1
|
Mahati K, Padmasree K. Brassinolide promotes interaction between chloroplasts and mitochondria during the optimization of photosynthesis by the mitochondrial electron transport chain in mesophyll cell protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1099474. [PMID: 37113597 PMCID: PMC10126290 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1099474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The current experimental data unveils the role of brassinolide (BL), a phytohormone of class brassinosteroids (BRs), in augmenting the cross-talk between the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) and chloroplasts to strengthen the efficiency of the Calvin-Benson cycle (CBC) for higher assimilation of carbon dioxide in the mesophyll cell protoplasts (MCP) of Arabidopsis thaliana. The outcome of total respiration (TR) and photosynthetic carbon assimilation (PCA) was monitored as O2 uptake under dark and NaHCO3-dependent O2 evolution under light, respectively, after pre-incubation of MCP at a broad spectrum of BL concentration from 0.05 pM to 5 pM at 25 °C and optimum light intensity of 1000 μmol m-2 s-1. The addition of optimal concentration (0.5 pM) of BL to MCP stimulated the (i) TR, (ii) PCA, and (iii) para-benzoquinone-dependent O2 evolution (PSII activity). Further, in response to BL, the enzyme activity or transcript levels of redox-regulated CBC enzymes and glucose-6-phosphate raised considerably. Also, the addition of BL to MCP remarkably accelerated the capacity of the cytochrome oxidase (COX) and alternative oxidase (AOX) pathways concurrently with an increase in total cellular pyruvate and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Besides, malate valve components (Malate, Chl-MDH, M-MDH) increased in response to BL. At the same time, the cellular redox ratios of pyridine nucleotides (NADPH and NADH) were kept low in the presence of BL. However, BL could not keep up the CBC activity of photosynthesis along with its associated light-activated enzymes/transcripts when mETC through COX or AOX pathway is restricted by antimycin A (AA) or salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), respectively. In contrast, adding BL to MCP under restricted mETC showed aggravation in total cellular ROS, pyruvate, malate, and redox ratio of pyridine nucleotides with a concomitant increase in transcripts associated with malate valve and antioxidant systems. These results suggest that BL enhances the PCA by coordinating in cross-talk of chloroplasts and mitochondria to regulate the cellular redox ratio or ROS through the involvement of COX and AOX pathways along with the malate valve and antioxidant systems.
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Geng X, Bi X, Li R, Chen Y, Lu C. Genome-wide identification of AOX family genes in Moso bamboo and functional analysis of PeAOX1b_2 in drought and salinity stress tolerance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:2321-2339. [PMID: 36063182 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Five PeAOX genes from Moso bamboo genome were identified. PeAOX1b_2-OE improved tolerance to drought and salinity stress in Arabidopsis, indicating it is involved in positive regulation of abiotic stress response. Mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX), the important respiratory terminal oxidase in organisms, catalyzes the energy wasteful cyanide (CN)-resistant respiration, which can improve abiotic stresses tolerance and is considered as one of the functional markers for plant resistance breeding. Here, a total of five putative AOX genes (PeAOXs) were identified and characterized in a monocotyledonous woody grass Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PeAOXs belonged to AOX1 subfamily, and were named PeAOX1a_1, PeAOX1a_2, PeAOX1b_1, PeAOX1b_2 and PeAOX1c, respectively. Evolutionary and divergence patterns analysis revealed that the PeAOX, OsAOX, and BdAOX families experienced positive purifying selection and may have undergone a large-scale duplication event roughly 1.35-155.90 million years ago. Additionally, the organ-specific expression analysis showed that 80% of PeAOX members were mainly expressed in leaf. Promoter sequence analysis of PeAOXs revealed cis-acting regulatory elements (CAREs) responding to abiotic stress. Most PeAOX genes were significantly upregulated after methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Moreover, under salinity and drought stresses, the ectopic overexpression of PeAOX1b_2 in Arabidopsis enhanced seed germination and seedling establishment, increased the total respiratory rate and the proportion of AOX respiratory pathway in leaf, and enhanced antioxidant ability, suggesting that PeAOX1b_2 is crucial for abiotic stress resistance in Moso bamboo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xin Geng
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaorui Bi
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rongchen Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuzhen Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Cunfu Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Matos IF, Morales LMM, Santana DB, Silva GMC, Gomes MMDA, Ayub RA, Costa JH, de Oliveira JG. Ascorbate synthesis as an alternative electron source for mitochondrial respiration: Possible implications for the plant performance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:987077. [PMID: 36507441 PMCID: PMC9727407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.987077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecule vitamin C, in the chemical form of ascorbic acid (AsA), is known to be essential for the metabolism of humans and animals. Humans do not produce AsA, so they depend on plants as a source of vitamin C for their food. The AsA synthesis pathway occurs partially in the cytosol, but the last oxidation step is physically linked to the respiratory chain of plant mitochondria. This oxidation step is catalyzed by l-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (l-GalLDH). This enzyme is not considered a limiting step for AsA production; however, it presents a distinguishing characteristic: the l-GalLDH can introduce electrons directly into the respiratory chain through cytochrome c (Cytc) and therefore can be considered an extramitochondrial electron source that bypasses the phosphorylating Complex III. The use of Cytc as electron acceptor has been debated in terms of its need for AsA synthesis, but little has been said in relation to its impact on the functioning of the respiratory chain. This work seeks to offer a new view about the possible changes that result of the link between AsA synthesis and the mitochondrial respiration. We hypothesized that some physiological alterations related to low AsA may be not only explained by the deficiency of this molecule but also by the changes in the respiratory function. We discussed some findings showing that respiratory mutants contained changes in AsA synthesis. Besides, recent works that also indicate that the excessive electron transport via l-GalLDH enzyme may affect other respiratory pathways. We proposed that Cytc reduction by l-GalLDH may be part of an alternative respiratory pathway that is active during AsA synthesis. Also, it is proposed that possible links of this pathway with other pathways of alternative electron transport in plant mitochondria may exist. The review suggests potential implications of this relationship, particularly for situations of stress. We hypothesized that this pathway of alternative electron input would serve as a strategy for adaptation of plant respiration to changing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Faria Matos
- Plant Genetic Breeding Laboratory, Center for Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Diederson Bortolini Santana
- Plant Genetic Breeding Laboratory, Center for Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Michelle Cosme Silva
- Plant Genetic Breeding Laboratory, Center for Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mara Menezes de Assis Gomes
- Plant Genetic Breeding Laboratory, Center for Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Antônio Ayub
- Laboratory of Biotechnology Applied to Fruit Growing, Department of Phytotechny and Phytosanitary, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - José Hélio Costa
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Non-Institutional Competence Focus (NICFocus) ‘Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity’ (FunCROP), coordinated from Foros de Vale de Figueira, Alentejo, Portugal
| | - Jurandi Gonçalves de Oliveira
- Plant Genetic Breeding Laboratory, Center for Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chamusco KC, Milazzo MN, Bhan KS, Kamps TL, Smith P, Durojaiye M, Moreira CD, Gallo M, Chase CD. Developmentally regulated mitochondrial biogenesis and cell death competence in maize pollen. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:508. [PMID: 36316635 PMCID: PMC9624016 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited failure to produce functional pollen that most commonly results from expression of novel, chimeric mitochondrial genes. In Zea mays, cytoplasmic male sterility type S (CMS-S) is characterized by the collapse of immature, bi-cellular pollen. Molecular and cellular features of developing CMS-S and normal (N) cytoplasm pollen were compared to determine the role of mitochondria in these differing developmental fates. RESULTS Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling revealed both chromatin and nuclear fragmentation in the collapsed CMS-S pollen, demonstrating a programmed cell death (PCD) event sharing morphological features with mitochondria-signaled apoptosis in animals. Maize plants expressing mitochondria-targeted green fluorescent protein (GFP) demonstrated dynamic changes in mitochondrial morphology and association with actin filaments through the course of N-cytoplasm pollen development, whereas mitochondrial targeting of GFP was lost and actin filaments were disorganized in developing CMS-S pollen. Immunoblotting revealed significant developmental regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in both CMS-S and N mito-types. Nuclear and mitochondrial genome encoded components of the cytochrome respiratory pathway and ATP synthase were of low abundance at the microspore stage, but microspores accumulated abundant nuclear-encoded alternative oxidase (AOX). Cytochrome pathway and ATP synthase components accumulated whereas AOX levels declined during the maturation of N bi-cellular pollen. Increased abundance of cytochrome pathway components and declining AOX also characterized collapsed CMS-S pollen. The accumulation and robust RNA editing of mitochondrial transcripts implicated translational or post-translational control for the developmentally regulated accumulation of mitochondria-encoded proteins in both mito-types. CONCLUSIONS CMS-S pollen collapse is a PCD event coincident with developmentally programmed mitochondrial events including the accumulation of mitochondrial respiratory proteins and declining protection against mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen C Chamusco
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0690, USA
| | - May N Milazzo
- Emergency Department, Baton Rouge General Medical Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70809, USA
| | - Kanchan S Bhan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, C.G., 492012, India
| | - Terry L Kamps
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0690, USA
| | - Prestina Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Modupeoluwa Durojaiye
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Cristina D Moreira
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA
| | - Maria Gallo
- Department of Plant and Earth Science, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI, 54022, USA
| | - Christine D Chase
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0690, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Light Intensity- and Spectrum-Dependent Redox Regulation of Plant Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071311. [PMID: 35883801 PMCID: PMC9312225 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both light intensity and spectrum (280–800 nm) affect photosynthesis and, consequently, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during photosynthetic electron transport. ROS, together with antioxidants, determine the redox environment in tissues and cells, which in turn has a major role in the adjustment of metabolism to changes in environmental conditions. This process is very important since there are great spatial (latitude, altitude) and temporal (daily, seasonal) changes in light conditions which are accompanied by fluctuations in temperature, water supply, and biotic stresses. The blue and red spectral regimens are decisive in the regulation of metabolism because of the absorption maximums of chlorophylls and the sensitivity of photoreceptors. Based on recent publications, photoreceptor-controlled transcription factors such as ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) and changes in the cellular redox environment may have a major role in the coordinated fine-tuning of metabolic processes during changes in light conditions. This review gives an overview of the current knowledge of the light-associated redox control of basic metabolic pathways (carbon, nitrogen, amino acid, sulphur, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism), secondary metabolism (terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids), and related molecular mechanisms. Light condition-related reprogramming of metabolism is the basis for proper growth and development of plants; therefore, its better understanding can contribute to more efficient crop production in the future.
Collapse
|
6
|
Liao CY, Wang P, Yin Y, Bassham DC. Interactions between autophagy and phytohormone signaling pathways in plants. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2198-2214. [PMID: 35460261 PMCID: PMC9543649 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved recycling process with important functions in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Phytohormones also play key roles in the regulation of some of the same processes. Increasing evidence indicates that a close relationship exists between autophagy and phytohormone signaling pathways, and the mechanisms of interaction between these pathways have begun to be revealed. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how autophagy regulates hormone signaling and, conversely, how hormones regulate the activity of autophagy, both in plant growth and development and in environmental stress responses. We highlight in particular recent mechanistic insights into the coordination between autophagy and signaling events controlled by the stress hormone abscisic acid and by the growth hormones brassinosteroid and cytokinin and briefly discuss potential connections between autophagy and other phytohormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Liao
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yanhai Yin
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Challabathula D, Analin B, Mohanan A, Bakka K. Differential modulation of photosynthesis, ROS and antioxidant enzyme activities in stress-sensitive and -tolerant rice cultivars during salinity and drought upon restriction of COX and AOX pathways of mitochondrial oxidative electron transport. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 268:153583. [PMID: 34871988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Drought and salt stresses are two major abiotic stress factors that hamper crop growth and productivity. Three rice cultivars with different sensitivity and tolerance towards abiotic stress were used in the current study. While cultivar Aiswarya is salt- and drought-sensitive, cultivar Vyttila is salt-tolerant and cultivar Vaisakh is drought-tolerant. We compared the physiological and biochemical responses of these rice cultivars under salt and drought stress conditions after restricting their cytochrome oxidase (COX) and alternative oxidase (AOX) pathways using antimycin A and salicylhydroxamic acid treatment. Further, changes in their expression of AOX genes and corresponding protein levels were compared and analysed. The sensitive and tolerant rice cultivars subjected to drought and salt stress showed differential responses in physiological and biochemical traits. Whereas Aiswarya showed clear phenotypic differences, such as stunted growth, leaf curling, and loss of greening in leaf tissues, with increase in salt content and progressive drought stress, Vyttila and Vaisakh showed no remarkable changes. Moreover, the drought-tolerant cultivar rehydrated after 10 days of drought exposure, whereas the sensitive variety did not show any rehydration of leaf tissue. The leaves of the tolerant cultivars showed lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) production than that of the sensitive plants under drought and salt stress conditions because of the activation of a stronger antioxidant defence. Although, the restriction of COX and AOX pathways increased the susceptibility of sensitive cultivars, it affected the tolerant varieties moderately. Higher photosynthetic rates, an efficient antioxidant system comprising higher superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase activity along with higher AOX1a gene expression levels during drought and salt stress were observed in tolerant cultivars. The results suggest that an efficient antioxidant system and increased transcription of the AOX1a gene along with higher AOX protein levels are important for tolerant rice cultivars to maintain higher photosynthesis rates, lower ROS, and stress tolerance. Restriction of COX and AOX pathways impact the photosynthesis, ROS, and antioxidant enzymes in both sensitive and tolerant cultivars. The restriction of COX and AOX pathways have a stronger impact on gas exchange and fluorescence parameters of the sensitive cultivar than on that of the tolerant cultivars owing to the higher photosynthetic rates in tolerant cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinakar Challabathula
- Plant Molecular Stress Physiology Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India.
| | - Benedict Analin
- Plant Molecular Stress Physiology Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
| | - Akhil Mohanan
- Plant Molecular Stress Physiology Research Group, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
| | - Kavya Bakka
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, 610 005, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Garmash EV, Belykh ES, Velegzhaninov IO. The gene expression profiles of mitochondrial respiratory components in Arabidopsis plants with differing amounts of ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE1a under high intensity light. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1864962. [PMID: 33369529 PMCID: PMC7889022 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1864962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We compared the expression of mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) and other non-phosphorylating respiratory components (NPhPs) in wild type and AOX1a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana following short-term transfer of plants to higher irradiance conditions to gain more insight into the mechanisms of AOX functioning under light. The AOX1a overexpressing line (XX-2) showed the highest amount of AOX1a transcripts and AOX1A synthesis during the entire experiment, and many NPhPs genes were down-regulated after 6-8 h under the higher light conditions. Antisense AS-12 plants displayed a compensatory effect, typically after 8 h of exposure to higher irradiance, by up-regulating their expression of the majority of genes encoding AOX and other respiratory components. In addition, AS-12 plants displayed 'overcompensation effects' prior to their transfer to high light conditions, i.e., they showed a higher expression level of certain genes. As a result, the ROS content in AS-12, as in XX-2, was consistently lower than in the wild type. All NPhPs genes share, in common with AOX1a, light- and stress-related cis-acting regulatory elements (CAREs) in their promoters. However, the expression of respiratory genes does not always depend on the level of AOX1a expression. This suggests the presence of multiple combinations of signaling pathways in gene induction. Based on our results, we outline possible directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Garmash
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
- CONTACT Elena V. Garmash Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Elena S. Belykh
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Ilya O. Velegzhaninov
- Institute of Biology, Komi Scientific Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| |
Collapse
|