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Marium A, Kausar A, Ali Shah SM, Ashraf MY, Akhtar N, Akram M, Riaz M. Assessment of Cucumber Genotypes for Salt Tolerance Based on Germination and Physiological Indices. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819889809. [PMID: 31802995 PMCID: PMC6876182 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819889809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the primary problem for agricultural crops which causes a great loss in crop production in Pakistan and worldwide. Various approaches have been implemented to overcome salinity problem. Assembly of crops for the enhancement of salt tolerance is a good strategy to achieve cost-effective yields. Cucumber is considered as one of the leading vegetable crop around the world for the nourishment of human being as source of nutrients, minerals, and vitamins. Screening of 12 cucumber genotypes using some physiological indices, that is, seedling germination stress tolerance index, plant height stress tolerance index, root length stress tolerance index, shoot and root dry weight stress tolerance index, and shoot and root fresh weight stress tolerance index were performed for the identification of salt tolerance. Using the above characteristics genotypes, Valley and HC-999 were categorized as tolerant, Safaa and Debra as medium tolerant, while Thamin-II identified as medium sensitive and NSC-CM1 and Akbar are classified as sensitive genotypes of cucumber. According to the current study findings, the screened cucumber genotypes for salinity tolerance can also be suggested to farmers for the improved production and yield of crop at saline soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Marium
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abida Kausar
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Muhammad Ali Shah
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Noreen Akhtar
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha-Pakistan, Pakistan
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Guo R, Bai Z, Zhou J, Zhong X, Gu F, Liu Q, Li H. Tissue physiological metabolic adaptability in young and old leaves of reed (Phragmites communis) in Songnen grassland. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 128:99-105. [PMID: 29772493 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Common reed (Phragmites communis) is widely distributed as the dominant plant species in the Songnen Plain of China. The aim of this study was to investigate different physiological adaptive mechanisms to salinity tolerance between young and old leaves. The profiles of 68 metabolites were measured and studied in reed leaves by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The nitrogen, carbon, and pigment contents showed stronger growth inhibition for older leaves with salinity stress. In young leaves, high K+ contents not only promoted cell growth, but also prevented influx of superfluous Na+ ions in cells; the Ca2+ accumulation in old leaves implied that Ca2+ triggered the SOS-Na+ exclusion system and reduced Na+ toxicity. Thus, the mechanism of enhanced tolerance differed between young and old leaves. The metabolite results indicated that the young and old leaves had different mechanisms of osmotic regulation; sugars/polyols and amino acids played important roles in developing salinity tolerance in young leaves but high contents of fatty acids were important for old leaves. These results implied dramatically enhanced sugars and amino acid synthesis but inhibited energy metabolism in young leaves. In contrast, fatty acid synthesis was enhanced in old leaves. The results extended our understanding of the differences in physiological metabolism in adaptive to the salt-alkalization of soil in Songnen grassland between young and old leaves of reeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zhenzi Bai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Centre, The Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100000, China
| | - XiuLi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - FengXue Gu
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - HaoRu Li
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Guo R, Shi L, Yang C, Yan C, Zhong X, Liu Q, Xia X, Li H. Comparison of Ionomic and Metabolites Response under Alkali Stress in Old and Young Leaves of Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1785. [PMID: 27933088 PMCID: PMC5122583 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinization is an important agriculture-related environmental problem. Alkali stress and salt stress strongly influence the metabolic balance in plants. Salt and alkali stresses exert varied effects on old and young tissues, which display different adaptive strategies. In this study, we used cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants as experimental material to investigate whether alkali stress induces ionic and metabolism changes in old and young leaves of cotton plants exposed to alkali stress. Results showed that alkali stress exerted a considerably stronger growth inhibition on old leaves than on young leaves. Under alkali stress, young leaves can maintain low Na and high K contents and retain relatively stable tricarboxylic acid cycle, resulting in greater accumulation of photosynthetic metabolites. In terms of metabolic response, the young and old leaves clearly displayed different mechanisms of osmotic regulation. The amounts of inositol and mannose significantly increased in both old and young leaves of cotton exposed to alkali stress, and the extent of increase was higher in young leaves than in old leaves. In old leaves, synthesis of amino acids, such as GABA, valine, and serine, was dramatically enhanced, and this phenomenon is favorable for osmotic adjustment and membrane stability. Organs at different developmental stages possibly display different mechanisms of metabolic regulation under stress condition. Thus, we propose that future investigations on alkali stress should use more organs obtained at different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Guo,
| | - LianXuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal UniversityChangchun, China
| | - ChunWu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal UniversityChangchun, China
| | - ChangRong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - XiuLi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - HaoRu Li
- Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
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Ayala F, Ashraf M, O'Leary JW. Plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive lines of spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/plb.1997.46.3.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang H, Zhang M, Guo R, Shi D, Liu B, Lin X, Yang C. Effects of salt stress on ion balance and nitrogen metabolism of old and young leaves in rice (Oryza sativa L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:194. [PMID: 23082824 PMCID: PMC3496643 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that salt stress has different effects on old and young tissues. However, it remains largely unexplored whether old and young tissues have different regulatory mechanism during adaptation of plants to salt stress. The aim of this study was to investigate whether salt stress has different effects on the ion balance and nitrogen metabolism in the old and young leaves of rice, and to compare functions of both organs in rice salt tolerance. RESULTS Rice protected young leaves from ion harm via the large accumulation of Na+ and Cl- in old leaves. The up-regulation of OsHKT1;1, OsHAK10 and OsHAK16 might contribute to accumulation of Na+ in old leaves under salt stress. In addition, lower expression of OsHKT1;5 and OsSOS1 in old leaves may decrease frequency of retrieving Na+ from old leaf cells. Under salt stress, old leaves showed higher concentration of NO3- content than young leaves. Up-regulation of OsNRT1;2, a gene coding nitrate transporter, might contribute to the accumulation of NO3- in the old leaves of salt stressed-rice. Salt stress clearly up-regulated the expression of OsGDH2 and OsGDH3 in old leaves, while strongly down-regulated expression of OsGS2 and OsFd-GOGAT in old leaves. CONCLUSIONS The down-regulation of OsGS2 and OsFd-GOGAT in old leaves might be a harmful response to excesses of Na+ and Cl-. Under salt stress, rice might accumulate Na+ and Cl- to toxic levels in old leaves. This might influence photorespiration process, reduce NH4+ production from photorespiration, and immediately down-regulate the expression of OsGS2 and OsFd-GOGAT in old leaves of salt stressed rice. Excesses of Na+ and Cl- also might change the pathway of NH4+ assimilation in old leaves of salt stressed rice plants, weaken GOGAT/GS pathway and elevate GDH pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Key laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024 Jilin Province, China
| | - Meishan Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture(IEDA), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Key Laboratory of Dry land Agriculture, MOA, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Decheng Shi
- Key laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024 Jilin Province, China
| | - Bao Liu
- Key laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024 Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiuyun Lin
- Rice Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chunwu Yang
- Key laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024 Jilin Province, China
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Wang H, Wu Z, Han J, Zheng W, Yang C. Comparison of ion balance and nitrogen metabolism in old and young leaves of alkali-stressed rice plants. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37817. [PMID: 22655071 PMCID: PMC3360002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alkali stress is an important agricultural contaminant and has complex effects on plant metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the alkali stress has different effects on the growth, ion balance, and nitrogen metabolism in old and young leaves of rice plants, and to compare functions of both organs in alkali tolerance. Methodology/Principal Findings The results showed that alkali stress only produced a small effect on the growth of young leaves, whereas strongly damaged old leaves. Rice protected young leaves from ion harm via the large accumulation of Na+ and Cl− in old leaves. The up-regulation of OsHKT1;1, OsAKT1, OsHAK1, OsHAK7, OsHAK10 and OsHAK16 may contribute to the larger accumulation of Na+ in old leaves under alkali stress. Alkali stress mightily reduced the NO3− contents in both organs. As old leaf cells have larger vacuole, under alkali stress these scarce NO3− was principally stored in old leaves. Accordingly, the expression of OsNRT1;1 and OsNRT1;2 in old leaves was up-regulated by alkali stress, revealing that the two genes might contribute to the accumulation of NO3− in old leaves. NO3− deficiency in young leaves under alkali stress might induce the reduction in OsNR1 expression and the subsequent lacking of NH4+, which might be main reason for the larger down-regulation of OsFd-GOGAT and OsGS2 in young leaves. Conclusions/Significance Our results strongly indicated that, during adaptation of rice to alkali stress, young and old leaves have distinct mechanisms of ion balance and nitrogen metabolism regulation. We propose that the comparative studies of young and old tissues may be important for abiotic stress tolerance research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Key laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhihai Wu
- Department of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiayu Han
- Key laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chunwu Yang
- Key laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Mitigation of salinity-induced negative impact on the growth and yield of wheat by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in naturally saline conditions. ANN MICROBIOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-012-0465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Yumurtaci A, Aydin Y, Uncuoglu AA. Cytological changes in Turkish durum and bread wheat genotypes in response to salt stress. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2009; 60:221-32. [PMID: 19584031 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.60.2009.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effects of salt stress on root growth, mitotic index, nuclear volume, vacuolization, nucleolar distortion and starch content were investigated in Turkish bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cvs. Yildiz - salt sensitive, Dagdas - salt tolerant) and durum wheat ( Triticum durum L. cvs. C1252 - salt sensitive, Meramsalt tolerant) genotypes which were treated with 150 mM NaCI over a 6-day period. Salt treatment of wheat seedlings resulted in a decrease in root elongation and cell division in all genotypes at the 48 hours. According to controls, wheat root length decrease was 49% for Dagdas, 53.34% for Yildiz, 25.34% for Meram, 53.68% for C1252 at the 48 h. Mitotic index showed a more significant decrease in sensitive genotypes (1.24% for Yildiz, 0.66% for C1252 compairing to their controls 3.85% and 3.72%, respectively) of bread and durum wheat rather than tolerant ones (2.21% for Dagdas, 1.57% for Meram compairing to their controls 4.12% and 5.88%, respectively) at the 48 h of salt treatment. Calculated nuclear volume of wheat genotypes besides Dagdas showed a decline at the 48 h ranged from 1.57x10(5) to 2.13x10(5) μm(3) . Vacuolization and nuclear distortion appeared on DAPI-stained preparations. There was a clear reduction in starch content in salt treated genotypes of durum wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysen Yumurtaci
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Marmara Research Center (MRC), Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute (GEBI), P.O. Box 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli-Turkey
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Colmer TD, Munns R, Flowers TJ. Improving salt tolerance of wheat and barley: future prospects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/ea04162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cropping on saline land is restricted by the low tolerance of crops to salinity and waterlogging. Prospects for improving salt tolerance in wheat and barley include the use of: (i) intra-specific variation, (ii) variation for salt tolerance in the progenitors of these cereals, (iii) wide-hybridisation with halophytic ‘wild’ relatives (an option for wheat, but not barley), and (iv) transgenic techniques. In this review, key traits contributing to salt tolerance, and sources of variation for these within the Triticeae, are identified and recommendations for use of these traits in screening for salt tolerance are summarised. The potential of the approaches to deliver substantial improvements in salt tolerance is discussed, and the importance of adverse interactions between waterlogging and salinity are emphasised. The potential to develop new crops from the diverse halophytic flora is also considered.
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Flowers TJ, Koyama ML, Flowers SA, Sudhakar C, Singh KP, Yeo AR. QTL: their place in engineering tolerance of rice to salinity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2000; 51:99-106. [PMID: 10938800 DOI: 10.1093/jexbot/51.342.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Secondary salinization and its relationship to irrigation are strong incentives to improve the tolerance of crops to salinity and to drought. Achieving this through the pyramiding of physiological traits (phenotypic selection without knowledge of genotype) is feasible. However, wide application of this approach is limited by the practicalities of assessing not only the parents, but also large numbers of individuals and families in segregating generations. Genotypic information is required in the form of markers for any quantitative trait loci involved (marker-assisted selection) or of direct knowledge of the genes. In the absence of adequate candidate genes for salt tolerance, a quantitative trait locus/marker-assisted selection approach has been used here. Putative markers for ion transport and selectivity, identified from analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphism, had been discovered within a custom-made mapping population of rice. Here it is reported that none of these markers showed any association with similar traits in a closely related population of recombinant inbred lines or in selections of a cultivar. Whilst markers will be of value in using élite lines from the mapping population in backcrossing, this has to be considered alongside the effort required to develop and map any given population. This result cautions against any expectation of a general applicability of markers for physiological traits. It is concluded that direct knowledge of the genes involved is needed. This cannot be achieved at present by positional cloning. The elucidation of candidate genes is required. Here the problem lies not in the analysis of gene expression but in devising protocols in which only those genes of interest are differentially affected by the experimental treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Flowers
- Plant Stress Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK.
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