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Assolini JP, Carloto ACM, Bortoleti BTDS, Gonçalves MD, Tomiotto Pellissier F, Feuser PE, Cordeiro AP, Hermes de Araújo PH, Sayer C, Miranda Sapla MM, Pavanelli WR. Nanomedicine in leishmaniasis: A promising tool for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease - An update overview. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 923:174934. [PMID: 35367420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from visceral to cutaneous, with millions of new cases and thousands of deaths notified every year. The severity of the disease and its various clinical forms are determined by the species of the causative agent, Leishmania, as well as the host's immune response. Major challenges still exist in the diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis, and there is no vaccine available to prevent this disease in humans. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising tool in a variety of fields. In this review, we highlight the main and most recent advances in nanomedicine to improve the diagnosis and treatment, as well as for the development of vaccines, for leishmaniasis. Nanomaterials are nanometric in size and can be produced by a variety of materials, including lipids, polymers, ceramics, and metals, with varying structures and morphologies. Nanotechnology can be used as biosensors to detect antibodies or antigens, thus improving the sensitivity and specificity of such immunological and molecular diagnostic tests. While in treatment, nanomaterials can act as drug carriers or, be used directly, to reduce any toxic effects of drug compounds to the host and to be more selective towards the parasite. Furthermore, preclinical studies show that different nanomaterials can carry different Leishmania antigens, or even act as adjuvants to improve a Th1 immune response in an attempt to produce an effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Assolini
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil; Universidade Alto Vale do Rio Peixe, Caçador, SC, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Paulo Emilio Feuser
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | - Arthur Poester Cordeiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic and vector-borne infectious disease that is caused by the genus Leishmania belonging to the trypanosomatid family. The protozoan parasite has a digenetic life cycle involving a mammalian host and an insect vector. Leishmaniasisis is a worldwide public health problem falling under the neglected tropical disease category, with over 90 endemic countries, and approximately 1 million new cases and 20,000 deaths annually. Leishmania infection can progress toward the development of species–specific pathologic disorders, ranging in severity from self-healing cutaneous lesions to disseminating muco-cutaneous and fatal visceral manifestations. The severity and the outcome of leishmaniasis is determined by the parasite’s antigenic epitope characteristics, the vector physiology, and most importantly, the immune response and immune status of the host. This review examines the nature of host–pathogen interaction in leishmaniasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, and various strategies that have been employed for vaccine development.
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Chatzikleanthous D, O'Hagan DT, Adamo R. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Delivery of Vaccine Adjuvants and Antigens: Toward Multicomponent Vaccines. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2867-2888. [PMID: 34264684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the many advances that have occurred in the field of vaccine adjuvants, there are still unmet needs that may enable the development of vaccines suitable for more challenging pathogens (e.g., HIV and tuberculosis) and for cancer vaccines. Liposomes have already been shown to be highly effective as adjuvant/delivery systems due to their versatility and likely will find further uses in this space. The broad potential of lipid-based delivery systems is highlighted by the recent approval of COVID-19 vaccines comprising lipid nanoparticles with encapsulated mRNA. This review provides an overview of the different approaches that can be evaluated for the design of lipid-based vaccine adjuvant/delivery systems for protein, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid-based antigens and how these strategies might be combined to develop multicomponent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despo Chatzikleanthous
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, G4 0RE Glasgow, U.K.,GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Huang Y, Nan L, Xiao C, Su F, Li K, Ji QA, Wei Q, Liu Y, Bao G. PEGylated nano-Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide induces potent adaptive immunity against Bordetella bronchiseptica. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 168:507-517. [PMID: 33310103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines, in many cases, stimulate only too weak immunogenicity to prevent infection. Therefore, adjuvants are required during their preparation to boost the immune response. We herein developed a PEGylated nano-adjuvant based on Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide (RGP). The addition of PEG layer exhibits enhanced immune performance of the nano-RGP. Stimulation of dendritic cells (DCs) with PEGylated nano-RGP (pRL) led to increased proliferation and cytokine production (IL-6, IL-12, IL-1β and TNF-α). The pRL was internalized into DCs via a rapid and efficient method. The mice immunized with pRL exhibited enhanced antigen-specific serum IgG and Th1-(IFN-γ), Th2-(IL-4), and Th17-(IL-17, IL-6) cytokine production, contributing to a good anti-infection performance. Furthermore, the pRL could effectively deliver the antigen to the lymph nodes (LNs), activate DC in the LN and produce enhanced CD4+and CD8+ T-cells-derived memory (CD44high CD62Lhigh), and effector (CD44high CD62Llow) as well as functional phenotypes. Our results revealed that pRL can act as a promising adjuvant with targeted delivery of antigen due to its effective activation and robust adaptive immunity induction of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Li Nan
- Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321000, PR China
| | - Chenwen Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Fei Su
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Quan-An Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Guolian Bao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
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Huang Y, Nan L, Xiao C, Ji Q, Li K, Wei Q, Liu Y, Bao G. Optimum Preparation Method for Self-Assembled PEGylation Nano-Adjuvant Based on Rehmannia glutinosa Polysaccharide and Its Immunological Effect on Macrophages. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9361-9375. [PMID: 31819437 PMCID: PMC6890198 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s221398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide is the main reason that contributes to the immunological function of R. glutinosa. Due to its disadvantages in clinical use, here we designed the PEGylation nano-RGP (pRL) to improve the drug-targeting effect and the immunological function. Our present work aims to establish the optimum condition of preparing the pRL and to investigate its immunological function on macrophages. METHODS pRL was prepared by thin film hydration method combined with ultra-sonication technique. And its preparation conditions were optimized with response surface methodology. Also, the lyophilization method was optimized. The characteristics of the pRL were evaluated, including particle size, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency and morphology. The immunological function of pRL on macrophage was investigated through CCK-8 test, ELISA and flow cytometry. RESULTS The lipid-to-cholesterol molar ratio of 8:1, the addition of DSPE-PEG2000 of 9% and the lipid-to-drug ratio of 5.4:1 were the optimum preparation technology for pRL. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of pRL under this preparation technology was 95.81±1.58%, with a particle size of 31.98 ± 2.6 nm. The lactose-to-lipid ratio (2:1) was the optimal lyophilization method. pRL promoted macrophage proliferation, which is significantly better than that of nano-RGP without PEGylation (RL). pRL-stimulated RAW264.7 cells showed a high secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which is the characteristic indicator of M1 polarization. Enhanced cellular uptake through macropinocytosis-dependent and caveolae-mediated endocytosis was observed in pRL-treated RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSION Our study concluded that PEGylation effectively overcame the poor targeting effect of Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide (RGP) and significantly improved the immunological profile of its nano-formulation, which suggested that pRL could serve as an immune adjuvant in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou310021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Nan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou310021, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua321000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenwen Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou310021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanan Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou310021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou310021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou310021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou310021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guolian Bao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou310021, People’s Republic of China
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