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Karunarathne SI, Spokevicius AV, Bossinger G, Golz JF. Trees need closure too: Wound-induced secondary vascular tissue regeneration. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 339:111950. [PMID: 38070652 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Trees play a pivotal role in terrestrial ecosystems as well as being an important natural resource. These attributes are primarily associated with the capacity of trees to continuously produce woody tissue from the vascular cambium, a ring of stem cells located just beneath the bark. Long-lived trees are exposed to a myriad of biological and environmental stresses that may result in wounding, leading to a loss of bark and the underlying vascular cambium. This affects both wood formation and the quality of timber arising from the tree. In addition, the exposed wound site is a potential entry point for pathogens that cause disease. In response to wounding, trees have the capacity to regenerate lost or damaged tissues at this site. Investigating gene expression changes associated with different stages of wound healing reveals complex and dynamic changes in the activity of transcription factors, signalling pathways and hormone responses. In this review we summarise these data and discuss how they relate to our current understanding of vascular cambium formation and xylem differentiation during secondary growth. Based on this analysis, a model for wound healing that provides the conceptual foundations for future studies aimed at understanding this intriguing process is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachinthani I Karunarathne
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Antanas V Spokevicius
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Gerd Bossinger
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John F Golz
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Wu Y, Wang D, He XQ. Gibberellin promotes cambium reestablishment during secondary vascular tissue regeneration after girdling in an auxin-dependent manner in Populus. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:86-102. [PMID: 38051026 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Secondary vascular tissue (SVT) development and regeneration are regulated by phytohormones. In this study, we used an in vitro SVT regeneration system to demonstrate that gibberellin (GA) treatment significantly promotes auxin-induced cambium reestablishment. Altering GA content by overexpressing or knocking down ent-kaurene synthase (KS) affected secondary growth and SVT regeneration in poplar. The poplar DELLA gene GIBBERELLIC ACID INSENSITIVE (PtoGAI) is expressed in a specific pattern during secondary growth and cambium regeneration after girdling. Overexpression of PtoGAI disrupted poplar growth and inhibited cambium regeneration, and the inhibition of cambium regeneration could be partially restored by GA application. Further analysis of the PtaDR5:GUS transgenic plants, the localization of PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1) and the expression of auxin-related genes found that an additional GA treatment could enhance the auxin response as well as the expression of PIN1, which mediates auxin transport during SVT regeneration. Taken together, these findings suggest that GA promotes cambium regeneration by stimulating auxin signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuexin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Donghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin-Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Inácio V, Santos R, Prazeres R, Graça J, Miguel CM, Morais-Cecílio L. Epigenetics at the crossroads of secondary growth regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:970342. [PMID: 35991449 PMCID: PMC9389228 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.970342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of plant tissues and organs during post-embryonic growth occurs through the activity of both primary and secondary meristems. While primary meristems (root and shoot apical meristems) promote axial plant growth, secondary meristems (vascular and cork cambium or phellogen) promote radial thickening and plant axes strengthening. The vascular cambium forms the secondary xylem and phloem, whereas the cork cambium gives rise to the periderm that envelops stems and roots. Periderm takes on an increasingly important role in plant survival under climate change scenarios, but it is also a forest product with unique features, constituting the basis of a sustainable and profitable cork industry. There is established evidence that epigenetic mechanisms involving histone post-translational modifications, DNA methylation, and small RNAs play important roles in the activity of primary meristem cells, their maintenance, and differentiation of progeny cells. Here, we review the current knowledge on the epigenetic regulation of secondary meristems, particularly focusing on the phellogen activity. We also discuss the possible involvement of DNA methylation in the regulation of periderm contrasting phenotypes, given the potential impact of translating this knowledge into innovative breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Inácio
- BioISI – Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Vera Inácio,
| | - Raquel Santos
- BioISI – Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rafael Prazeres
- BioISI – Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Graça
- Forest Research Centre (CEF), Institute of Agronomy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Célia M. Miguel
- BioISI – Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Leonor Morais-Cecílio
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Institute of Agronomy, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Chen JJ, Wang LY, Immanen J, Nieminen K, Spicer R, Helariutta Y, Zhang J, He XQ. Differential regulation of auxin and cytokinin during the secondary vascular tissue regeneration in Populus trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:188-201. [PMID: 31230359 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration upon wounding in plants highlights the developmental plasticity of plants. Previous studies have described the morphological and molecular changes of secondary vascular tissue (SVT) regeneration after large-scale bark girdling in trees. However, how phytohormones regulate SVT regeneration is still unknown. Here, we established a novel in vitro SVT regeneration system in the hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides) clone T89 to bypass the limitation of using field-grown trees. The effects of phytohormones on SVT regeneration were investigated by applying exogenous hormones and utilizing various transgenic trees. Vascular tissue-specific markers and hormonal response factors were also examined during SVT regeneration. Using this in vitro regeneration system, we demonstrated that auxin and cytokinin differentially regulate phloem and cambium regeneration. Whereas auxin is sufficient to induce regeneration of phloem prior to continuous cambium restoration, cytokinin only promotes the formation of new phloem, not cambium. The positive role of cytokinin on phloem regeneration was further confirmed in cytokinin overexpression trees. Analysis of a DR5 reporter transgenic line further suggested that cytokinin blocks the re-establishment of auxin gradients, which is required for the cambium formation. Investigation on the auxin and cytokinin signalling genes indicated these two hormones interact to regulate SVT regeneration. Taken together, the in vitro SVT regeneration system allows us to make use of various molecular and genetic tools to investigate SVT regeneration. Our results confirmed that complementary auxin and cytokinin domains are required for phloem and cambium reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Ling-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Juha Immanen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Plant Genetics, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Kaisa Nieminen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Plant Genetics, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Rachel Spicer
- Department of Botany, Connecticut College, New London, CT, 06320, USA
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Xin-Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Tian WM, Yang SG, Shi MJ, Zhang SX, Wu JL. Mechanical wounding-induced laticifer differentiation in rubber tree: An indicative role of dehydration, hydrogen peroxide, and jasmonates. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 182:95-103. [PMID: 26070085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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Ruonala R, Hellmann E, Helariutta Y. Plant vascular development--connective tissue connecting scientists: updates and trends at the PVB 2013 conference. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:119-125. [PMID: 24720356 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raili Ruonala
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Pulianmackal AJ, Kareem AVK, Durgaprasad K, Trivedi ZB, Prasad K. Competence and regulatory interactions during regeneration in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:142. [PMID: 24782880 PMCID: PMC3990048 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to regenerate is widely exploited by multitudes of organisms ranging from unicellular bacteria to multicellular plants for their propagation and repair. But the levels of competence for regeneration vary from species to species. While variety of living cells of a plant display regeneration ability, only a few set of cells maintain their stemness in mammals. This highly pliable nature of plant cells in-terms of regeneration can be attributed to their high developmental plasticity. De novo organ initiation can be relatively easily achieved in plants by proper hormonal regulations. Elevated levels of plant hormone auxin induces the formation of proliferating mass of pluripotent cells called callus, which predominantly express lateral root meristem markers and hence is having an identity similar to lateral root primordia. Organ formation can be induced from the callus by modulating the ratio of hormones. An alternative for de novo organogenesis is by the forced expression of plant specific transcription factors. The mechanisms by which plant cells attain competence for regeneration on hormonal treatment or forced expression remain largely elusive. Recent studies have provided some insight into how the epigenetic modifications in plants affect this competence. In this review we discuss the present understanding of regenerative biology in plants and scrutinize the future prospectives of this topic. While discussing about the regeneration in the sporophyte of angiosperms which is well studied, here we outline the regenerative biology of the gametophytic phase and discuss about various strategies of regeneration that have evolved in the domain of life so that a common consensus on the entire process of regeneration can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kalika Prasad
- *Correspondence: Kalika Prasad, School of Biology Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India e-mail:
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