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Baker C, Fairclough S, Ogden RS, Barnes R, Tootill J. Trait impulsivity influences behavioural and physiological responses to threat in a virtual environment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9484. [PMID: 38664505 PMCID: PMC11045749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Trait impulsivity represents a tendency to take action without forethought or consideration of consequences. This trait is multifaceted and can be decomposed into attentional, motor and non-planning subtypes of impulsivity. The purpose of the current study was to investigate how subtypes of trait impulsivity responded to different degrees of threat within room-scale virtual reality (VR) with respect to behaviour and level of physiological activation. Thirty-four participants were required to negotiate a virtual environment (VE) where they walked at height with the continuous threat of a virtual 'fall.' Behavioural measures related to the speed of movement, interaction frequency and risk were collected. Participants also wore ambulatory sensors to collect data from electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrodermal activity (EDA). Our results indicated that participants who scored highly on non-planning impulsivity exhibited riskier behaviour and higher skin conductance level (SCL). Participants with higher motor impulsivity interacted with more objects in the VE when threat was high, they also exhibited contradictory indicators of physiological activation. Attentional impulsivity was associated with a greater number of falls across the VE. The results demonstrate that subtypes of trait impulsivity respond to threats via different patterns of behaviour and levels of physiological activation, reinforcing the multifaceted nature of the trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Baker
- School of Computer Science & Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | | | - Ruth S Ogden
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rachel Barnes
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jessica Tootill
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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2
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Luo M, Pauly T, Broen T, Ashe MC, Murphy RA, Linden W, Madden KM, Gerstorf D, Hoppmann CA. Daily Affect and Daily Prospective Memory in People after Stroke and Their Partners: The Moderating Role of Resting Heart Rate. Gerontology 2023; 69:1245-1258. [PMID: 37604129 DOI: 10.1159/000533577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experimental research suggests that affect may influence prospective memory performance, but real-life evidence on affect-prospective memory associations is limited. Moreover, most studies have examined the valence dimension of affect in understanding the influence of affect on cognitive performance in daily life, with insufficient consideration of the arousal dimension. To maximize ecological validity, the current study examined the relationships between daily affect and daily prospective memory using repeated daily assessments and the role of resting heart rate on these relationships. We examined both valence and arousal of daily affect by categorizing affect into four dimensions: high-arousal positive affect, low-arousal positive affect, high-arousal negative affect, and low-arousal negative affect. METHOD We examined existing data collected from community-dwelling couples, of which at least one partner had a stroke history. The analytic sample included 111 adults (Mage = 67.46 years, SD = 9.64; 50% women) who provided 1,274 days of data. Among the participants, 58 were living with the effects of a stroke and 53 were partners. Participants completed daily event-based prospective memory tasks (in morning and/or evening questionnaires), reported daily affect in the evening, and wore a wrist-based Fitbit device to monitor resting heart rate over 14 consecutive days. RESULTS Results from multilevel models show that, within persons, elevated high-arousal negative affect was associated with worse daily prospective memory performance. In addition, lower resting heart rate attenuated the inverse association between high-arousal negative affect and lowered prospective memory performance. We did not find significant associations of high- or low-arousal positive affect and low-arousal negative affect with daily prospective memory. DISCUSSION Our findings are in line with the resource allocation model and the cue-utilization hypothesis in that high-arousal negative affect is detrimental to daily prospective memory performance. Lower resting heart rate may buffer individuals' prospective memory performance from the influence of high-arousal negative affect. These findings are consistent with the neurovisceral integration model on heart-brain connections, highlighting the possibility that cardiovascular fitness may help maintain prospective memory into older adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Luo
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theresa Pauly
- Department of Gerontology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tiana Broen
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maureen C Ashe
- Department of Family Practice, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Aging, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rachel A Murphy
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Linden
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kenneth M Madden
- Center for Hip Health and Mobility, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Denis Gerstorf
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane A Hoppmann
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Edwin S.H. Leong Centre for Healthy Aging, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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3
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Zhang Z, Tian Y, Liu Y. Intertemporal Decision-making and Risk Decision-making Among Habitual Nappers Under Nap Sleep Restriction: A Study from ERP and Time-frequency. Brain Topogr 2023; 36:390-408. [PMID: 36881273 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-023-00948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Sleep restriction affects people's decision-making behavior. Nap restriction is a vital subtopic within sleep restriction research. In this study, we used EEG to investigate the impact of nap sleep restriction on intertemporal decision-making (Study 1) and decision-making across risky outcomes (Study 2) from ERP and time-frequency perspectives. Study 1 found that habitual nappers restricting their naps felt more inclined to choose immediate, small rewards over delayed, large rewards in an intertemporal decision-making task. P200s, P300s, and LPP in our nap-restriction group were significantly higher than those in the normal nap group. Time-frequency results showed that the delta band (1 ~ 4 Hz) power of the restricted nap group was significantly higher than that of the normal nap group. In Study 2, the nap-restriction group was more likely to choose risky options. P200s, N2s, and P300s in the nap deprivation group were significantly higher than in the normal nap group. Time-frequency results also found that the beta band (11 ~ 15 Hz) power of the restricted nap group was significantly lower than that of the normal nap group. The habitual nappers became more impulsive after nap restriction and evinced altered perceptions of time. The time cost of the LL (larger-later) option was perceived to be too high when making intertemporal decisions, and their expectation of reward heightened when making risky decisions-believing that they had a higher probability of receiving a reward. This study provided electrophysiological evidence for the dynamic processing of intertemporal decision-making, risky decision-making, and the characteristics of nerve concussions for habitual nappers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Zhang
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian District, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China.,College of Education, Psychology & Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Yuqing Tian
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian District, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian District, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China.
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4
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Mathar D, Erfanian Abdoust M, Marrenbach T, Tuzsus D, Peters J. The catecholamine precursor Tyrosine reduces autonomic arousal and decreases decision thresholds in reinforcement learning and temporal discounting. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010785. [PMID: 36548401 PMCID: PMC9822114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with the catecholamine precursor L-Tyrosine might enhance cognitive performance, but overall findings are mixed. Here, we investigate the effect of a single dose of tyrosine (2g) vs. placebo on two catecholamine-dependent trans-diagnostic traits: model-based control during reinforcement learning (2-step task) and temporal discounting, using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject design (n = 28 healthy male participants). We leveraged drift diffusion models in a hierarchical Bayesian framework to jointly model participants' choices and response times (RTS) in both tasks. Furthermore, comprehensive autonomic monitoring (heart rate, heart rate variability, pupillometry, spontaneous eye blink rate) was performed both pre- and post-supplementation, to explore potential physiological effects of supplementation. Across tasks, tyrosine consistently reduced participants' RTs without deteriorating task-performance. Diffusion modeling linked this effect to attenuated decision-thresholds in both tasks and further revealed increased model-based control (2-step task) and (if anything) attenuated temporal discounting. On the physiological level, participants' pupil dilation was predictive of the individual degree of temporal discounting. Tyrosine supplementation reduced physiological arousal as revealed by increases in pupil dilation variability and reductions in heart rate. Supplementation-related changes in physiological arousal predicted individual changes in temporal discounting. Our findings provide first evidence that tyrosine supplementation might impact psychophysiological parameters, and suggest that modeling approaches based on sequential sampling models can yield novel insights into latent cognitive processes modulated by amino-acid supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mathar
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mani Erfanian Abdoust
- Biological Psychology of Decision Making, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Tobias Marrenbach
- Biological Psychology of Decision Making, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Deniz Tuzsus
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Peters
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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5
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Schmidt B. Feeling Safe With Hypnosis: Eliciting Positive Feelings During a Special State of Consciousness. Front Psychol 2022; 13:917139. [PMID: 35719472 PMCID: PMC9201773 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.917139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our state of consciousness is crucial for our ability to follow suggestions. Suggestions in turn are a powerful tool to induce positive emotional states. In my research, I suggest positive feelings of safety during hypnosis. This is a positive emotional state of low arousal and low anxiety. Both arousal and anxiety affect our decision-making. However, when we feel safe due to hypnotic suggestions of safety, we do not act riskier. Instead, EEG brain activity shows that monetary rewards get less important and delayed rewards are less devalued compared to immediate rewards when we feel safe. These results open promising perspectives for the use of hypnosis to reduce impulsive behavior, for example, in substance abuse. Therapeutic suggestions of safety even work in highly stressful environments like the intensive care unit. I showed that patients tolerate non-invasive ventilation much better when they get the suggestion to feel safe. The effects of positive therapeutic suggestions delivered during hypnosis even persist over time. Post-hypnotic suggestions are associations between a certain emotional state and a trigger that elicits this emotional state after hypnosis is over. I showed that post-hypnotic suggestions of safety are effective weeks after the therapeutic session. Therefore, I present a therapeutic technique that uses a special state of consciousness, hypnosis, to induce positive emotional states. The effects of this technique are very strong and long lasting. My goal is to provide scientific evidence for the use of hypnotherapeutic techniques to increase the number of people who apply and profit from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schmidt
- Institute for Psychosocial Medicine, Psychotherapy and Psychooncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Psychology, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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6
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Dreyer AJ, Stephen D, Human R, Swanepoel TL, Adams L, O'Neill A, Jacobs WJ, Thomas KGF. Risky Decision Making Under Stressful Conditions: Men and Women With Smaller Cortisol Elevations Make Riskier Social and Economic Decisions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:810031. [PMID: 35185730 PMCID: PMC8854750 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.810031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Men often make riskier decisions than women across a wide range of real-life behaviors. Whether this sex difference is accentuated, diminished, or stable under stressful conditions is, however, contested in the scientific literature. A critical blind spot lies amid this contestation: Most studies use standardized, laboratory-based, cognitive measures of decision making rather than complex real-life social simulation tasks to assess risk-related behavior. To address this blind spot, we investigated the effects of acute psychosocial stress on risk decision making in men and women (N = 80) using a standardized cognitive measure (the Iowa Gambling Task; IGT) and a novel task that simulated a real-life social situation (an online chatroom in which participants interacted with other men and women in sexually suggestive scenarios). Participants were exposed to either an acute psychosocial stressor or an equivalent control condition. Stressor-exposed participants were further characterized as high- or low-cortisol responders. Results confirmed that the experimental manipulation was effective. On the IGT, participants characterized as low-cortisol responders (as well as those in the Non-Stress group) made significantly riskier decisions than those characterized as high-cortisol responders. Similarly, in the online chatroom, participants characterized as low-cortisol responders (but not those characterized as high-cortisol responders) were, relative to those in the Non-Stress group, significantly more likely to make risky decisions. Together, these results suggest that at lower levels of cortisol both men and women tend to make riskier decisions in both economic and social spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Dreyer
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dale Stephen
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robyn Human
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tarah L Swanepoel
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leanne Adams
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Aimee O'Neill
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - W Jake Jacobs
- Anxiety Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kevin G F Thomas
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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7
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Böhmer J, Schmidt B. Safety on demand: Post-hypnotic suggestions of safety reduce neural signals of reward sensitivity with long-term beneficial effects. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14015. [PMID: 35103984 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased reward sensitivity has been proposed as an important transdiagnostic feature for a series of disorders, including addictive behaviors. Earlier studies suggest that a positive affective state characterized by the feeling of safety could reduce an individual's reward sensitivity. A promising technique to establish a feeling of safety on demand is to utilize post-hypnotic suggestions. We hypothesized that the feeling of safety elicited by post-hypnotic suggestions reduces neural signals of reward sensitivity. To test our predictions, we hypnotized 24 highly suggestible participants, suggested them to feel safe and coupled this feeling of safety to a post-hypnotic trigger that reactivates the feeling of safety outside the hypnotic state. Participants then played a risk game both in a safety condition using the post-hypnotic safety trigger and in a control condition using a neutral trigger. Simultaneously, we recorded their EEG. Participants reported significantly higher ratings of safety in the safety condition compared to the control condition. Even several weeks after the main experimental session, the post-hypnotic safety trigger still elicited a significantly stronger feeling of safety compared to the control condition. Moreover, the Reward Positivity (RewP) was significantly reduced in the safety condition. As the RewP amplitude has been proposed as a psychophysiological marker for reward sensitivity, we conclude that the suggestion of safety by post-hypnotic suggestions turns participants into a quiescence motivational state that makes them less reward sensitive. Therefore, we discuss implications of the post-hypnotic safety trigger for the treatment of disorders associated with increased reward sensitivity such as addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Böhmer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Psychology, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.,Institute for Psychosocial Medicine, Psychotherapy and Psychooncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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8
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Parenting, Cortisol, and Risky Behaviors in Emerging Adulthood: Diverging Patterns for Males and Females. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-021-00164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Szymkowiak A, Gaczek P, Jeganathan K, Kulawik P. The impact of emotions on shopping behavior during epidemic. What a business can do to protect customers. JOURNAL OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR 2021; 20:48-60. [PMID: 38607848 PMCID: PMC7436385 DOI: 10.1002/cb.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated how the perception of in-shop COVID-19 contraction influences emotions in decision-making and how they further effect actions undertaken by consumers to control the situation within a store. Structural equation modeling was used to study the relationship between the risk of in-store infection, emotions and in-shop behavior, based on data retrieved from 914 questionnaires. Results showed, that the perceived risk of becoming infected in a store causes an increase in arousal and, at the same time, a decrease in perceived pleasure during shopping. The rise in arousal led to an increase in consumers taking actions to decrease their risk of contagion, while an increase in noticeable pleasure lowered interest of following recommendations for pandemic behavior. The findings imply that through changes regarding in-store atmosphere, stationary shops can provide consumers with a sense of urgency and awareness of infection risk so that they may do their shopping more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Szymkowiak
- Department of Commerce and Marketing, Institute of MarketingPoznań University of Economics and BusinessPoznańPoland
| | - Piotr Gaczek
- Department of Marketing StrategiesInstitute of Marketing, Poznań University of Economics and BusinessPoznańPoland
| | - Kishokanth Jeganathan
- Department of Commerce and Marketing, Institute of MarketingPoznań University of Economics and BusinessPoznańPoland
| | - Piotr Kulawik
- Department of Animal Products Technology, Faculty of Food TechnologyUniversity of Agriculture in KrakówKrakówPoland
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10
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Wake S, Wormwood J, Satpute AB. The influence of fear on risk taking: a meta-analysis. Cogn Emot 2020; 34:1143-1159. [PMID: 32116122 PMCID: PMC7423744 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2020.1731428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A common finding in the study of emotion and decision making is the tendency for fear and anxiety to decrease risk taking. The current meta-analysis summarises the strength and variability of this effect in the extant empirical literature. Our analysis of 136 effect sizes, derived from 68 independent samples and 9,544 participants, included studies that experimentally manipulated fear or measured naturally varying levels of fear or anxiety in both clinical and non-clinical samples, and studies measuring risky decision making and risk estimation. A multilevel random effects model estimated a small to moderate average effect size (r = 0.22), such that fear was related to decreased risky decision making and increased risk estimation. There was also high heterogeneity in the effect sizes. Moderator analyses showed that effect sizes were greater when risk tasks used tangible (e.g. monetary) outcomes and when studies used clinically anxious participants. However, there also remained considerable variability in effect sizes, the sources of which remain unknown. We posit several potential factors that may contribute to observed variability in this effect for future study, including factors concerning both the nature of fear experience and the risk taking context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Wake
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jolie Wormwood
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Ajay B. Satpute
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Schmidt B, Hoffmann E, Rasch B. Feel Safe and Money is Less Important! Hypnotic Suggestions of Safety Decrease Brain Responses to Monetary Rewards in a Risk Game. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa050. [PMID: 34296116 PMCID: PMC8152948 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When a stimulus is important, the corresponding brain responses increase, especially the P300 brain response. This is true for all kinds of important stimuli, also monetary rewards. In our study, we developed a hypnotic suggestion to reduce the subjective importance of monetary rewards. As successful suggestions do not contain negations, we suggested participants to feel safe during hypnosis instead of suggesting that money is not important anymore. We predicted lower P300 amplitudes when participants feel safe during hypnosis. We tested 24 highly suggestible participants playing a risk game in 2 conditions with monetary rewards while we measured their EEG brain responses. In the safety condition, we induced a hypnotic state and suggested that participants feel safe. In the control condition, participants played the risk game without hypnosis. Here we show that participants felt significantly safer in the safety condition and showed significantly lower P300 amplitudes to monetary rewards. Risk behavior did not differ significantly between conditions. Our results are important for substance use disorders, as decreased P300 responses to substance-related stimuli are associated with less craving and better abstinence. Therefore, we conclude that suggestions to feel safe during hypnosis might work as a treatment for individuals with substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Psychology, University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Elisa Hoffmann
- Institute of Psychology, University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Björn Rasch
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, CH-1701 Fribourg, Switzerland
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12
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13
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Steenbergen L, Colzato LS, Maraver MJ. Vagal signaling and the somatic marker hypothesis: The effect of transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation on delay discounting is modulated by positive mood. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 148:84-92. [PMID: 31734442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Controlling impulsivity and delaying gratifications are key features of effective self-control. Delay Discounting (DD) indexes the ability to delay rewards and previous research has shown that discounting is influenced by affective states such as mood. According to the Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SMH), afferent somatic signals, such as mood, are carried by the vagus and can influence decision making. In the current study, we employed transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS), a novel non-invasive brain stimulation technique that stimulates the auricular branch of the afferent vagus nerve (located in the outer ear), to assess its effects on decision impulsivity, while taking into account individuals' mood and resting-state HRV as a possible confounding factor. Employing a within-subjects cross-over design, 94 participants received active or sham tVNS while performing delay discounting in two separate sessions. As compared to sham, active tVNS increased discounting, but only for individuals reporting lower positive mood, regardless of the level of negative mood reported. We evidence that the effect of tVNS on reward discounting depends on the level of positive mood. This result suggests that positive mood state might be a proxy of task-relevant arousal, likely influencing the effectiveness of afferent vagal stimulation on self-control processes, as temporal discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Steenbergen
- Leiden University, Cognitive Psychology Unit & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Lorenza S Colzato
- Leiden University, Cognitive Psychology Unit & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Institute for Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany; Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - María J Maraver
- Leiden University, Cognitive Psychology Unit & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands; University of Lisbon, Faculty of Psychology & Research Center for Psychological Science, Lisbon, Portugal
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Kılıç A, Tilburg WA, Igou ER. Risk‐taking increases under boredom. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayşenur Kılıç
- Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN)King's College London London United Kingdom
| | - Wijnand A.P. Tilburg
- Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN)King's College London London United Kingdom
| | - Eric R. Igou
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Limerick Limerick Republic of Ireland
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15
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High sensation seeking is associated with behavioral and neural insensitivity to increased negative outcomes during decision-making under uncertainty. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 19:1352-1363. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Gallant C, Good D. Alcohol misuse and traumatic brain injury: a review of the potential roles of dopaminergic dysfunction and physiological underarousal post-injury. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2019; 28:501-511. [PMID: 31561716 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2019.1670181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although many researchers have demonstrated an increase in alcohol use following traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is also a body of research indicating that alcohol misuse predisposes one to injury and precedes TBI. Accordingly, various mechanisms have been proposed (e.g., self-medication, dampened levels of arousal, dopaminergic dysfunction, etc.) and variable results have emerged. This paper reviews the empirical evidence, for and against, TBI as a risk factor for alcohol misuse. In particular, this paper focuses on the brain-behavior relationships involved and examines the roles of physiological underarousal and dopaminergic dysfunction in the development of alcohol misuse after injury. Alcohol misuse impedes community reintegration among TBI survivors and creates additional rehabilitative challenges. Thus, in order to inform and improve treatment outcomes among this vulnerable population, a deeper understanding of the neural mechanisms implicated is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Gallant
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Dawn Good
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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17
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Schmidt B, Kessler L, Holroyd CB, Miltner WHR. Wearing a bike helmet leads to less cognitive control, revealed by lower frontal midline theta power and risk indifference. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13458. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Psychology Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Jena Germany
| | - Luisa Kessler
- Institute of Psychology Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Jena Germany
- Department of Geriatric Medicine Jena University Hospital Jena Germany
| | - Clay B. Holroyd
- Department of Psychology University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
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18
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Herman AM, Rae CL, Critchley HD, Duka T. Interoceptive accuracy predicts nonplanning trait impulsivity. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13339. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M. Herman
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience School of Psychology, University of Sussex Brighton United Kingdom
- Sussex Addiction and Intervention Centre University of Sussex Brighton United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte L. Rae
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science University of Sussex Brighton United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroscience Brighton and Sussex Medical School Brighton United Kingdom
| | - Hugo D. Critchley
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science University of Sussex Brighton United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroscience Brighton and Sussex Medical School Brighton United Kingdom
- Sussex Partnership, NHS Foundation Trust Brighton United Kingdom
| | - Theodora Duka
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience School of Psychology, University of Sussex Brighton United Kingdom
- Sussex Addiction and Intervention Centre University of Sussex Brighton United Kingdom
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The impact of Yohimbine-induced arousal on facets of behavioural impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1783-1795. [PMID: 30635680 PMCID: PMC6602985 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE State-dependent changes in physiological arousal may influence impulsive behaviours. OBJECTIVES To examine the relationship between arousal and impulsivity, we assessed the effects of yohimbine (an α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, which increases physiological arousal via noradrenaline release) on performance on established laboratory-based impulsivity measures in healthy volunteers. METHODS Forty-three participants received a single dose of either yohimbine hydrochloride or placebo before completing a battery of impulsivity measures. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored throughout the study. RESULTS Participants in the yohimbine group showed higher blood pressure and better response inhibition in the Stop Signal Task, relative to the placebo group. Additionally, individual changes in blood pressure were associated with performance on Delay Discounting and Information Sampling tasks: raised blood pressure following drug ingestion was associated with more far-sighted decisions in the Delay Discounting Task (lower temporal impulsivity) yet reduced information gathering in the Information Sampling Task (increased reflection impulsivity). CONCLUSIONS These results support the notion that impulsive behaviour is dependent upon state physiological arousal; however, distinct facets of impulsivity are differentially affected by physiological changes.
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20
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Sandgren AM, Brummer RJ. ADHD-originating in the gut? The emergence of a new explanatory model. Med Hypotheses 2018; 120:135-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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What you give is what you get: Payment of one randomly selected trial induces risk-aversion and decreases brain responses to monetary feedback. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 19:187-196. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-00656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Herman AM, Critchley HD, Duka T. Binge drinking is associated with attenuated frontal and parietal activation during successful response inhibition in fearful context. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2297-2310. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M. Herman
- Behavioral and Clinical NeuroscienceSchool of PsychologyUniversity of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH UK
- Sussex Addiction and Intervention CentreUniversity of Sussex Brighton UK
| | - Hugo D. Critchley
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness ScienceUniversity of Sussex Brighton UK
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School Brighton UK
| | - Theodora Duka
- Behavioral and Clinical NeuroscienceSchool of PsychologyUniversity of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH UK
- Sussex Addiction and Intervention CentreUniversity of Sussex Brighton UK
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23
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Herman AM, Critchley HD, Duka T. Risk-Taking and Impulsivity: The Role of Mood States and Interoception. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1625. [PMID: 30210421 PMCID: PMC6123387 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The consequences of impulsive decisions and actions represent a major source of concern to the health and well-being of individuals and society. It is, therefore, crucial to understand the factors which contribute to impulsive behaviors. Here, we examined how personality traits of behavioral tendencies, interoceptive sensibility as well as transient mood states predict behavioral performance on impulsivity and risk-taking tasks. Method: 574 (121 males; age 18–45) individuals completed self-report personality measures of impulsivity, reward sensitivity, punishment avoidance as well as interoceptive sensibility, undertook a mood assessment and performed a set of cognitive tasks: delay discounting (temporal impulsivity), probability discounting (risk-taking), and reflection impulsivity task. Data were interrogated using principal component analysis, correlations and regression analyses to test mutual relationships between personality traits, interoceptive sensibility, mood state and impulsive behaviors. Results: We observed a clear separation of measures used, both trait and behavioral. Namely, sensation-seeking, reward sensitivity and probability discounting reflected risk-taking. These were separate from measures associated with impulsivity, both trait (negative and positive urgency, premeditation, perseverance) and behavioral (delayed discounting and reflection impulsivity). This separation was further highlighted by their relationship with the current emotional state: positive affect was associated with increased risk-taking tendencies and risky decision-making, while negative emotions were related to heightened impulsivity measures. Interoceptive sensibility was only associated with negative emotions component. Conclusion: Our findings support the proposal that risk-taking and impulsivity represent distinct constructs that are differentially affected by current mood states. This novel insight enhances our understanding of impulsive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Herman
- Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Sussex Addiction and Intervention Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo D Critchley
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Theodora Duka
- Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Sussex Addiction and Intervention Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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24
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Gallant C, Barry N, Good D. Physiological underarousal as a mechanism of aggressive behavior in university athletes with a history of concussion. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01038. [PMID: 30030911 PMCID: PMC6085900 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research has indicated that athletes who engage in high-risk athletic activities, such as football and hockey, have riskier personalities than their low-risk and nonathlete counterparts (Ahmadi et al., 2011, Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 30 and 247-251; Zuckerman, 1983, Biological bases of sensation seeking, impulsivity, and anxiety, Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc Inc.). For instance, increased sensation-seeking and aggression are common in high-risk athletes, rendering these individuals more likely to sustain a subsequent injury, such as concussion. Elevated levels of certain personality traits, including impulsivity and aggression, have also been observed after concussion (Goswami et al., 2016, Brain Struct Funct, 221 and 1911-1925). The purpose of this study therefore was to determine whether aggressive behavior in university athletes may be accounted for, in part, by a history of concussion, rather than exclusively athletic status. METHODS Using a quasi-experimental design, 66 university students (n = 18 nonathletes, n = 24 low-risk athletes, n = 24 high-risk athletes) with (n = 27) and without a history of concussion (n = 39) completed the Buss & Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ; Buss & Perry, , J Pers Soc Psychol, 63 and 452) and provided electrodermal activation (EDA) as an index of physiological arousal. RESULTS It was found that decreased physiological arousal among students with a history of concussion was associated with greater endorsement of physical aggression. Moreover, athletic status did not account for this pattern of aggression, as athletes and nonathletes did not differ in terms of self-reported aggressive tendencies. CONCLUSIONS Physiological compromise after concussive injury may act as an independent mechanism of aggressive behavior in athletes beyond factors, such as athletic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Gallant
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Barry
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Dawn Good
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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25
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Schmidt B, Warns L, Hellmer M, Ulrich N, Hewig J. What Makes Us Feel Good or Bad. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Affective science calls for methods to induce mood in an engaging and ecologically valid way. We present a method employing a naturally occurring scenario that fits these criteria: a job interview. Participants got positive or negative feedback from a fictive expert to induce positive or negative mood. After mood induction, we assessed participants’ decision making behavior in the so-called information sampling task (IST). Results show that our mood induction successfully changed valence, dominance, and state self-esteem ratings, while there were no differences in arousal ratings. Decision making in the IST was not influenced by the induced mood. Effect sizes of mood induction were equally high for positive and negative mood concerning valence ratings (d = .8) with participants scoring high on self-control showing smaller mood induction effects. We conclude that our mood induction technique is an effective and natural way to induce mood in the laboratory, meeting current criteria of affective science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Jena, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Luise Warns
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Meike Hellmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Ulrich
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Johannes Hewig
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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26
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Schmidt B, Kanis H, Holroyd CB, Miltner WHR, Hewig J. Anxious gambling: Anxiety is associated with higher frontal midline theta predicting less risky decisions. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13210. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schmidt
- Institute of Psychology; Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Hannah Kanis
- Institute of Psychology; Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Clay B. Holroyd
- Department of Psychology; University of Victoria; Victoria British Columbia Canada
| | | | - Johannes Hewig
- Institute of Psychology; Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
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27
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Herman AM, Critchley HD, Duka T. The role of emotions and physiological arousal in modulating impulsive behaviour. Biol Psychol 2018; 133:30-43. [PMID: 29391179 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity received considerable attention in the context of drug misuse and certain neuropsychiatric conditions. Because of its great health and well-being importance, it is crucial to understand factors which modulate impulsive behaviour. As a growing body of literature indicates the role of emotional and physiological states in guiding our actions and decisions, we argue that current affective state and physiological arousal exert a significant influence on behavioural impulsivity. As 'impulsivity' is a heterogeneous concept, in this paper, we review key theories of the topic and summarise information about distinct impulsivity subtypes and their methods of assessment, pointing out to the differences between the various components of the construct. Moreover, we review existing literature on the relationship between emotional states, arousal and impulsive behaviour and suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Herman
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
| | - Hugo D Critchley
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom; Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Theodora Duka
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
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28
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Galentino A, Bonini N, Savadori L. Positive Arousal Increases Individuals' Preferences for Risk. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2142. [PMID: 29312030 PMCID: PMC5732211 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much is known about the effect of negative arousal on decision making, but little is known about the effect of positive arousal. In this study, we manipulated positive arousal and measured individual choices under risk using an incentivized task. Participants were randomly assigned to either a low arousal or a high arousal condition and asked to choose between pairs of two-outcome monetary lotteries with the same expected value but different risk in terms of outcome variance. The probability was set at 50% for each lottery. Participants in the high arousal group selected the riskier lottery more often and took more time to make choices than participants in the low arousal group. This finding shows that introducing a pleasant arousing cue as part of the decision context shifts an individual’s preferences toward the risky economic option and away from the safer one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galentino
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.,Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
| | - Nicolao Bonini
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Lucia Savadori
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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29
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Pfattheicher S, Keller J. A motivational perspective on punishment in social dilemmas. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2017.1375662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Schmidt B, Mussel P, Osinsky R, Rasch B, Debener S, Hewig J. Work first then play: Prior task difficulty increases motivation-related brain responses in a risk game. Biol Psychol 2017; 126:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Fung BJ, Crone DL, Bode S, Murawski C. Cardiac Signals Are Independently Associated with Temporal Discounting and Time Perception. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:1. [PMID: 28174525 PMCID: PMC5258759 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac signals reflect the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and have previously been associated with a range of self-regulatory behaviors such as emotion regulation and memory recall. It is unknown whether cardiac signals may also be associated with self-regulation in the temporal domain, in particular impulsivity. We assessed both decision impulsivity (temporal discounting, TD) and time perception impulsivity (duration reproduction, DR) in 120 participants while they underwent electrocardiography in order to test whether cardiac signals were related to these two aspects of impulsivity. We found that over the entire period of task performance, individuals with higher heart rates had a tendency toward lower discount rates, supporting previous research that has associated sympathetic responses with decreased impulsivity. We also found that low-frequency components of heart rate variability (HRV) were associated with a less accurate perception of time, suggesting that time perception may be modulated by ANS function. Overall, these findings constitute preliminary evidence that autonomic function plays an important role in both decision impulsivity and time perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen J Fung
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Finance, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Damien L Crone
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Finance, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefan Bode
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carsten Murawski
- Department of Finance, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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32
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Breaban A, van de Kuilen G, Noussair CN. Prudence, Emotional State, Personality, and Cognitive Ability. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1688. [PMID: 27840616 PMCID: PMC5083905 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an experiment to consider the emotional correlates of prudent decision making. In the experiment, we present subjects with lotteries and measure their emotional response with facial recognition software. They then make binary choices between risky lotteries that distinguish prudent from imprudent individuals. They also perform tasks to measure their cognitive ability and a number of personality characteristics. We find that a more negative emotional state correlates with greater prudence. Higher cognitive ability and less conscientiousness is also associated with greater prudence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Breaban
- Department of Economics, Tilburg University Tilburg, Netherlands
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33
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Carleton RN. Fear of the unknown: One fear to rule them all? J Anxiety Disord 2016; 41:5-21. [PMID: 27067453 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current review and synthesis was designed to provocatively develop and evaluate the proposition that "fear of the unknown may be a, or possibly the, fundamental fear" (Carleton, 2016) underlying anxiety and therein neuroticism. Identifying fundamental transdiagnostic elements is a priority for clinical theory and practice. Historical criteria for identifying fundamental components of anxiety are described and revised criteria are offered. The revised criteria are based on logical rhetorical arguments using a constituent reductionist postpositivist approach supported by the available empirical data. The revised criteria are then used to assess several fears posited as fundamental, including fear of the unknown. The review and synthesis concludes with brief recommendations for future theoretical discourse as well as clinical and non-clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nicholas Carleton
- Anxiety and Illness Behaviours Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada.
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34
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Cellini N, Mioni G, Levorato I, Grondin S, Stablum F, Sarlo M. Heart rate variability helps tracking time more accurately. Brain Cogn 2015; 101:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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35
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The Relationship Between Stress and Motivation in Pathological Gambling: a Focused Review and Analysis. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-015-0064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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36
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Ring P. The framing effect and skin conductance responses. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:188. [PMID: 26300747 PMCID: PMC4525055 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals often rely on simple heuristics when they face complex choice situations under uncertainty. Traditionally, it has been proposed that cognitive processes are the main driver to evaluate different choice options and to finally reach a decision. Growing evidence, however, highlights a strong interrelation between judgment and decision-making (JDM) on the one hand, and emotional processes on the other hand. This also seems to apply to judgmental heuristics, i.e., decision processes that are typically considered to be fast and intuitive. In this study, participants are exposed to different probabilities of receiving an unpleasant electric shock. Information about electric shock probabilities is either positively or negatively framed. Integrated skin conductance responses (ISCRs) while waiting for electric shock realization are used as an indicator for participants' emotional arousal. This measure is compared to objective probabilities. I find evidence for a relation between emotional body reactions measured by ISCRs and the framing effect. Under negative frames, participants show significantly higher ISCRs while waiting for an electric shock to be delivered than under positive frames. This result might contribute to a better understanding of the psychological processes underlying JDM. Further studies are necessary to reveal the causality underlying this finding, i.e., whether emotional processes influence JDM or vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ring
- Kiel Institute for the World Economy Kiel, Germany ; Institute of Psychology, Kiel University Kiel, Germany
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37
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Paying Out One or All Trials: A Behavioral Economic Evaluation of Payment Methods in a Prototypical Risky Decision Study. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-014-0112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Pfattheicher S, Keller J. Towards a biopsychological understanding of costly punishment: the role of basal cortisol. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85691. [PMID: 24416441 PMCID: PMC3885749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have documented a negative relation of basal endogenous cortisol and aggression after a provocation (i.e., reactive aggression) in humans. We build on these findings and investigated the relation of endogenous cortisol and reactive aggression in a social dilemma situation, that is, costly punishment of individuals who did not appropriately contribute to a common group project. Specifically, we predicted that basal cortisol is negatively related to costly punishment of uncooperative individuals. In the present study, basal cortisol was assessed prior to a public goods game with the option to punish other group members. In line with previous research on reactive aggression and basal cortisol, we found that basal cortisol was indeed negatively related to costly punishment. The findings are important for understanding costly punishment because this tendency has been documented as a possible basis for the evolution of cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes Keller
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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39
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Cellini N, de Zambotti M, Covassin N, Sarlo M, Stegagno L. Working memory impairment and cardiovascular hyperarousal in young primary insomniacs. Psychophysiology 2013; 51:206-14. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - Massimiliano de Zambotti
- Department of General Psychology; University of Padua; Padua Italy
- Center for Health Sciences; SRI International; Menlo Park California USA
| | - Naima Covassin
- Department of General Psychology; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - Michela Sarlo
- Department of General Psychology; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - Luciano Stegagno
- Department of General Psychology; University of Padua; Padua Italy
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