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Psychological Processes Associated With Resilience in UK-Based Unpaid Caregivers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY IN EUROPE 2022; 4:e10313. [PMID: 36762350 PMCID: PMC9881121 DOI: 10.32872/cpe.10313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unpaid caregivers have faced and dealt with additional challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the psychological processes associated with their resilience is warranted. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between resilience with mental distress, emotion regulation strategies (i.e., reappraisal and suppression) and interpretation bias in adult caregivers. Method Participants were living in the UK, aged 18+, and consisted of 182 unpaid caregivers of an adult aged 18+ living with a long-term health condition, and 120 non-caregivers. Data were collected in an online study during the first national UK COVID-19 lockdown (May and September 2020). Hierarchical multiple regression analyses explored whether emotion regulation strategies and interpretation bias explained unique variance in levels of resilience in caregivers whilst controlling for anxiety and depression. Results Compared to non-caregivers, caregivers reported higher levels of anxiety, depression, negative interpretation bias and lower levels of resilience. Emotion regulation strategies did not differ between groups. Within caregivers, greater resilience was associated with lower mood disturbance, a positive interpretation bias, and greater use of cognitive reappraisal and lower use of suppression strategies to regulate emotions. Emotion regulation and interpretation bias together predicted an additional 15% of variance in current levels of resilience. Conclusion Our findings indicate that psychological mechanisms such as emotion regulation strategies, particularly reappraisal, and interpretation bias are associated with resilience in caregivers. Although preliminary, our findings speak to exciting clinical possibilities that could form the target of interventions to improve resilience and lower mental distress in unpaid caregivers.
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Musa N, Pang NTP, Kamu A, Ho CM, Waters C, Berrett J, Moghaddam N, Wider W. The Development and Validation of the Comprehensive Assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Processes (CompACT)—Malay Version. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159624. [PMID: 35954981 PMCID: PMC9368339 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: psychological flexibility is a crucial construct highly correlated with psychological wellness. There is a need for a tool to measure psychological flexibility in order to accurately ascertain the effects of treatment. The existing industry standard, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), has issues with conflating psychological flexibility with distress; moreover, it does not cover the hexaflexes. The 23-item CompACT was designed to surmount these limitations. Methods: the classical test theory (CTT) and Rasch measurement theory (RMT) were used to check the validity and reliability of the Malay version of the CompACT Scale. Cronbach’s α, McDonald’s Ω, and greatest lower bound were used to measure internal consistency. A Pearson’s correlation test was used to measure test–retest reliability of the Malay versus the original English version. For validity, convergent validity was established by using the Malay AAQ-7 Scale. The dimensionality of the Malay version of the CompACT Scale was explored using exploratory factor analysis. For the RMT, weighted fit statistics (infit) and outlier sensitive fit statistic (outfit) mean square (MnSq) values were used at the item level, while item and person separation reliability values and item and person separation indices were applied at the scale level. Results: the internal consistency measures, including Cronbach α and McDonald’s Ω, passed the suggested cutoff points. Convergent validity with the AAQ-II was 0.693. The quality of the Malay version of the CompACT Scale was also satisfactory, as all item and person reliability values and indices exceeded the suggested cut-off points. Conclusions: the Malay CompACT is a psychometrically sound instrument to assess psychological flexibility in both clinical and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurfarahin Musa
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Nicholas Tze Ping Pang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Assis Kamu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Chong Mun Ho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Cerith Waters
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | | | - Nima Moghaddam
- Trent Doctorate in Clinical Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Walton Wider
- Faculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
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Hambali NL, Ayu F, Pang NTP, Kassim MAM, Algristian H, Sahri M, Giloi N, Rahim SSSA, Omar A, Jeffree MS, Wider W. Mediating Effect of Psychological Process Variables on the Relationship between Dysfunctional Coping and Psychopathologies: A Comparative Study on Psychopathologies during COVID-19. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:206. [PMID: 35877276 PMCID: PMC9311721 DOI: 10.3390/bs12070206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis has had repercussions on global mental wellbeing. This study aimed: (1) to identify the mediating role of psychological process variables, namely psychological mindedness, psychological mindfulness, and psychological inflexibility on the relationship between dysfunctional coping and psychopathologies in Indonesian undergraduate students subjected to national quarantine orders throughout July, 2020 and (2) to compare the level of anxiety, depression, and anxiety between Indonesian and Malaysian undergraduate students. A cross-sectional study was performed with 869 Indonesian undergraduate students from Nahdlatul Ulama University of Surabaya (UNUSA) and 515 undergraduate students from Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS). The BIPM, MAAS, AAQ-I, DASS-21, and Brief COPE were used to assess the research variables. The proportion who scored "moderate" and above for depression, anxiety, and stress were 20.2%, 25.0%, and 14.2%, respectively, in Malaysian samples and 22.2%, 35.0%, and 23.48% in Indonesian samples. In Study 1, psychological mindedness, psychological mindfulness, and psychological inflexibility significantly mediated the relationship between dysfunctional coping and psychopathologies. In Study 2, Indonesians demonstrated significantly higher anxiety and stress compared to Malaysian samples. Despite the contrasting COVID-19 situations in Malaysia and Indonesia, psychopathologies were more affected in Indonesia. Hence, our study suggests how crucial it is for mental health providers to consider promoting psychological mindedness, psychological mindfulness, and psychological flexibility to alleviate the corresponding psychopathologies among undergraduate students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurfarah Lydia Hambali
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (N.L.H.); (M.A.M.K.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.)
| | - Friska Ayu
- Faculty of Health, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya (UNUSA), Surabaya 60237, Indonesia; (F.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Nicholas Tze Ping Pang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (N.L.H.); (M.A.M.K.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.)
| | - Mohd Amiruddin Mohd Kassim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (N.L.H.); (M.A.M.K.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.)
| | - Hafid Algristian
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya (UNUSA), Surabaya 60237, Indonesia;
| | - Moch. Sahri
- Faculty of Health, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya (UNUSA), Surabaya 60237, Indonesia; (F.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Nelbon Giloi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (N.L.H.); (M.A.M.K.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.)
| | - Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (N.L.H.); (M.A.M.K.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.)
| | - Azizan Omar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (N.L.H.); (M.A.M.K.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.)
| | - Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia; (N.L.H.); (M.A.M.K.); (N.G.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (M.S.J.)
| | - Walton Wider
- Faculty of Business and Communication, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
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Hijazi MHA, Jeffree MS, Pang NTP, Rahim SSSA, Omar A, Ahmedy F, Hijazi MHA, Hassan MR, Hod R, Nawi AM, Daim S, Wider W. Seroprevalence of COVID-19 and Psychological Distress among Front Liners at the Universiti Malaysia Sabah Campus during the Third Wave of COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116840. [PMID: 35682422 PMCID: PMC9180452 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic struck the globe and disrupted various aspects of psychological wellbeing, more so in frontline workers. Research on assessing the seroprevalence of COVID-19 has been scarce; in addition, there are limited studies assessing the association between the seroprevalence of COVID-19 and psychological distress. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of COVID-19 and the prevalence of psychological distress and to determine whether sociodemographic variables, occupational information variables, coping styles, and psychological processes might contribute to the development of psychological distress. A cross-sectional study involving 168 Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) front liners was carried out to assess these issues. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) was employed to assess psychological distress, together with the COVID-19 Rapid Test Kit Antibody (RTK Ab) and a series of questionnaires, including a sociodemographic and occupational information questionnaire, the Balanced Index of Psychological Mindedness (BIPM) questionnaire, the Mindfulness Attention and Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II), and the Brief COPE questionnaire. The results demonstrated a seroprevalence of COVID-19 at 8.3% (95% CI = 5.0–14.0). Non-healthcare workers (HCWs) had a higher COVID-19 prevalence. Meanwhile, the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among front liners was low (3.0%, 3.6%, and 1.2%, respectively). Younger people (aged 30 years old or less) and HCWs had a higher prevalence of psychological distress; being a HCW was significantly associated with a higher level of anxiety. Dysfunctional coping and psychological inflexibility were consistently found to be predictors for higher levels of the three psychological distress variables. This study suggested some alternatives that could be explored by mental health providers to address mental health issues among front liners at universities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hanafiah Ahmad Hijazi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (M.H.A.H.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (F.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (M.H.A.H.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (F.A.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.J.); (N.T.P.P.)
| | - Nicholas Tze Ping Pang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (M.H.A.H.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (F.A.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.J.); (N.T.P.P.)
| | - Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (M.H.A.H.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (F.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Azizan Omar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (M.H.A.H.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (F.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Fatimah Ahmedy
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (M.H.A.H.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (F.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Mohd Hanafi Ahmad Hijazi
- Faculty of Computing & Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Rohaizat Hassan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.R.H.); (R.H.); (A.M.N.)
| | - Rozita Hod
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.R.H.); (R.H.); (A.M.N.)
| | - Azmawati Mohammed Nawi
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.R.H.); (R.H.); (A.M.N.)
| | - Sylvia Daim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (M.H.A.H.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (A.O.); (F.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Walton Wider
- Faculty of Business and Communication, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia;
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Psychometric Properties of the Coronavirus Stress Measure with Malaysian Young Adults: Association with Psychological Inflexibility and Psychological Distress. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 21:819-835. [PMID: 34466131 PMCID: PMC8390072 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in multiple physical and psychological stressors, which require quantification and establishment of association with other psychological process variables. The Coronavirus Stress Measure (CSM) is a validated instrument with acceptable validity and reliability. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the CSM in a Malaysian population. University participants were recruited via convenience sampling using snowball methods. The reliability and validity of the Malay CSM (CSM-M) were rigorously evaluated, utilising both confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch analysis, in relation to sociodemographic variables and response to the depression, anxiety, and stress subscales of the Malay validation of the DASS-21, and also perceived stress (measured by the PSS) and psychological flexibility (AAQ-II). The sample comprised of 247 Malaysian participants. The McDonald’s omega value for the Malay CSM was 0.935 indicating very good internal reliability. The CSM was significantly correlated with stress, anxiety, depression, perceived stress, and psychological flexibility. The Malay CSM properties were examined also with Rasch analysis, with satisfactory outcomes. There was positive correlated error between items 1 and 3, as well as negative correlated error between items 1 and 4. Hence, item 1 was excluded, leaving with 4 items. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good data-model fit, and model fit statistics confirmed that Malay CSM showed a single-factor model. The Malay CSM hence demonstrates good validity and reliability, with both classical and modern psychometric methods demonstrating robust outcomes. It is therefore crucial in operational and research settings in establishing the true extent of stress levels as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Pang NTP, Nold Imon G, Johoniki E, Mohd Kassim MA, Omar A, Syed Abdul Rahim SS, Hayati F, Jeffree MS, Ng JR. Fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 Stress and Association with Sociodemographic and Psychological Process Factors in Cases under Surveillance in a Frontline Worker Population in Borneo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7210. [PMID: 34281147 PMCID: PMC8296931 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 stress and fear of COVID-19 is an increasingly researched construct in the general population. However, its prevalence and association with sociodemographic factors and psychological process variables has not been explored in frontline workers under surveillance in a Bornean population. This study was a cross-sectional study using a sociodemographic questionnaire incorporating two specific epidemiological risk variables, namely specific questions about COVID-19 surveillance status (persons under investigation (PUI), persons under surveillance (PUS), and positive cases) and the nature of frontline worker status. Furthermore, five other instruments were used, with three measuring psychopathology (namely depression, anxiety and stress, fear of COVID-19, and stress due to COVID-19) and two psychological process variables (namely psychological flexibility and mindfulness). Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were performed to assess if there were significant differences in psychopathology and psychological process variables between sociodemographic and epidemiological risk variables. Hierarchical multiple regression was further performed, with depression, anxiety, and stress as dependent variables. There were significant differences in the fear of COVID-19 between positive cases, PUI, and PUS. The fear of COVID-19 scores were higher in positive cases compared to in PUS and PUI groups. Upon hierarchical multiple regression, mindfulness and psychological flexibility were significant predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress after controlling for sociodemographic and epidemiological risk factors. This study demonstrates that exposure to COVID-19 as persons under investigation or surveillance significantly increases the fear of COVID-19, and brief psychological interventions that can positively influence mindfulness and psychological flexibility should be prioritized for these at-risk groups to prevent undue psychological morbidity in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mohd Amiruddin Mohd Kassim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (N.T.P.P.); (G.N.I.); (E.J.); (A.O.); (S.S.S.A.R.); (F.H.); (M.S.J.); (J.R.N.)
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Muhamad AB, Pang NTP, Salvaraji L, Rahim SSSA, Jeffree MS, Omar A. Retrospective Analysis of Psychological Factors in COVID-19 Outbreak Among Isolated and Quarantined Agricultural Students in a Borneo University. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:558591. [PMID: 33967840 PMCID: PMC8102727 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.558591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Much has been known about the psychological issues that can emerge in people who are quarantined and unable to move freely. The COVID-19 pandemic has no contrast from previous outbreaks like SARS and MERS regarding their ensuing worries and boosted anxiety levels. This article seeks to examine the unique psychological changes that occur in students who have been quarantined inside a university campus and assess sociodemographic factors associated with certain psychological factors. Methodology: The data was collected from students in an Agricultural Campus. In the first phase, the factor structure of the modified National Index Psychological Wellness (NIPW) was acceptable, and to establish statistical parameters for validation an exploratory factor analysis was done. In the second phase, Independent T-tests, ANOVA, and Hierarchical Multiple regression were performed. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. Result/Discussion: A total of 46 male and 76 female students enrolled in this study. The Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant (p < 0.001) and the Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy for the AUDIT-M was 0.901. The Cronbach's alpha of the entire modified NIPW was 0.657 which suggests reasonable internal consistency and subscales between 0.913 and 0.924. Raw scores of 12 positive items were higher for the quarantined group except for "I can do daily routines," "I understand what happens," and "I understand the action that is performed is fair." Raw mean scores of eight negative scoring items were higher in the quarantined group, except for "I feel angry" (2.88 vs. 2.89 for non-quarantined group). There were statistically significant differences between year groups for the questions "I understand what happens," "I understand the action that is performed is fair," and "I think everyone is good." Conclusion: Movement control orders or compulsory quarantine orders can be distressing and may cause understandable psychological sequelae. Holistic management of a quarantine center that addresses the needs and health of an individual student will give a positive impact on psychological wellness. Quarantining facilities can be a place of positivity, allowing people to live a shared experience together, provide peer support for each other, and give each other hope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assikin Bin Muhamad
- Surgical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Nicholas Tze Ping Pang
- Community and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Loganathan Salvaraji
- Community and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim
- Community and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
- Community and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Azizan Omar
- Community and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
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Relationship Between Fear of COVID-19, Psychopathology and Sociodemographic Variables in Malaysian Population. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 20:1303-1310. [PMID: 33437224 PMCID: PMC7790330 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has affected Malaysia in multitude aspects. Although Malaysia is on the right track to flatten the curve attributed to swift and decisive actions by the government, it is important to assess the psychological after effect that caused by the pandemic and the movement control order. This study performed in Borneo, Malaysia, was conducted using principles of snowballing, and by invitation through university students and staffs mailing list to participate. The survey collected data on sociodemographic, along with measuring psychological impact by using the newly validated Malay version Fear of COVID-19 Scale and DASS-21 scale. There were a total of 255 respondents. The majority of the respondents' age was 25 years and below, with a female male ratio of 2:1 and around 70% respondents were students. Below 25-year-old age group, and females are having significantly higher levels of fear of COVID-19, depression, anxiety, and stress. Single people have higher depression level. There was a significant difference between students and non-students for depression, anxiety, and stress, but not for fear of COVID-19. It is imperative to allay the fears and psychological sequalae of COVID-19, especially those individuals at higher risks. Psychological interventions as well as telepsychiatry mobilisation could prove useful in dealing with the distress.
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Mukhsam MH, Jeffree MS, Pang NTP, Syed Abdul Rahim SS, Omar A, Abdullah MS, Lukman KA, Giloi N, Salvaraji L, Abd Karim MR, Saupin S, Boon Tat Y, Mohd Hayati MF, Ibrahim MY, Muhamad A, Zainudin SP. A University-Wide Preparedness Effort in the Alert Phase of COVID-19 Incorporating Community Mental Health and Task-Shifting Strategies: Experience from a Bornean Institute of Higher Learning. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1201-1203. [PMID: 32705977 PMCID: PMC7470528 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caught the world by surprise, causing millions of confirmed cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths. Hence, the Malaysian government announced a Movement Control Order at the start of the containment phase to flatten the epidemiological curve. Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), a public university in Borneo, was accelerated into alert phase because of high risk of case importation from more than 400 China incoming undergraduates. Measures to mitigate the potential COVID-19 outbreaks in its population were taken by using conventional public health measures with special attention to task-shifting and widespread community mental health interventions. A Preparedness and Response Centre was established to overseer the mitigating measures happening inside the university. Measures taken included empowerment of frontline staff, strengthening of restrictions, strengthening university health center, vigorous contact tracing, widespread health education, maintaining cultural sensitivity, and establishment of early standard operating procedures and university continuity plans. Hence, UMS was able to ensure no importation of cases into its campus during both acute and containment phases at the nationwide level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hafiz Mukhsam
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | | | - Nicholas Tze Ping Pang
- Hospital Universiti Malaysia Sabah (HUMS), Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | | | - Azizan Omar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | | | - Khamisah Awang Lukman
- Occupational Safety and Health Centre, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Nelbon Giloi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Loganathan Salvaraji
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rahimie Abd Karim
- Centre for Strategic Management and Corporate Communication, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Sahipudin Saupin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Yeap Boon Tat
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Yusof Ibrahim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Assikin Muhamad
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Syaza Putri Zainudin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
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