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Li T, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Sun S, Wang H, Geng X. Phenotype and signaling pathway analysis to explore the interaction between tomato plants and TYLCV in different organs. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 339:111955. [PMID: 38097048 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD), caused by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), is one of the most destructive diseases in tomato cultivation. By comparing the phenotypic characteristics and virus quantities in the susceptible variety 'Cooperation 909 Red Tomatoes' and the resistant variety 'Huamei 204' after inoculation with TYLCV infectious clones, our study discovered that the root, stem and leaf growth of the susceptible variety 'Cooperation 909 Red Tomatoes' were severely hindered and the resistant variety 'Huamei 204' showed growth inhibition only in roots. TYLCV accumulation in roots were significantly higher than in leaves. Further, we examined the expression of key genes in the SA and JA signalling pathways in leaves, stems and roots and found the up-regulation of SA-signalling genes in all organs of the susceptible variety after inoculation with TYLCV clones. Interestingly, SlJAZ2 in roots of the resistant variety was significantly down-regulated upon TYLCV infection. Further, we silenced the SlNPR1 and SlCOI1 genes individually using virus induced gene silencing system in tomato plants. We found that viruses accumulated to a higher level in SlNPR1 silenced plants than wild type plants, and the virus quantity in roots was significantly increased in SlCOI1 silenced plants. These results provide new insights for advancing research in understanding tomato-TYLCV interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hehe Wang
- Clemson University, Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville, SC, USA
| | - Xueqing Geng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Nielsen TK, Winther-Have CS, Thomsen IM, Jackson RW, Rabiey M, Hennessy RC, Bak F, Kot W, Nicolaisen MH, Carstens AB, Hansen LH. Genetic rearrangements in Pseudomonas amygdali pathovar aesculi shape coronatine plasmids. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 113:105486. [PMID: 37541538 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic Pseudomonas species use multiple classes of toxins and virulence factors during host infection. The genes encoding these pathogenicity factors are often located on plasmids and other mobile genetic elements, suggesting that they are acquired through horizontal gene transfer to confer an evolutionary advantage for successful adaptation to host infection. However, the genetic rearrangements that have led to mobilization of the pathogenicity genes are not fully understood. In this study, we have sequenced and analyzed the complete genome sequences of four Pseudomonas amygdali pv. aesculi (Pae), which infect European horse chestnut trees (Aesculus hippocastanum) and belong to phylogroup 3 of the P. syringae species complex. The four investigated genomes contain six groups of plasmids that all encode pathogenicity factors. Effector genes were found to be mostly associated with insertion sequence elements, suggesting that virulence genes are generally mobilized and potentially undergo horizontal gene transfer after transfer to a conjugative plasmid. We show that the biosynthetic gene cluster encoding the phytotoxin coronatine was recently transferred from a chromosomal location to a mobilizable plasmid that subsequently formed a co-integrate with a conjugative plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tue Kjærgaard Nielsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Caroline S Winther-Have
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iben Margrete Thomsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Robert W Jackson
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mojgan Rabiey
- School of Biosciences and the Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Frederik Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Witold Kot
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mette Haubjerg Nicolaisen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alexander Byth Carstens
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars Hestbjerg Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Reis Pereira M, dos Santos FN, Tavares F, Cunha M. Enhancing host-pathogen phenotyping dynamics: early detection of tomato bacterial diseases using hyperspectral point measurement and predictive modeling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1242201. [PMID: 37662158 PMCID: PMC10468592 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1242201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of plant diseases is needed to promote sustainable plant protection strategies. Applied predictive modeling over hyperspectral spectroscopy (HS) data can be an effective, fast, cost-effective approach for improving plant disease diagnosis. This study aimed to investigate the potential of HS point-of-measurement (POM) data for in-situ, non-destructive diagnosis of tomato bacterial speck caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), and bacterial spot, caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xeu), on leaves (cv. cherry). Bacterial artificial infection was performed on tomato plants at the same phenological stage. A sensing system composed by a hyperspectral spectrometer, a transmission optical fiber bundle with a slitted probe and a white light source were used for spectral data acquisition, allowing the assessment of 3478 spectral points. An applied predictive classification model was developed, consisting of a normalizing pre-processing strategy allied with a Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) for reducing data dimensionality and a supervised machine learning algorithm (Support Vector Machine - SVM) for the classification task. The predicted model achieved classification accuracies of 100% and 74% for Pst and Xeu test set assessments, respectively, before symptom appearance. Model predictions were coherent with host-pathogen interactions mentioned in the literature (e.g., changes in photosynthetic pigment levels, production of bacterial-specific molecules, and activation of plants' defense mechanisms). Furthermore, these results were coherent with visual phenotyping inspection and PCR results. The reported outcomes support the application of spectral point measurements acquired in-vivo for plant disease diagnosis, aiming for more precise and eco-friendly phytosanitary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Reis Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Neves dos Santos
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Tavares
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Mário Cunha
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science (INESC TEC), Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal
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Papantoniou D, Chang D, Martínez-Medina A, van Dam NM, Weinhold A. Root symbionts alter herbivore-induced indirect defenses of tomato plants by enhancing predator attraction. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1003746. [PMID: 36338467 PMCID: PMC9634184 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1003746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Beneficial root microbes are among the most frequently used biocontrol agents in cropping systems, since they have been shown to promote plant growth and crop yield. Moreover, they are able to enhance protection against pathogens and insect herbivores by activating plant resistance mechanisms. Plant defense responses against herbivorous insects include the induction of metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of defense-related metabolites. These metabolites include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which attract natural enemies of the herbivores as a form of indirect resistance. Considering that beneficial root microbes may affect direct herbivore resistance, we hypothesized that also indirect resistance may be affected. We tested this hypothesis in a study system composed of tomato, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, the growth-promoting fungus Trichoderma harzianum, the generalist chewing herbivore Spodoptera exigua and the omnivorous predator Macrolophus pygmaeus. Using a Y-tube olfactometer we found that M. pygmaeus preferred plants with S. exigua herbivory, but microbe-inoculated plants more than non-inoculated ones. We used a targeted GC-MS approach to assess the impact of beneficial microbes on the emission of volatiles 24 h after herbivory to explain the choice of M. pygmaeus. We observed that the volatile composition of the herbivore-infested plants differed from that of the non-infested plants, which was driven by the higher emission of green leaf volatile compounds, methyl salicylate, and several monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Inoculation with microbes had only a marginal effect on the emission of some terpenoids in our experiment. Gene expression analysis showed that the marker genes involved in the jasmonic and salicylic acid pathways were differentially expressed in the microbe-inoculated plants after herbivory. Our results pinpoint the role of root symbionts in determining plant-microbe-insect interactions up to the third trophic level, and elucidates their potential to be used in plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Papantoniou
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Dongik Chang
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Plant-Microorganism Interaction, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nicole M. van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
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Wang P, Sun S, Liu K, Peng R, Li N, Hu B, Wang L, Wang H, Afzal AJ, Geng X. Physiological and transcriptomic analyses revealed gene networks involved in heightened resistance against tomato yellow leaf curl virus infection in salicylic acid and jasmonic acid treated tomato plants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:970139. [PMID: 36187991 PMCID: PMC9515787 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.970139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a member of the genus Begomovirus of the Geminiviridae family, causes leaf curl disease of tomato that significantly affects tomato production worldwide. SA (salicylic acid), JA (jasmonic acid) or the JA mimetic, COR (coronatine) applied exogenously resulted in improved tomato resistance against TYLCV infection. When compared to mock treated tomato leaves, pretreatment with the three compounds followed by TYCLV stem infiltration also caused a greater accumulation of H2O2. We employed RNA-Seq (RNA sequencing) to identify DEGs (differentially expressed genes) induced by SA, JA, COR pre-treatments after Agro-inoculation of TYLCV in tomato. To obtain functional information on these DEGs, we annotated genes using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) databases. Based on our comparative analysis, differentially expressed genes related to cell wall metabolism, hormone signaling and secondary metabolism pathways were analyzed in compound treated samples. We also found that TYLCV levels were affected in SlNPR1 and SlCOI1 silenced plants. Interestingly, compared to the mock treated samples, SA signaling was hyper-activated in SlCOI1 silenced plants which resulted in a significant reduction in viral titer, whereas in SINPR1 silencing tomato plants, there was a 19-fold increase in viral load. Our results indicated that SA, JA, and COR had multiple impacts on defense modulation at the early stage of TYLCV infection. These results will help us better understand SA and JA induced defenses against viral invasion and provide a theoretical basis for breeding viral resistance into commercial tomato accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Sheng Sun,
| | - Kerang Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Peng
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Institute of Quality and Safety Testing Center for Agro-Products, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Lumei Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hehe Wang
- Edisto Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Blackville, SC, United States
| | - Ahmed Jawaad Afzal
- Division of Science, New York University, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Xueqing Geng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Xueqing Geng,
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Lee S, Vemanna RS, Oh S, Rojas CM, Oh Y, Kaundal A, Kwon T, Lee HK, Senthil-Kumar M, Mysore KS. Functional role of formate dehydrogenase 1 (FDH1) for host and nonhost disease resistance against bacterial pathogens. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264917. [PMID: 35594245 PMCID: PMC9122214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhost disease resistance is the most common type of plant defense mechanism against potential pathogens. In the present study, the metabolic enzyme formate dehydrogenase 1 (FDH1) was identified to associate with nonhost disease resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, AtFDH1 was highly upregulated in response to both host and nonhost bacterial pathogens. The Atfdh1 mutants were compromised in nonhost resistance, basal resistance, and gene-for-gene resistance. The expression patterns of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) marker genes after pathogen infections in Atfdh1 mutant indicated that both SA and JA are involved in the FDH1-mediated plant defense response to both host and nonhost bacterial pathogens. Previous studies reported that FDH1 localizes to mitochondria, or both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Our results showed that the AtFDH1 mainly localized to mitochondria, and the expression level of FDH1 was drastically increased upon infection with host or nonhost pathogens. Furthermore, we identified the potential co-localization of mitochondria expressing FDH1 with chloroplasts after the infection with nonhost pathogens in Arabidopsis. This finding suggests the possible role of FDH1 in mitochondria and chloroplasts during defense responses against bacterial pathogens in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghee Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States of America
| | - Ramu S. Vemanna
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | - Sunhee Oh
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | | | - Youngjae Oh
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States of America
| | - Amita Kaundal
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | - Taegun Kwon
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | - Hee-Kyung Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | | | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States of America
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Root-Associated Entomopathogenic Fungi Modulate Their Host Plant's Photosystem II Photochemistry and Response to Herbivorous Insects. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010207. [PMID: 35011439 PMCID: PMC8746981 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The escalating food demand and loss to herbivores has led to increasing interest in using resistance-inducing microbes for pest control. Here, we evaluated whether root-inoculation with fungi that are otherwise known as entomopathogens improves tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaflets' reaction to herbivory by Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm) larvae using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Plants were inoculated with Metarhizium brunneum or Beauveria bassiana, and photosystem II reactions were evaluated before and after larval feeding. Before herbivory, the fraction of absorbed light energy used for photochemistry (ΦPSII) was lower in M. brunneum-inoculated than in control plants, but not in B. bassiana-inoculated plants. After herbivory, however, ΦPSII increased in the fungal-inoculated plants compared with that before herbivory, similar to the reaction of control plants. At the same time, the fraction of energy dissipated as heat (ΦNPQ) decreased in the inoculated plants, resulting in an increased fraction of nonregulated energy loss (ΦNO) in M. brunneum. This indicates an increased singlet oxygen (1O2) formation not detected in B. bassiana-inoculated plants, showing that the two entomopathogenic fungi differentially modulate the leaflets' response to herbivory. Overall, our results show that M. brunneum inoculation had a negative effect on the photosynthetic efficiency before herbivory, while B. bassiana inoculation had no significant effect. However, S. exigua leaf biting activated the same compensatory PSII response mechanism in tomato plants of both fungal-inoculated treatments as in control plants.
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Moustaka J, Meyling NV, Hauser TP. Induction of a Compensatory Photosynthetic Response Mechanism in Tomato Leaves upon Short Time Feeding by the Chewing Insect Spodoptera exigua. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060562. [PMID: 34207203 PMCID: PMC8234478 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insects such as beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) can cause extensive damage to tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). Tomato photosynthesis was clearly reduced directly at S. exigua feeding spots. However, neighboring zones and the rest of the leaf compensated through increased light energy use in photosystem II, possibly trigged by singlet oxygen from the feeding zone. Three hours after feeding, whole-leaf photosynthetic efficiency was as before feeding, demonstrating the compensatory ability. Thus, chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis could contribute to understanding the effects of herbivory on photosynthesis at a detailed spatial and temporal pattern. Abstract In addition to direct tissue consumption, herbivory may affect other important plant processes. Here, we evaluated the effects of short-time leaf feeding by Spodoptera exigua larvae on the photosynthetic efficiency of tomato plants, using chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging analysis. After 15 min of feeding, the light used for photochemistry at photosystem II (PSII) (ΦPSII), and the regulated heat loss at PSII (ΦNPQ) decreased locally at the feeding zones, accompanied by increased non-regulated energy losses (ΦNO) that indicated increased singlet oxygen (1O2) formation. In contrast, in zones neighboring the feeding zones and in the rest of the leaf, ΦPSII increased due to a decreased ΦNPQ. This suggests that leaf areas not directly affected by herbivory compensate for the photosynthetic losses by increasing the fraction of open PSII reaction centers (qp) and the efficiency of these centers (Fv’/Fm’), because of decreased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). This compensatory reaction mechanism may be signaled by singlet oxygen formed at the feeding zone. PSII functionality at the feeding zones began to balance with the rest of the leaf 3 h after feeding, in parallel with decreased compensatory responses. Thus, 3 h after feeding, PSII efficiency at the whole-leaf level was the same as before feeding, indicating that the plant managed to overcome the feeding effects with no or minor photosynthetic costs.
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Hu YB, Sperotto RA. Regulatory hubs in plant stress adaptation. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23 Suppl 1:3-6. [PMID: 34038601 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y B Hu
- Northeast Forestry University, Harbin City, China
| | - R A Sperotto
- University of Taquari Valley - Univates, Lajeado, Brazil
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