1
|
Chang JN. Why do Chinese women experience gamophobia? Psychoanalytic theory assisted discourses analysis. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1357795. [PMID: 38633877 PMCID: PMC11021744 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1357795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Social media is currently abuzz with discussions about the topic of women's gamophobia in China. Nevertheless, there is few research investigating gamophobia from a psychological perspective. This study utilizes content analysis and sentiment analysis to examine and analyze 879 individuals' texts about gamophobia on Little Red Book and uses psychoanalytic theory, which is centered on comprehending and interpreting the psychological processes of the human mind, to investigate the elements that contribute to women's gamophobia, aiming to address this knowledge gap. This investigation revealed that gamophobia might exert physical, psychological, and several other effects on individuals. This study employs a psychoanalytic framework and concludes that the rise of independent consciousness, many unhappy marriages in their environment, anxiety about dealing with unfamiliar family relationships, pursuit of personal and professional development, original family issues, changing perceptions of aging care, the media effect, the concept of parenthood, and criteria for choosing a life partner are the nine primary factors contributing to women's gamophobia. To address the societal issues and outcomes resulting from a fear of marriage, it is advisable for those who experience this phobia to examine their negative defensive mechanisms and prioritize rational thinking in their mindset. Moreover, the Government should establish a social atmosphere that ensures women are neither influenced nor constrained by the media. Furthermore, promote holistic family education to bolster the self-awareness and prospective family comprehension of young individuals. Finally, government departments should also offer promotion and supporting measures to help assuage women's concerns about marriages.
Collapse
|
2
|
Malaeb D, Hallit S, Obeid S. Pornography Use among Lebanese Adults: Association with Loneliness and Fear of Commitment. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060795. [PMID: 36981451 PMCID: PMC10048288 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Sexuality is a prohibited topic about which knowledge is highly lacking among Arabs compared to Westerners, due to religious restrictions. A majority of people believes that any use of pornography is a toxic conduct that will have negative repercussions; these beliefs only shame those who engage in this behavior. Consumption of pornography can be attributed to self-reported reasons such as loneliness and fear of commitment. To date, there has been a dearth of research in Lebanon concerning pornography use. Hence, this study aims to assess the correlation between loneliness, fear of commitment, and internet pornography use among Lebanese adults. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study conducted between October and November 2020 assessed pornography use through the Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory, Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, and Fear of commitment scale. It enrolled 653 adults from all Lebanese geographic areas. (3) Results: Women compared to men and Muslims compared to Christians were significantly associated with lower pornography addictive patterns scores, whereas more fear of commitment was significantly associated with higher pornography addictive patterns scores. More fear of commitment and more loneliness were significantly associated with higher having guilt regarding online porn use scores. Muslims compared to Christians had significantly lower online sexual behaviors scores. (4) Conclusions: Further research is recommended to properly assess internet pornography use and develop appropriate treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Malaeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman P.O. Box 4184, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib P.O. Box 60096, Lebanon
- Correspondence: (D.M.); (S.H.)
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Department of Social and Education Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos 4504, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sfeir E, Haddad C, Salameh P, Sacre H, Hallit R, Akel M, Honein K, Akiki M, Kheir N, Obeid S, Hallit S. Binge eating, orthorexia nervosa, restrained eating, and quality of life: a population study in Lebanon. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:145-158. [PMID: 31849002 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the implication of disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) on the quality of life (QOL) of a sample of the Lebanese population, after adjustment over sociodemographic characteristics of those participants. Secondary objective aimed to assess the role of body dissatisfaction (BD) in the association of DEBs and QOL. METHODS This cross-sectional study was done between January and May 2018 and enrolled 811 participants from the community. A proportionate random sample technique was used to select the sample from all Lebanese Mohafazat. The World Health Organization Quality-of-life (WHOQOL)-BREF was used to assess the QOL and it includes four domains: physical health, psychological health, social relations, and environment. RESULTS Body dissatisfaction was found to be a major confounding factor contributing to psychological and environmental HQOL impairments in patient with restrained eating. Nevertheless, orthorexia nervosa was associated with QOL impairments in its physical and environmental domains, regardless of body dissatisfaction that was shown to be a major contributor for QOL impairments. Similarly, ON was directly correlated with QOL of life impairment in its physical and environmental domains, independently of all other risk factors. CONCLUSION When adding body dissatisfaction as a confounding variable, restrained eating and orthorexia nervosa remained significantly associated with quality-of-life impairments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Sfeir
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
- Department of Pediatrics, Notre Dame des Secours University Hospital, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jall-Eddib, Lebanon
- Université de Limoges, UMR 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Institut d'Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, GEIST, Limoges, 87000, France
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
- Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rabih Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Karl Honein
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Maria Akiki
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Nelly Kheir
- Faculty of Pedagogy, Holy Family University, Batroun, 5534, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jall-Eddib, Lebanon.
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rahme C, Haddad C, Akel M, Khoury C, Obeid H, Obeid S, Hallit S. Factors associated with violence against women in a representative sample of the Lebanese population: results of a cross-sectional study. Arch Womens Ment Health 2021; 24:63-72. [PMID: 32008070 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-020-01022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the prevalence of violence against women (VAW) and assess factors associated with VAW among a representative sample of the Lebanese population. This cross-sectional study was carried out between September and December 2018. Participants from all Lebanese governorates were enrolled in this study using a proportionate random sample. The percentages of women who were exposed to physical and non-physical abuse were 37.1% and 49.4% respectively. Factors associated with physical abuse were being divorced, having a partner addicted to substances and alcohol, or with a history of threats, violence, assaults, and crimes, higher stressful life experiences, and abuse reported from childhood (physical, sexual, or psychological). Non-physical abuse was associated with abuse reported from childhood (physical, sexual, or psychological), higher stressful life experiences, and the fact that the partner is addicted to substances and alcohol, or has a history of threats. Our results suggest that being divorced, illiterate, and unemployed, having an addicted partner, and having experienced child abuse are all factors that are associated with more violence against women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Rahme
- Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.,UMR 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Institut d'Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, GEIST, University Limoges, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chloe Khoury
- Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | - Hala Obeid
- Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jal Eddib, Lebanon. .,INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
| | - Souheil Hallit
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
El Khoueiry C, Sacre H, Haddad C, Akel M, Saade S, Hallit S, Obeid S. Selfie addiction: The impact of personality traits? A cross-sectional study among the Lebanese population. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2021; 57:167-178. [PMID: 32488874 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between personality traits (Neuroticism, Openness, Consciousness, Agreeableness, and Extraversion) and selfie addiction among Lebanese adults. DESIGN/METHODS A cross-sectional study, carried out between August 2017 and April 2018, enrolled 1206 community-dwelling participants. RESULTS Female gender (ORa = 2.79) and higher neuroticism (adjusted odds ratio [ORa] = 1.01) were significantly associated with moderate vs low selfie-taking. Higher openness (ORa = 0.96) was significantly associated with low selfie-taking. Female gender (ORa = 3.42) was significantly associated with intense vs low selfie-taking, whereas higher age (ORa = 0.93) and higher conscientiousness (ORa = 0.99) were significantly associated with lower intense selfie-taking. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS This relationship can serve as a basis for other studies to better understand this new phenomenon and, later, to draw attention to a "selfie" practice that can deviate from the norm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hala Sacre
- Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon, Byblos, Lebanon.,INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Research and Psychology Departments, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sylvia Saade
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon, Byblos, Lebanon.,Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.,INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.,Research and Psychology Departments, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Youssef L, Hallit R, Akel M, Kheir N, Obeid S, Hallit S. Social media use disorder and alexithymia: Any association between the two? Results of a cross-sectional study among Lebanese adults. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2021; 57:20-26. [PMID: 32239534 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To learn more about the association between social media use disorder and alexithymia among Lebanese people. DESIGN/METHODS Four hundred fifty-six residents participated in this cross-sectional study which was carried out between January and December 2018. FINDINGS The results showed that 107 (23.7%) participants were classified as having social media use disorder. Higher social media use disorder score (β = .52), higher perceived stress (β = .35), and higher depression (β = .12) were significantly associated with more alexithymia. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Our results have shown that social media use disorder and being depressed and stressed were associated with higher levels of alexithymia. Psychologists/health practitioners can benefit from these findings in their future prevention and intervention plans. People who negatively utilize social media platforms can then be offered with appropriate counseling and coping mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Youssef
- Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Notre Dame University, Zouk, Lebanon
| | - Rabih Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.,INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nelly Kheir
- Faculty of Pedagogy, Holy Family University, Batroun, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.,Departments of Research and Psychology, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.,Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.,INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Obeid S, Lahoud N, Haddad C, Sacre H, Akel M, Fares K, Salameh P, Hallit S. Factors associated with depression among the Lebanese population: Results of a cross-sectional study. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2020; 56:956-967. [PMID: 32314394 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess factors associated with depression in a representative sample of the Lebanese population. DESIGN/METHODS A cross-sectional study, conducted between November 2017 and March 2018, enrolled 789 participants. Depression was measured using the Arabic version of the Hamilton Depression Scale. RESULTS The participants' mean age was 30.30 ± 12.52 years (54.8% males). More than half of the participants had depressive symptoms (59.7%). Anxiety (β = .457), alcohol dependence (β = .290), suicidal ideation (β = 1.427), high socioeconomic status (β = 1.910), being widowed (β = 4.564), and physical work fatigue (β = .090) were significantly associated with higher depression. Higher social emotional awareness was significantly associated with lower depression (β = -.176). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS This study sheds light on high levels of psychological distress and depression among the Lebanese general population and suggests potential preventative strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Obeid
- Research and Psychology Departments, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.,Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.,INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nathalie Lahoud
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Research and Psychology Departments, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.,UMR 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Institut d'Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, GEIST, Univ. Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.,Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.,UMR 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Institut d'Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, GEIST, Univ. Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Kassandra Fares
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hallit S, Obeid S, Haddad C, Hallit R, Akel M, Haddad G, Soufia M, Khansa W, Khoury R, Kheir N, Abi Elias Hallit C, Sacre H, Salameh P. Construction of the Lebanese Anxiety Scale (LAS-10): a new scale to assess anxiety in adult patients. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2020; 24:270-277. [PMID: 32228282 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2020.1744662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The study objectives were (1) to create a new 10-item scale, the 'Lebanese Anxiety Scale' (LAS-10), inspired by the diagnostic criteria of DSM-5, and the HAM-A and STAI scales and (2) to evaluate the performance of this new scale on a sample of Lebanese individuals.Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 1332 community dwelling participants between November 2017 and March 2018.Results: In sample 1, the participants' mean age was 28.08 years (63.9% females). The LAS items converged over a solution of two factors that had an Eigenvalue over 1, explaining a total of 51.97% of the variance (αCronbach=0.857). The optimal cut-off between healthy controls and anxious patients was 13.50 according to the ROC curve. The sensitivity and specificity were good at this cut-off (77.5% and 70.8%, respectively). The area under the curve was high: 0.811 [0.778-0.845]; p < .001. The positive predicted value of the LAS-10 score in sample 1 was 26.9%, whereas the negative predicted value was 95.2%.Conclusion: The results of the present study show that the LAS-10 is a tool that can be used in clinical practice and research to screen for anxiety.KEY POINTSThe positive predicted value of the LAS-10 score was 26.9%.Its negative predicted value was 95.2%.People with scores above 13.5 be referred to a health care professional for further assessment.The LAS-10 is a tool can be used in clinical practice and research to screen for anxiety.Future studies are needed to validate the LAS-10 in other countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Souheil Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.,INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Research and Psychology Departments, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.,Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Rabih Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Haddad
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.,Research and Psychology Departments, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Michel Soufia
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Wael Khansa
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Rony Khoury
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Nelly Kheir
- Faculty of Pedagogy, Holy Family University, Batroun, Lebanon
| | | | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.,Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Obeid S, Lahoud N, Haddad C, Sacre H, Fares K, Akel M, Salameh P, Hallit S. Factors associated with anxiety among the Lebanese population: the role of alexithymia, self-esteem, alcohol use disorders, emotional intelligence and stress and burnout. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2020; 24:151-162. [PMID: 32031427 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2020.1723641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To assess factors associated with anxiety among a sample of the Lebanese population.Methods: A cross-sectional, conducted between November 2017 and March 2018, enrolled 789 participants. Anxiety was measured using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. A cluster analysis was then performed with the identified factor scores to identify the different profiles of the participants.Results: A cluster analysis based on the three factors derived three mutually exclusive clusters, which form 29.62%, 34.54%, and 35.84% of all participants, respectively. The first cluster represented people in distress (low emotional intelligence, high depersonalisation, alcohol use disorder, burnout, stress, alexithymia and low self-esteem); the second one represented people with wellbeing (High emotional intelligence, low depersonalisation, low alcohol use disorder, low burnout, low stress, low alexithymia and high self-esteem), whereas cluster 3 represented people in between. Higher age (Beta = 0.065) was significantly associated with higher anxiety, whereas being in cluster 2 (people with wellbeing) (Beta = -12.37) and cluster 3 (people in between) (Beta = -5.426) were significantly associated with lower anxiety compared to being in cluster 1 (people in distress).Conclusions: The findings of this study are overall consistent with those of epidemiologic community-based surveys and may help inform structural models of classification and prediction of anxiety disorders (ADs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Obeid
- Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.,Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.,INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie - Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nathalie Lahoud
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie - Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Public Health, CERIPH, Center for Research in Public Health, Pharmacoepidemiology Surveillance Unit, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.,INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.,Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, GEIST, University Limoges, Limoges, France.,Department of psychiatry, CH Esquirol, Limoges, France
| | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie - Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.,Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kassandra Fares
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie - Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie - Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie - Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hallit J, Salameh P, Haddad C, Sacre H, Soufia M, Akel M, Obeid S, Hallit R, Hallit S. Validation of the AUDIT scale and factors associated with alcohol use disorder in adolescents: results of a National Lebanese Study. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:205. [PMID: 32393212 PMCID: PMC7212566 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study objective was to evaluate the prevalence of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and related factors (smoking, internet addiction, social anxiety, child abuse, and bullying) among a representative sample of Lebanese adolescents, and to validate and confirm psychometric properties of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). METHODS A cross-sectional study, conducted between January and May 2019, enrolled 1810 adolescents aged between 14 and 17 from schools of all Lebanese districts. From the total number of schools, a proportionate number was selected in each district. AUD was defined as a high AUDIT score (≥8; score range 0-40). A principal component analysis technique to confirm the validity of the construct of the AUDIT scale score was done and a confirmatory analysis to assess the structure of the instrument was conducted. Spearman correlation was used for linear correlation between continuous variables. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the means of two groups, while the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare three groups or more. A stepwise linear regression was conducted, taking the AUDIT total score as the dependent variable and taking child abuse (psychological, sexual, physical and verbal), cigarette and waterpipe smoking dependence, bullying, social phobia, and internet addiction as independent variables. RESULTS The mean AUDIT score was 6.46 ± 8.44 and high risk of AUD was found in 507 (28.0%) adolescents [95% CI 0.259-0.301]. One factor solution of the AUDIT scale was found after running the factor analysis (αCronbach = 0.978). Higher AUDIT scores were significantly associated with higher cigarette (Beta = 0.527; p < 0.001) and waterpipe (Beta = 0.299; p < 0.001) dependence, higher childhood sexual abuse (Beta = 0.656; p < 0.001) and neglect (Beta = 0.126; p < 0.001), higher bullying victimization (Beta = 0.236; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Alcohol use disorder among Lebanese adolescents seems to be associated with several factors, such as cigarette and waterpipe dependence, parents' divorce, higher internet addiction, bullying victimization, and childhood sexual abuse and neglect. Parents and healthcare professionals could use this data for early interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Research and Psychology Departments, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
- Université de Limoges, UMR 1094, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale, Institut d'Epidémiologie et de Neurologie Tropicale, GEIST, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
- Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Michel Soufia
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon
- Research and Psychology Departments, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Rabih Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Épidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Attachment style and addictions (alcohol, cigarette, waterpipe and internet) among Lebanese adolescents: a national study. BMC Psychol 2020; 8:33. [PMID: 32299500 PMCID: PMC7164203 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-020-00404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence in the Lebanese general population of cigarette and waterpipe smoking, alcohol drinking and internet use seems to be increasing lately. So far, no study was done relating the above to attachment styles in Lebanese adolescents. Consequently, the objective of our study was to assess the relationship between attachment styles (secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing) and addictions (cigarettes, water pipes, alcohol, and internet) among this population. Methods It is a cross-sectional study that took place between January and May 2019. Two thousand questionnaires were distributed out of which 1810 (90.5%) were completed and collected back. A proportionate random sample of schools from all Lebanese Mohafazat was used as recruitment method. Results A secure attachment style was significantly associated with lower addiction to alcohol, cigarette, and waterpipe, whereas insecure attachment styles (preoccupied, dismissing and fearful) were significantly associated with higher addiction to cigarette, waterpipe, alcohol, and internet. Conclusion Lebanese adolescents with insecure attachment had higher rates of addiction to cigarette, waterpipe, alcohol, and internet. They should be closely monitored in order to reduce the risk of future substance use disorder and/or behavioral addiction development.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zakhour M, Haddad C, Salameh P, Akel M, Fares K, Sacre H, Hallit S, Obeid S. Impact of the interaction between alexithymia and the adult attachment styles in participants with alcohol use disorder. Alcohol 2020; 83:1-8. [PMID: 31476366 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The current study aims to investigate the effect of the interaction between adult attachment styles and alexithymia among participants with alcohol use disorder (AUD). This study is cross-sectional, conducted between November 2017 and March 2018, which enrolled 789 community-dwelling participants. The interaction between alexithymia and secure relationship tended to significance (p = 0.057). Higher interaction between alexithymia and a fearful relationship style (β = 0.04) were significantly associated with higher AUD. The interaction model revealed the importance of stratifying the results according to presence/absence of alexithymia. Being a female and having a secure relationship style were significantly associated with lower AUD in both groups. Being divorced was significantly associated with higher AUD in both groups. Increasing age (β = -1.48), secondary (β = -4.65), and university level of education (β = -6.46) were significantly associated with lower AUD in the non-alexithymic group. Intermediate monthly income (β = 2.69) and being widowed (β = 8.24) were significantly associated with higher AUD in the non-alexithymic group. High monthly income (β = 3.46) was significantly associated with higher AUD in the alexithymic group. The results of this study showed that the consideration of the combination between attachment styles and alexithymia is of significance in the diagnosis and therapy of alcohol use disorders.
Collapse
|
13
|
Obeid S, Akel M, Haddad C, Fares K, Sacre H, Salameh P, Hallit S. Factors associated with alcohol use disorder: the role of depression, anxiety, stress, alexithymia and work fatigue- a population study in Lebanon. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:245. [PMID: 32070314 PMCID: PMC7029557 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background International research showed that common mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, social anxiety, stress, alexithymia and having insecure attachment styles are risk factors for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Our objective was to study the factors associated withAUD in a sample of the Lebanese population. Methods During the period lasting from November 2017 to March 2018, a sample of 789 Lebanese participants agreed to contribute to a cross-sectional study (53.23% males). Alcohol use disorder was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Results A high risk of AUD was associated with higher alexithymia (ORa = 1.030; CI 1.009–1.051), depression (ORa = 1.076; CI 1.050–1.103) and suicidal ideation (ORa = 1.253; CI 1.026–1.531) in a significant manner. In opposition, a higher number of kids (ORa = 0.863; CI 0.752–0.991), being a female (ORa = 0.460; CI 0.305–0.694) and higher emotional management (ORa = 0.962; CI 0.937–0.988) were significantly associated with lower AUD risk. A cluster analysis derived three mutually exclusive clusters. Cluster 1 formed 45.4% of the sample and assembled people with psychological difficulties (work fatigue and high stress, high emotional work fatigue and low emotional intelligence, low self-esteem, high social phobia, high alexithymia); Cluster 2 formed 34.4% of the sample and assembled people with high wellbeing (low suicidal ideation, low emotional work fatigue, depression and anxiety, high emotional intelligence, high self-esteem and low social phobia); whereas cluster 3 formed 20.2% of the sample and represented people with mental dysfunction (high anxiety and depression, high suicidal ideation, low self-esteem and high social phobia, low emotional intelligence, high emotional work fatigue). People with psychological difficulties (cluster 1) (Beta = 5.547; CI 4.430–6.663), and people in distress (cluster 3) (Beta = 7.455; CI 5.945–8.965) were associated with higher AUDIT scores than those with high wellbeing (cluster 2). Conclusion AUD seems to be influenced by several factors among the Lebanese population, including alexithymia, stress, anxiety and work fatigue. Healthcare professionals should spread awareness to reduce the prevalence of these factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Obeid
- Research and Psychology departments, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.,Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.,INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie - Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie - Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Research and Psychology departments, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.,INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.,Univ. Limoges, UMR 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, GEIST, 87000, Limoges, France.,Department of psychiatry, CH Esquirol, 87025, Limoges, France
| | - Kassandra Fares
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie - Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.,Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie - Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie - Liban, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hallit S, Sacre H, Haddad C, Malaeb D, Al Karaki G, Kheir N, Hajj A, Hallit R, Salameh P. Development of the Lebanese insomnia scale (LIS-18): a new scale to assess insomnia in adult patients. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:421. [PMID: 31881985 PMCID: PMC6935175 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the development and validation of the Lebanese Insomnia Scale (LIS-18) to be used for the evaluation of insomnia in Lebanese adult patients. METHODS A first cross-sectional study, conducted between August 2017 and April 2018, enrolled 789 participants (sample 1). A second sample was recruited in May 2018 to confirm the results obtained from the first sample. RESULTS Five factors derived from the LIS-18 scale items with an Eigenvalue over 1, explaining a total of 59.64% of the variance (Cronbach's alpha = 0.821). The first ROC curve, comparing participants with diagnosed insomnia to healthy individuals, showed that the optimal score was seen at a cutoff of 58.00, with a good sensitivity and specificity at this cutoff (93.3 and 88.4%, respectively). A second ROC curve, comparing participants taking drug medication for insomnia vs. those not taking drug, showed that the optimal score was seen at a cutoff of 52.50, with a good sensitivity and specificity at this cutoff (89.5 and 80.0%, respectively). A third ROC curve, comparing participants diagnosed by a physician or taking drug medication for insomnia and healthy control without insomnia drug, showed that the optimal score was seen at 51.50, with good sensitivity and specificity at this cutoff as well (90.0 and 78.10%, respectively). The positive predicted value (PPV) of the LIS-18 score in sample 2 was 93.3%, whereas the negative predicted value (NPV) was 88.4%. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that the LIS-18 can be used in clinical practice and research to measure insomnia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Souheil Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
- Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Diana Malaeb
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Life Sciences and Health Department, Universite Paris Est, Paris, France
| | - Gloria Al Karaki
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Nelly Kheir
- Faculty of Pedagogy, Holy Family University, 5534 Batroun, Lebanon
| | - Aline Hajj
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie clinique et Contrôle de Qualité des médicaments, Pôle Technologie- Santé (PTS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rabih Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Obeid S, Akel M, Haddad C, Fares K, Sacre H, Salameh P, Hallit S. Factors associated with alexithymia among the Lebanese population: results of a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychol 2019; 7:80. [PMID: 31829280 PMCID: PMC6907355 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-019-0353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To our knowledge, no research project on alexithymia has been conducted in Lebanon. The objective of this study was to assess risk factors associated with alexithymia in a representative sample of the Lebanese population. Methods This is a cross-sectional study, conducted between November 2017 and March 2018, which enrolled 789 participants from al districts of Lebanon. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) was used to measure alexithymia, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test to assess alcohol use, drinking patterns, and alcohol-related issues, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale to evaluate self-worth, the Hamilton depression rating scale and Hamilton Anxiety Scale to screen for depression and anxiety respectively, the Three-Dimensional Work Fatigue Inventory to measure physical, mental and emotional work fatigue respectively, the Columbia–Suicide Severity Rating Scale to evaluate suicidal ideation and behavior, the Perceived Stress Scale to measure stress, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale to help identify a social anxiety disorder and the Quick Emotional Intelligence Self-Assessment to measure emotional intelligence. Results The results showed that 395 (50.4%) were not alexithymic, 226 (28.8%) were possible alexithymic, whereas 163 (20.8%) were alexithymic according to established clinical cutoffs. Stress (Beta = 0.456), emotional exhaustion (Beta = 0.249), the AUDIT score (Beta = 0.225) and anxiety (Beta = 0.096) were associated with higher alexithymia, whereas low emotional work fatigue (Beta = −0.114) and being married (Beta = −1.933) were associated with lower alexithymia. People in distress (Beta = 7.33) was associated with higher alexithymia scores, whereas people with high wellbeing (Beta = −2.18), an intermediate (Beta = −2.90) and a high (Beta = −2.71) family monthly income were associated with lower alexithymia compared to a low one. Conclusion Alexithymia appears to be influenced by many factors, including stress, anxiety, and burnout. To reduce its prevalence, it is important that health professionals educate the public about these factors. Further studies on a larger scale are needed to confirm our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Obeid
- Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jall-Eddib, Lebanon. .,Faculty of Arts and Science, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon. .,INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jall-Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Kassandra Fares
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.,Drug Information Center, Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|