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Ronca S, Ford CS, Allanguillaume J, Szabo C, Kipling R, Wilkinson MJ. The value of twinned pollinator-pollen metabarcoding: bumblebee pollination service is weakly partitioned within a UK grassland community. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18016. [PMID: 37865658 PMCID: PMC10590402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44822-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting ecological impact of declining bumblebee (Bombus) populations requires better understanding of interactions between pollinator partitioning of floral resources and plant partitioning of pollinator resources. Here, we combine Cytochrome Oxidase 1 (CO1) barcoding for bumblebee identification and rbcL metabarcoding of pollen carried by bees in three species-rich UK pastures. CO1 barcoding assigned 272 bees to eight species, with 33 individuals belonging to the cryptic Bombus lucorum complex (16 B. lucorum and 17 B. cryptarum). Seasonal bias in capture rates varied by species, with B. pratorum found exclusively in June/July and B. pascuorum more abundant in August. Pollen metabarcoding coupled with PERMANOVA and NMDS analyses revealed all bees carried several local pollen species and evidence of pollen resource partitioning between some species pairings, with Bombus pratorum carrying the most divergent pollen load. There was no evidence of resource partitioning between the two cryptic species present, but significantly divergent capture rates concorded with previous suggestions of separation on the basis of foraging behaviour being shaped by local/temporal differences in climatic conditions. Considering the bee carriage profile of pollen species revealed no significant difference between the nine most widely carried plant species. However, there was a sharp, tipping point change in community pollen carriage across all three sites that occurred during the transition between late July and early August. This transition resulted in a strong divergence in community pollen carriage between the two seasonal periods in both years. We conclude that the combined use of pollen and bee barcoding offers several benefits for further study of plant-pollinator interactions at the landscape scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ronca
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Caroline S Ford
- Wales Veterinary Science Centre, Y Buarth, Aberystwyth, SY23 1ND, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Joël Allanguillaume
- Department of Biological, Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Claudia Szabo
- School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Richard Kipling
- The Sustainable Food Trust, 38 Richmond Street, Totterdown, Bristol, BS3 4TQ, UK
| | - Mike J Wilkinson
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK.
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Alves-de-Lima L, Calixto ES, de Oliveira ML, Novaes LR, Almeida EAB, Torezan-Silingardi HM. Flowering Time Variation in Two Sympatric Tree Species Contributes to Avoid Competition for Pollinator Services. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3347. [PMID: 37836087 PMCID: PMC10574496 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Competition is an important biological filter that can define crucial features of species' natural history, like survival and reproduction success. We evaluated in the Brazilian tropical savanna whether two sympatric and congenereric species, Qualea multiflora Mart. and Q. parviflora Mart. (Vochysiaceae), compete for pollinator services, testing whether there is a better competitor or whether plants present any anti-competitive mechanism. Additionally, we investigated the breeding system, pollinators, and flowering phenology of both species. The results showed that Q. multiflora and Q. parviflora are dependent on pollinators for fruit formation, as they exhibited a self-incompatible and non-agamospermic breeding system. These plants shared the same guild of pollinators, which was formed by bees and hummingbirds, and an overlap in the flower visitation time was observed. Each plant species had different pollinator attraction strategies: Q. multiflora invested in floral resource quality, while Q. parviflora invested in resource quantity. The blooming time showed a temporal flowering partition, with highly sequential flowering and no overlap. Qualea parviflora bloomed intensely from September to October, while Q. multiflora bloomed from November to January, with the flowering peak occurring in December. The two Qualea species have morphologically similar flowers, are sympatric, and share the same pollinator community, with overlapping foraging activity during the day. However, they do not compete for pollinator services as they exhibit an anti-competitive mechanism mediated by temporal flowering partition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Alves-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Soares Calixto
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 3261, USA
| | - Marcos Lima de Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Letícia Rodrigues Novaes
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eduardo A. B. Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Maura Torezan-Silingardi
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil
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3
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Mohd G, Majid K, Lone S. Synergetic Role of Nano-/Microscale Structures of the Trifolium Leaf Surface for Self-Cleaning Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:6178-6187. [PMID: 37071560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wetting has an essential pertinence to surface applications. The exemplary water-repelling and self-cleaning surfaces in nature have stimulated considerable scientific exploration, given their practical leverage in cleaning window glasses, painted surfaces, fabrics, and solar cells. Here, we explored the three-tier hierarchical surface structure of the Trifolium leaf with distinguished self-cleaning characteristics. The leaf remains fresh, withstands adverse weather, thrives throughout the year, and self-cleans itself against mud or dust. Self-cleaning features are attributed to a three-tier hierarchical synergetic design. The leaf surface is explicated by an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope, a three-dimensional profilometer, and a water contact angle measuring device. Hierarchical base roughness (i.e., nano-/microscale) comprises a fascinating arrangement, which imparts a superhydrophobic feature to the surface. As a result, the contaminants present on the leaf surface are washed with rolling water droplets. We noticed that self-cleaning is a function of impacting or rolling droplets, and the rolling mechanism is identified as efficient. The self-cleaning phenomenon is studied for contaminations of variable sizes, shapes, and compositions. The contaminations are supplied in both dry and aqueous mixtures. Furthermore, we examined the self-cleaning effect of the Trifolium leaf surface by atmospheric water harvesting. The captured water drops fuse, roll, descend, and wash away the contaminating particles. The diversity of contaminants investigated makes this study applicable to different environmental conditions. And, along with other parallel technologies, this investigation could be useful for crafting sustainable self-cleaning surfaces for regions with acute water scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Mohd
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
- iDREAM (Interdisciplinary Division for Renewable Energy & Advanced Materials), NIT, Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
| | - Kowsar Majid
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
- iDREAM (Interdisciplinary Division for Renewable Energy & Advanced Materials), NIT, Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
| | - Saifullah Lone
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT), Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
- iDREAM (Interdisciplinary Division for Renewable Energy & Advanced Materials), NIT, Srinagar, J&K 190006, India
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4
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Costa A, Moré M, Sérsic AN, Cocucci AA, Drewniak ME, Izquierdo JV, Coetzee A, Pauw A, Traveset A, Paiaro V. Floral colour variation of Nicotiana glauca in native and non-native ranges: Testing the role of pollinators' perception and abiotic factors. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:403-410. [PMID: 36744723 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Invasive plants displaying disparate pollination environments and abiotic conditions in native and non-native ranges provide ideal systems to test the role of different ecological factors driving flower colour variation. We quantified corolla reflectance of the ornithophilous South American Nicotiana glauca in native populations, where plants are pollinated by hummingbirds, and in populations from two invaded regions: South Africa, where plants are pollinated by sunbirds, and the Balearic island of Mallorca, where plants reproduce by selfing. Using visual modelling we examined how corolla reflectance could be perceived by floral visitors present in each region. Through Mantel tests we assessed a possible association between flower colour and different abiotic factors. Corolla reflectance variation (mainly along medium to long wavelengths, i.e. human green-yellow to red colours) was greater among studied regions than within them. Flower colour was more similar between South America and South Africa, which share birds as pollinators. Within invaded regions, corolla reflectance variation was lower in South Africa, where populations could not be distinguished from each other by sunbirds, than in Spain, where populations could be distinguished from each other by their occasional visitors. Differences in corolla colour among populations were partially associated with differences in temperature. Our findings suggest that shifts in flower colour of N. glauca across native and invaded ranges could be shaped by changes in both pollination environment and climatic factors. This is the first study on plant invasions considering visual perception of different pollinators and abiotic drivers of flower colour variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Costa
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Moré
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A N Sérsic
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A A Cocucci
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M E Drewniak
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J V Izquierdo
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A Coetzee
- Fitz Patrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - A Pauw
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - A Traveset
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (CSIC, UIB), Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - V Paiaro
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
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5
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Motti R, Paura B, Cozzolino A, de Falco B. Edible Flowers Used in Some Countries of the Mediterranean Basin: An Ethnobotanical Overview. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11233272. [PMID: 36501312 PMCID: PMC9736219 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Edible flowers are becoming an essential component of people's nutrition in the Mediterranean basin. In the last decades, many researchers also have focused their attention on the nutritional composition of the edible flowers, as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, including studies on their safety issues. Despite the growing interest in the use of flowers in human nutrition, the ethnobotanical literature is lacking coverage of some important issues, particularly those which concern the use of flowers in the folk tradition. Only recently, a review regarding the contribution of 32 edible flowers to the Mediterranean diet was published. The aim of the present review is to document the plant lore regarding the wild and cultivated edible flowers consumed in the Mediterranean basin. Based on the 112 studies reviewed, we documented 251 taxa as being used in the Mediterranean basin as edible flowers. The plant species belong to 45 families and 141 genera. Asteraceae (54 taxa) is the most frequently cited family. Sambucus nigra L. is the most cited species. This study can be the basis for future research on the supposed bioactivity and toxicity of wild and cultivated flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Motti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100 Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Bruno Paura
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Alessia Cozzolino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100 Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Bruna de Falco
- Spanish Bank of Algae, Marine Biotechnology Center, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Muelle de Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain
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6
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Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Composition, Pharmacological Properties, and the Biodiscovery Potential of the Genus Cirsium. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are rich in phytochemicals, which have been used as a source of raw material in medicine since ancient times. Presently they are mostly used to treat Henoch–Schonlein purpura, hemoptysis, and bleeding. The manuscript covers the classification, traditional applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology, herbal formulations, and patents of Cirsium. The main goal of this review is to impart recent information to facilitate future comprehensive research and use of Cirsium for the development of therapeutics. We investigated numerous databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer, Elsevier, Taylor and Francis imprints, and books on ethnopharmacology. The plants of the genus Cirsium of the family Asteraceae contain 350 species across the world. Phytochemical investigations showed that it contains flavonoids, phenols, polyacetylenes, and triterpenoids. The biological potential of this plant is contributed by these secondary metabolites. Cirsium plants are an excellent and harmless agent for the cure of liver diseases; therefore, they might be a good clinical option for the development of therapeutics for hepatic infections. The phytochemical studies of different Cirsium species and their renowned pharmacological activities could be exploited for pharmaceutic product development. Furthermore, studies are required on less known Cirsium species, particularly on the elucidation of the mode of action of their activities.
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7
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Albor C, Ashman T, Stanley A, Martel C, Arceo‐Gómez G. Flower color and flowering phenology mediate plant‐pollinator interaction assembly in a diverse co‐flowering community. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristopher Albor
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Tia‐Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Amber Stanley
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Biological Sciences East Tennessee State University Johnson City Tennessee USA
| | - Carlos Martel
- Department of Biological Sciences East Tennessee State University Johnson City Tennessee USA
- Current address: Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew London United Kingdom
| | - Gerardo Arceo‐Gómez
- Department of Biological Sciences East Tennessee State University Johnson City Tennessee USA
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8
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Stanley A, Martel C, Arceo-Gómez G. Spatial variation in bidirectional pollinator-mediated interactions between two co-flowering species in serpentine plant communities. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab069. [PMID: 34804469 PMCID: PMC8598379 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pollinator-mediated competition and facilitation are two important mechanisms mediating co-flowering community assembly. Experimental studies, however, have mostly focused on evaluating outcomes for a single interacting partner at a single location. Studies that evaluate spatial variation in the bidirectional effects between co-flowering species are necessary if we aim to advance our understanding of the processes that mediate species coexistence in diverse co-flowering communities. Here, we examine geographic variation (i.e. at landscape level) in bidirectional pollinator-mediated effects between co-flowering Mimulus guttatus and Delphinium uliginosum. We evaluated effects on pollen transfer dynamics (conspecific and heterospecific pollen deposition) and plant reproductive success. We found evidence of asymmetrical effects (one species is disrupted and the other one is facilitated) but the effects were highly dependent on geographical location. Furthermore, effects on pollen transfer dynamics did not always translate to effects on overall plant reproductive success (i.e. pollen tube growth) highlighting the importance of evaluating effects at multiple stages of the pollination process. Overall, our results provide evidence of a spatial mosaic of pollinator-mediated interactions between co-flowering species and suggest that community assembly processes could result from competition and facilitation acting simultaneously. Our study highlights the importance of experimental studies that evaluate the prevalence of competitive and facilitative interactions in the field, and that expand across a wide geographical context, in order to more fully understand the mechanisms that shape plant communities in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Stanley
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Carlos Martel
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Instituto de Ciencias Ómicas y Biotecnología Aplicada, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, San Miguel 15088, Lima, Peru
| | - Gerardo Arceo-Gómez
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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9
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A half-day flowering pattern helps plants sharing pollinators in an oceanic island community. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467421000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe temporal pattern of flower opening and closure is a feature of the biology of many plant species, particularly those inhabiting oceanic islands where flowering generally lasts for only a few hours per day. Additionally, flower visitors often seek different floral sources on a timely basis, thus the relative timing of interactions is central to their status in pollination competition, or in the facilitation of pollination among co-flowering plants sharing pollinators. However, few studies have examined the impacts of daily temporal variation in flowering patterns on the pollinator network and competition on a community scale. In order to examine whether the daily pattern of flower opening and closure can impose temporal dynamics on interspecific interactions within a single day, plant–pollinator interaction networks (AM subweb and PM subweb) were quantified, and the relevant interactions between the two subwebs were compared using the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity of visitation frequencies in an oceanic island community (Paracel Islands, South China Sea). The role of species within networks and its variation between two subwebs were assessed by calculating the species-level specialization and species strength of each plant and pollinator species. The quantitative plant–pollinator interaction dissimilarity between morning and afternoon subsets was 0.69, and this value dropped to 0.58 when considering plant species flowering throughout the day. In our study, this dissimilarity between the two subwebs might be explained by the morning peak activity rather than a preference for morning flowers. No significant differences were detected in the species-level specialization and species strength of plants flowering all day from morning to afternoon at the community level. The flower visitation rates of native honeybee Apis cerana were not significantly different between morning and afternoon for most of the whole-day flowering plants. However, plant species only flowering either in the morning or the afternoon differed in the rate of visitation by A. cerana. The analyses of variation in the visitation rates of pollinators shared by plants within a single day in the studied community suggest that daily structuring at a community level and half-day staggered flowering during the morning or afternoon might reduce competitive interactions in oceanic insular habitats.
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Carbone LM, Cascone G, Aguilar R. Fire frequency effects on cleistogamy expression and progeny performance in Cologania broussonetii. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:285-292. [PMID: 33179367 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increased fire frequency usually erodes microenvironmental conditions, causing a drastic limitation of edaphic resources. Thus, the production of permanently closed-small flowers (cleistogamous, CL) should increase in sites with high fire frequency as this implies a less expensive reproductive assurance strategy. However, because open, insect-pollinated flowers (chasmogamous, CH) have the potential capacity to outcross via pollinators, CH progeny produced at any site should outperform selfed CL progeny. We evaluate the effect of fire frequency on the relative production of CL/CH flowers and fruits, and their seed set, along with several progeny performance parameters in Cologania broussonetii (Fabaceae), a resprouting herb with dimorphic cleistogamy native to the Chaco Serrano. Fire frequency increased cleistogamy expression, reaching extreme levels in high fire frequency sites. Seed set was similarly high for both CH and CL flowers in the unburned condition, while in burned sites the few developed CH flowers set more seeds than CL flowers. However, progeny performance was similar between CH and CL progeny at each and across all fire frequency conditions. Cleistogamy expression in C. broussonetii is maximized in abiotically degraded frequently burned habitats, although the selfed CL progeny is as successful as potentially outcrossed CH progeny. Fire frequency may decreased floral size and abundance, selecting for autogamous reproduction, which restricts not only the genetic potential of plant populations but also the resources offered to pollinators. At the community level, increased cleistogamy expression may potentially have negative implications for non-cleistogamous, more outcrossing species surviving in frequently burned environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Carbone
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G Cascone
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - R Aguilar
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Córdoba, Argentina
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica (LANASE), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, México
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11
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Tai KC, Shrestha M, Dyer AG, Yang EC, Wang CN. Floral Color Diversity: How Are Signals Shaped by Elevational Gradient on the Tropical-Subtropical Mountainous Island of Taiwan? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:582784. [PMID: 33391297 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.63xsj3v08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pollinators with different vision are a key driver of flower coloration. Islands provide important insights into evolutionary processes, and previous work suggests islands may have restricted flower colors. Due to both species richness with high endemism in tropical-subtropical environments, and potentially changing pollinator distributions with altitude, we evaluated flower color diversity across the mountainous island of Taiwan in a comparative framework to understand the cause of color diversity. We sampled flower color signaling on the tropical-subtropical island of Taiwan considering altitudes from sea level to 3300 m to inform how over-dispersion, random processes or clustering may influence flower signaling. We employed a model of bee color space to plot loci from 727 species to enable direct comparisons to data sets from continental studies representing Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and also a continental mountain region. We observed that flower color diversity was similar to flowers that exist in mainland continental studies, and also showed evidence that flowers predominantly had evolved color signals that closely matched bee color preferences. At high altitudes floras tend to be phylogenetically clustered rather than over-dispersed, and their floral colors exhibited weak phylogenetic signal which is consistent with character displacement that facilitated the co-existence of related species. Overall flower color signaling on a tropical-subtropical island is mainly influenced by color preferences of key bee pollinators, a pattern consistent with continental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- King-Chun Tai
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mani Shrestha
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adrian G Dyer
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - En-Cheng Yang
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Neng Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Ortiz PL, Fernández‐Díaz P, Pareja D, Escudero M, Arista M. Do visual traits honestly signal floral rewards at community level? Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L. Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández‐Díaz
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain
| | - Daniel Pareja
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain
| | - Marcial Escudero
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain
| | - Montserrat Arista
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain
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13
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Drewniak ME, Briscoe AD, Cocucci AA, Beccacece HM, Zapata AI, Moré M. From the butterfly’s point of view: learned colour association determines differential pollination of two co-occurring mock verbains by Agraulis vanillae (Nymphalidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Learning plays an important role in the location and utilization of nectar sources for pollinators. In this work we focus on the plant-pollinator interaction between the butterfly Agraulis vanillae (Nymphalidae) and two Glandularia plant species (Verbenaceae) that grow in sympatry. Bioassays using arrays of artificial flowers (red vs. lilac-purple) showed that naïve A. vanillae butterflies do not have innate colour preferences for any of the tested colours. Trained butterflies were able to learn to associate both floral colours with the presence of nectar rewards. Wild A. vanillae butterflies visited the red flowers of Glandularia peruviana much more frequently than the lilac-purple flowers of Glandularia venturii. Standing nectar crop measurements showed that G. peruviana flowers offered three times more sucrose than the flowers of G. venturii. Analyses confirmed that corolla colour of G. peruviana (red flowers) and G. venturii (lilac-purple flowers) were discriminable in the butterfly’s colour space. These findings may indicate flexibility in A. vanillae preferences due to a learned association between red coloration and higher nectar rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eugenia Drewniak
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana D Briscoe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea A Cocucci
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hernán M Beccacece
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana I Zapata
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marcela Moré
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
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14
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Tai KC, Shrestha M, Dyer AG, Yang EC, Wang CN. Floral Color Diversity: How Are Signals Shaped by Elevational Gradient on the Tropical-Subtropical Mountainous Island of Taiwan? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:582784. [PMID: 33391297 PMCID: PMC7773721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.582784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Pollinators with different vision are a key driver of flower coloration. Islands provide important insights into evolutionary processes, and previous work suggests islands may have restricted flower colors. Due to both species richness with high endemism in tropical-subtropical environments, and potentially changing pollinator distributions with altitude, we evaluated flower color diversity across the mountainous island of Taiwan in a comparative framework to understand the cause of color diversity. We sampled flower color signaling on the tropical-subtropical island of Taiwan considering altitudes from sea level to 3300 m to inform how over-dispersion, random processes or clustering may influence flower signaling. We employed a model of bee color space to plot loci from 727 species to enable direct comparisons to data sets from continental studies representing Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and also a continental mountain region. We observed that flower color diversity was similar to flowers that exist in mainland continental studies, and also showed evidence that flowers predominantly had evolved color signals that closely matched bee color preferences. At high altitudes floras tend to be phylogenetically clustered rather than over-dispersed, and their floral colors exhibited weak phylogenetic signal which is consistent with character displacement that facilitated the co-existence of related species. Overall flower color signaling on a tropical-subtropical island is mainly influenced by color preferences of key bee pollinators, a pattern consistent with continental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- King-Chun Tai
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mani Shrestha
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Mani Shrestha, ;
| | - Adrian G. Dyer
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - En-Cheng Yang
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Neng Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Chun-Neng Wang,
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15
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Shrestha M, Dyer AG, Garcia JE, Burd M. Floral colour structure in two Australian herbaceous communities: it depends on who is looking. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:221-232. [PMID: 31008511 PMCID: PMC6758583 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pollinator-mediated interactions between plant species may affect the composition of angiosperm communities. Floral colour signals should play a role in these interactions, but the role will arise from the visual perceptions and behavioural responses of multiple pollinators. Recent advances in the visual sciences can be used to inform our understanding of these perceptions and responses. We outline the application of appropriate visual principles to the analysis of the annual cycle of floral colour structure in two Australian herbaceous communities. METHODS We used spectrographic measurements of petal reflectance to determine the location of flowers in a model of hymenopteran colour vision. These representations of colour perception were then translated to a behaviourally relevant metric of colour differences using empirically calibrated colour discrimination functions for four hymenopteran species. We then analysed the pattern of colour similarity in terms of this metric in samples of co-flowering plants over the course of a year. We used the same method to analyse the annual pattern of phylogenetic relatedness of co-flowering plants in order to compare colour structure and phylogenetic structure. KEY RESULTS Co-flowering communities at any given date seldom had colour assemblages significantly different from random. Non-random structure, both dispersion and clustering, occurred occasionally, but depended on which bee observer is considered. The degree of colour similarity was unrelated to phylogenetic similarity within a co-flowering community. CONCLUSIONS Perceived floral colour structure varied with the sensory capabilities of the observer. The lack of colour structure at most sample dates, particularly the rarity of strong dispersion, suggests that plants do not use chromatic signals primarily to enable bees to discriminate between co-flowering species. It is more likely that colours make plants detectable in a complex landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Shrestha
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adrian G Dyer
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Jair E Garcia
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martin Burd
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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16
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Sooraj N, Jaishanker R, Athira K, Sajeev C, Lijimol D, Saroj K, Ammini J, Pillai M, Dadhwal V. Comparative study on the floral spectral reflectance of invasive and non-invasive plants. ECOL INFORM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2019.100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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van der Kooi CJ, Dyer AG, Kevan PG, Lunau K. Functional significance of the optical properties of flowers for visual signalling. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:263-276. [PMID: 29982325 PMCID: PMC6344213 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flower coloration is a key enabler for pollinator attraction. Floral visual signals comprise several components that are generated by specific anatomical structures and pigmentation, and often have different functions in pollinator attraction. Anatomical studies have advanced our understanding of the optical properties of flowers, and evidence from behavioural experiments has elucidated the biological relevance of different components of floral visual signals, but these two lines of research are often considered independently. SCOPE Here, we review current knowledge about different aspects of the floral visual signals, their anatomical and optical properties, and their functional significance in plant-pollinator visual signalling. We discuss common aspects, such as chromatic and achromatic contrast, hue, saturation and brightness, as well as less common types of visual signals, including gloss, fluorescence, polarization and iridescence in the context of salience of floral colour signals and their evolution, and highlight promising avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper J van der Kooi
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Adrian G Dyer
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter G Kevan
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Klaus Lunau
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
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18
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Martínez-Harms J, Warskulat AC, Dudek B, Kunert G, Lorenz S, Hansson BS, Schneider B. Biosynthetic and Functional Color-Scent Associations in Flowers of Papaver nudicaule and Their Impact on Pollinators. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1553-1562. [PMID: 29696753 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite increasing evidence for biosynthetic connections between flower pigments and volatile compounds, examples of such relationships in polymorphic plant species remains limited. Herein, color-scent associations in flowers from Papaver nudicaule (Papaveraceae) have been investigated. The spectral reflectance and scent composition of flowers of four color cultivars was determined. We found that pigments and volatiles occur in specific combinations in flowers of P. nudicaule. The presence of indole in the bouquets is strongly associated with the occurrence of yellow pigments called nudicaulins, for which indole is one of the final biosynthetic precursors. Whereas yellow flowers emit an excess of indole, orange flowers consume it during nudicaulin production and lack the substance in their bouquet. By using the honeybee, Apis mellifera, evaluations were made on how color and scent affect the discrimination of these flowers by pollinators. Honeybees were able to discriminate artificial odor mixtures resembling those of the natural flower odors. Bees trained with stimuli combining colors and odors showed an improved discrimination performance. The results indicate that the indole moiety of nudicaulins and emitted indole might be products of the same biochemical pathway. We propose that conserved pathways account for the evolution of color-scent associations in P. nudicaule and that these associations positively affect flower constancy of pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Martínez-Harms
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Current address: Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA-La Cruz, Chorrillos 86, La Cruz, 2280454, Chile
| | | | - Bettina Dudek
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille Lorenz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
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19
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Bergamo PJ, Telles FJ, Arnold SEJ, de Brito VLG. Flower colour within communities shifts from overdispersed to clustered along an alpine altitudinal gradient. Oecologia 2018; 188:223-235. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Lucas A, Bodger O, Brosi BJ, Ford CR, Forman DW, Greig C, Hegarty M, Jones L, Neyland PJ, de Vere N. Floral resource partitioning by individuals within generalised hoverfly pollination networks revealed by DNA metabarcoding. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5133. [PMID: 29572453 PMCID: PMC5865107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollination is a key ecosystem service for agriculture and wider ecosystem function. However, most pollination studies focus on Hymenoptera, with hoverflies (Syrphidae) frequently treated as a single functional group. We tested this assumption by investigating pollen carried by eleven species of hoverfly in five genera, Cheilosia, Eristalis, Rhingia, Sericomyia and Volucella, using DNA metabarcoding. Hoverflies carried pollen from 59 plant taxa, suggesting they visit a wider number of plant species than previously appreciated. Most pollen recorded came from plant taxa frequently found at our study sites, predominantly Apiaceae, Cardueae, Calluna vulgaris, Rubus fruticosus agg., and Succisa pratensis, with hoverflies transporting pollen from 40% of entomophilous plant species present. Overall pollen transport network structures were generalised, similar to other pollination networks elsewhere. All hoverfly species were also generalised with few exclusive plant/hoverfly interactions. However, using the Jaccard Index, we found significant differences in the relative composition of pollen loads between hoverfly genera, except for Volucella, demonstrating some degree of functional complementarity. Eristalis and Sericomyia species had significant differences in relative pollen load composition compared to congeners. Our results demonstrate the range of pollens transported by hoverflies and the potential pollination function undertaken within this ecologically and morphologically diverse guild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lucas
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Owen Bodger
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Berry J Brosi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive NE, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Col R Ford
- National Botanic Garden of Wales, Llanarthne, Carmarthenshire, Wales, SA32 8HG, UK
| | - Dan W Forman
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Carolyn Greig
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Matthew Hegarty
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EE, Wales, UK
| | - Laura Jones
- National Botanic Garden of Wales, Llanarthne, Carmarthenshire, Wales, SA32 8HG, UK
| | - Penelope J Neyland
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Natasha de Vere
- National Botanic Garden of Wales, Llanarthne, Carmarthenshire, Wales, SA32 8HG, UK
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EE, Wales, UK
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van der Kooi CJ, Elzenga JTM, Dijksterhuis J, Stavenga DG. Functional optics of glossy buttercup flowers. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2016.0933. [PMID: 28228540 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Buttercup (Ranunculus spp.) flowers are exceptional because they feature a distinct gloss (mirror-like reflection) in addition to their matte-yellow coloration. We investigated the optical properties of yellow petals of several Ranunculus and related species using (micro)spectrophotometry and anatomical methods. The contribution of different petal structures to the overall visual signal was quantified using a recently developed optical model. We show that the coloration of glossy buttercup flowers is due to a rare combination of structural and pigmentary coloration. A very flat, pigment-filled upper epidermis acts as a thin-film reflector yielding the gloss, and additionally serves as a filter for light backscattered by the strongly scattering starch and mesophyll layers, which yields the matte-yellow colour. We discuss the evolution of the gloss and its two likely functions: it provides a strong visual signal to insect pollinators and increases the reflection of sunlight to the centre of the flower in order to heat the reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper J van der Kooi
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands .,Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Le Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Theo M Elzenga
- Plant Ecophysiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijksterhuis
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Doekele G Stavenga
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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van der Kooi CJ, Elzenga JTM, Staal M, Stavenga DG. How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower coloration. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0429. [PMID: 27170723 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The coloration of flowers is due to the wavelength-selective absorption by pigments of light backscattered by structures inside the petals. We investigated the optical properties of flowers using (micro)spectrophotometry and anatomical methods. To assess the contribution of different structures to the overall visual signal of flowers, we used an optical model, where a petal is considered as a stack of differently pigmented and structured layers and we interpreted the visual signals of the model petals with insect vision models. We show that the reflectance depends, in addition to the pigmentation, on the petal's thickness and the inhomogeneity of its interior. We find large between-species differences in floral pigments, pigment concentration and localization, as well as floral interior structure. The fractions of reflected and transmitted light are remarkably similar between the studied species, suggesting common selective pressures of pollinator visual systems. Our optical model highlights that pigment localization crucially determines the efficiency of pigmentary filtering and thereby the chromatic contrast and saturation of the visual signal. The strongest visual signal occurs with deposition of pigments only on the side of viewing. Our systematic approach and optical modelling open new perspectives on the virtues of flower colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper J van der Kooi
- Department of Computational Physics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Theo M Elzenga
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Staal
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Doekele G Stavenga
- Department of Computational Physics, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Dafni A, Vereecken NJ. Pollination biology from micro-morphological adaptations to community ecology of plant-pollinator interactions. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:3-8. [PMID: 26768999 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Dafni
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Institute of Evolution, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel.
| | - N J Vereecken
- Agroecology & Pollination Group, Landscape Ecology & Plant Production Systems, Interfaculty School of Bioengineering, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP 264/2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
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