Immunosuppression: Unisexual Infection With Male or Female Schistosoma mansoni Differentially Impacts the Immune Response Against Invading Cercariae. Front Immunol 2018; 9:861. [PMID: 29743881 PMCID: PMC5930291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the intravascular diecious trematode Schistosoma spp. remains a serious tropical disease and public health problem in the developing world, affecting over 258 million people worldwide. During chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection, complex immune responses to tissue-entrapped parasite eggs provoke granulomatous inflammation which leads to serious damage of the liver and intestine. The suppression of protective host immune mechanisms by helminths promotes parasite survival and benefits the host by reducing tissue damage. However, immune-suppressive cytokines may reduce vaccine-induced immune responses. By combining a single-sex infection system with a murine air pouch model, we were able to demonstrate that male and female schistosomes play opposing roles in modulating the host’s immune response. Female schistosomes suppress early innate immune responses to invading cercariae in the skin and upregulate anergy-associated genes. In contrast, male schistosomes trigger strong innate immune reactions which lead to a reduction in worm and egg burden in the liver. Our data suggest that the female worm is a neglected player in the dampening of the host’s immune defense system and is therefore a promising target for new immune modulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sombetzki
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nicole Koslowski
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Rabes
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sonja Seneberg
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Franziska Winkelmann
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Carlos Fritzsche
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Micha Loebermann
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil C Reisinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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9
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Protection against Schistosoma haematobium infection in hamsters by immunization with Schistosoma mansoni gut-derived cysteine peptidases, SmCB1 and SmCL3. Vaccine 2017; 35:6977-6983. [PMID: 29122387 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We examined the immunogenicity and protective potential of SmCB1 and SmCL3 cysteine peptidases, alone and in combination, in hamsters challenged with S. haematobium. For each of two independent experiments, eight Syrian hamsters were immunized twice with a three week-interval with 0 (controls), 20 µg SmCB1, 20 µg SmCL3, or 10 µg SmCB1 plus 10 µg SmCL3, and then percutaneously exposed eight weeks later to 100 S. haematobium cercariae. Hamsters from each group were assessed for humoral and whole blood culture cytokine responses on day 10 post challenge infection, and examined for parasitological parameters 12 weeks post infection. At day 10 post-infection we found that SmCB1 and SmCL3 elicited low antibody titres and weak but polarized cytokine type 2 responses. Nevertheless, both cysteine peptidases, alone or in combination, evoked reproducible and highly significant reduction in challenge worm burden (>70%, P < 0.02) as well as a significant reduction in worm egg counts and viability. The data support our previous findings and show that S. mansoni cysteine peptidases SmCB1 and SmCL3 are efficacious adjuvant-free vaccines that induce protection in mice and hamsters against both S. mansoni and S. haematobium.
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10
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The role of rare innate immune cells in Type 2 immune activation against parasitic helminths. Parasitology 2017; 144:1288-1301. [PMID: 28583216 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of helminth macroparasites is reflected in the intricate network of host cell types that participate in the Type 2 immune response needed to battle these organisms. In this context, adaptive T helper 2 cells and the Type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 have been the focus of research for years, but recent work has demonstrated that the innate immune system plays an essential role. Some innate immune cells that promote Type 2 immunity are relatively abundant, such as macrophages and eosinophils. However, we now appreciate that more rare cell types including group 2 innate lymphoid cells, basophils, mast cells and dendritic cells make significant contributions to these responses. These cells are found at low frequency but they are specialized to their roles - located at sites such as the skin, lung and gut, where the host combats helminth parasites. These cells respond rapidly and robustly to worm antigens and worm-induced damage to produce essential cytokines, chemokines, eicosanoids and histamine to activate damaged epithelium and to recruit other effectors. Thus, a greater understanding of how these cells operate is essential to understand how the host protects itself during helminth infection.
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11
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Masat E, Laforêt P, De Antonio M, Corre G, Perniconi B, Taouagh N, Mariampillai K, Amelin D, Mauhin W, Hogrel JY, Caillaud C, Ronzitti G, Puzzo F, Kuranda K, Colella P, Mallone R, Benveniste O, Mingozzi F. Long-term exposure to Myozyme results in a decrease of anti-drug antibodies in late-onset Pompe disease patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36182. [PMID: 27812025 PMCID: PMC5096052 DOI: 10.1038/srep36182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity of recombinant human acid-alpha glucosidase (rhGAA) in enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is a safety and efficacy concern in the management of late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD). However, long-term effects of ERT on humoral and cellular responses to rhGAA are still poorly understood. To better understand the impact of immunogenicity of rhGAA on the efficacy of ERT, clinical data and blood samples from LOPD patients undergoing ERT for >4 years (n = 28) or untreated (n = 10) were collected and analyzed. In treated LOPD patients, anti-rhGAA antibodies peaked within the first 1000 days of ERT, while long-term exposure to rhGAA resulted in clearance of antibodies with residual production of non-neutralizing IgG. Analysis of T cell responses to rhGAA showed detectable T cell reactivity only after in vitro restimulation. Upregulation of several cytokines and chemokines was detectable in both treated and untreated LOPD subjects, while IL2 secretion was detectable only in subjects who received ERT. These results indicate that long-term ERT in LOPD patients results in a decrease in antibody titers and residual production of non-inhibitory IgGs. Immune responses to GAA following long-term ERT do not seem to affect efficacy of ERT and are consistent with an immunomodulatory effect possibly mediated by regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Masat
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, INSERM, UMR974, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Laforêt
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, INSERM, UMR974, Paris, France.,Paris-Est neuromuscular center, Institute of Myology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Barbara Perniconi
- Paris-Est neuromuscular center, Institute of Myology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nadjib Taouagh
- Paris-Est neuromuscular center, Institute of Myology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Kuberaka Mariampillai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, DHUI2B, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Damien Amelin
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, INSERM, UMR974, Paris, France
| | - Wladimir Mauhin
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, INSERM, UMR974, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Hogrel
- Neuromuscular Physiology and Evaluation Lab, Institute of Myology, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Klaudia Kuranda
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, INSERM, UMR974, Paris, France
| | | | - Roberto Mallone
- Institute Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France.,Department of diabetology, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Benveniste
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, INSERM, UMR974, Paris, France.,Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, DHUI2B, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Federico Mingozzi
- University Pierre and Marie Curie, INSERM, UMR974, Paris, France.,Genethon, INSERM, UMR951, Evry, France
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12
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Prendergast CT, Sanin DE, Mountford AP. Alternatively Activated Mononuclear Phagocytes from the Skin Site of Infection and the Impact of IL-4Rα Signalling on CD4+T Cell Survival in Draining Lymph Nodes after Repeated Exposure to Schistosoma mansoni Cercariae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004911. [PMID: 27505056 PMCID: PMC4978413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In a murine model of repeated exposure of the skin to infective Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, events leading to the priming of CD4 cells in the skin draining lymph nodes were examined. The dermal exudate cell (DEC) population recovered from repeatedly (4x) exposed skin contained an influx of mononuclear phagocytes comprising three distinct populations according to their differential expression of F4/80 and MHC-II. As determined by gene expression analysis, all three DEC populations (F4/80-MHC-IIhigh, F4/80+MHC-IIhigh, F4/80+MHC-IIint) exhibited major up-regulation of genes associated with alternative activation. The gene encoding RELMα (hallmark of alternatively activated cells) was highly up-regulated in all three DEC populations. However, in 4x infected mice deficient in RELMα, there was no change in the extent of inflammation at the skin infection site compared to 4x infected wild-type cohorts, nor was there a difference in the abundance of different mononuclear phagocyte DEC populations. The absence of RELMα resulted in greater numbers of CD4+ cells in the skin draining lymph nodes (sdLN) of 4x infected mice, although they remained hypo-responsive. Using mice deficient for IL-4Rα, in which alternative activation is compromised, we show that after repeated schistosome infection, levels of regulatory IL-10 in the skin were reduced, accompanied by increased numbers of MHC-IIhigh cells and CD4+ T cells in the skin. There were also increased numbers of CD4+ T cells in the sdLN in the absence of IL-4Rα compared to cells from singly infected mice. Although their ability to proliferate was still compromised, increased cellularity of sdLN from 4x IL-4RαKO mice correlated with reduced expression of Fas/FasL, resulting in decreased apoptosis and cell death but increased numbers of viable CD4+ T cells. This study highlights a mechanism through which IL-4Rα may regulate the immune system through the induction of IL-10 and regulation of Fas/FasL mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona T. Prendergast
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - David E. Sanin
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian P. Mountford
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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13
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Mukai K, Tsai M, Starkl P, Marichal T, Galli SJ. IgE and mast cells in host defense against parasites and venoms. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:581-603. [PMID: 27225312 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IgE-dependent mast cell activation is a major effector mechanism underlying the pathology associated with allergic disorders. The most dramatic of these IgE-associated disorders is the fatal anaphylaxis which can occur in some people who have developed IgE antibodies to otherwise innocuous antigens, such as those contained in certain foods and medicines. Why would such a highly "maladaptive" immune response develop in evolution and be retained to the present day? Host defense against parasites has long been considered the only beneficial function that might be conferred by IgE and mast cells. However, recent studies have provided evidence that, in addition to participating in host resistance to certain parasites, mast cells and IgE are critical components of innate (mast cells) and adaptive (mast cells and IgE) immune responses that can enhance host defense against the toxicity of certain arthropod and animal venoms, including enhancing the survival of mice injected with such venoms. Yet, in some people, developing IgE antibodies to insect or snake venoms puts them at risk for having a potentially fatal anaphylactic reaction upon subsequent exposure to such venoms. Delineating the mechanisms underlying beneficial versus detrimental innate and adaptive immune responses associated with mast cell activation and IgE is likely to enhance our ability to identify potential therapeutic targets in such settings, not only for reducing the pathology associated with allergic disorders but perhaps also for enhancing immune protection against pathogens and animal venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Mukai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Philipp Starkl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
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