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Vlemincx E. Dysfunctional breathing: a dimensional, transdiagnostic perspective. Eur Respir J 2023; 61:2300629. [PMID: 37290807 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00629-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Vlemincx
- Department of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Luo M, Pauly T, Röcke C, Hülür G. Alternating time spent on social interactions and solitude in healthy older adults. Br J Psychol 2022; 113:987-1008. [PMID: 35957493 PMCID: PMC9804578 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Time spent on being with others (social interactions) and being alone (solitude) in day to day life might reflect older adults' agentic regulatory strategies to balance the needs to belong and to conserve energy. Motivated from a joint lifespan psychological and social relationship theoretical perspective, this study examined how time spent on social interactions and solitude alternatively unfolds within individuals in daily life, relating to individual differences in trait-level well-being and fatigue. Over 21 days, a total of 11,172 valid records of social interactions were collected from 118 older adults (aged 65-94 years) in a smartphone-based event-contingent ambulatory assessment study in Switzerland. On average, a social interaction episode lasted 39 min and a solitude episode lasted 5.03 hr. Multilevel models showed that, at the within-person level, a longer-than-usual social interaction preceded and was followed by a longer-than-usual solitude episode. Moderator analyses showed that older adults with higher trait life satisfaction and lower trait fatigue spent even more time in social interactions after longer solitude episodes, amplifying the solitude-then-interaction association. Our findings suggest that whereas social interaction is a means to improve well-being, solitude is also an integral part in older adults' daily life supporting energy recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Luo
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy AgingUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Theresa Pauly
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy AgingUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Christina Röcke
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy AgingUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Center for GerontologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Gizem Hülür
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
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Vlemincx E, Severs L, Ramirez JM. The psychophysiology of the sigh: II: The sigh from the psychological perspective. Biol Psychol 2022; 173:108386. [PMID: 35803439 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A sigh is a distinct respiratory behavior with specific psychophysiological roles. In two accompanying reviews we will discuss the physiological and psychological functions of the sigh. The present review will focus on the psychological functions of the sigh. We discuss the regulatory effects of a sigh, and argue how these effects may become maladaptive when sighs occur excessively. The adaptive role of a sigh is discussed in the context of regulation of psychophysiological states. We propose that sighs facilitate transitions from one psychophysiological state to the next, and this way contribute to psychophysiological flexibility, via a hypothesized resetting mechanism. We discuss how a sigh resets respiration, by controlling mechanical and metabolic properties of respiration associated with respiratory symptoms. Next, we elaborate on a sigh resetting emotional states by facilitating emotional transitions. We attempt to explain the adaptive and maladaptive functions of a sigh in the framework of stochastic resonance, in which we propose occasional, spontaneous sighs to be noise contributing to psychophysiological regulation, while excessive sighs result in psychophysiological dysregulation. In this context, we discuss how sighs can contribute to therapeutic interventions, either by increasing sighs to improve regulation in case of a lack of sighing, or by decreasing sighs to restore regulation in case of excessive sighing. Finally, a research agenda on the psychology of sighs is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Vlemincx
- Department of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Liza Severs
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, USA
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, USA
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Kara MZ, Başaran AE. Psychological profiles, quality of life, and parental attitudes in children with Sighing dyspnea. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 27:769-781. [PMID: 35616347 DOI: 10.1177/13591045221094697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are a limited number of studies investigating the relationship of sighing dyspnea (SD) with psychiatric disorders and various mental states. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled 39 pediatric patients with SD, but free from apparent cardiopulmonary diseases, who presented to a pediatric pulmonology policlinic between June and December 2019 and age-gender matched 34 healthy children were recruited for comparison. Patient characteristics, psychological or physical trauma history, and cigarette smoke exposure were recorded. All the participants completed the "NOSE scale," "Modified Borg Scale," "Children Depression Inventory," "Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders," "Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory," "Stress Coping Style Scale," "Family Assessment Device," and "Parents Attitude Scale." RESULTS Compared to the control group, there was a statistically significantly higher rate in the SD group of physical or psychological trauma history (35.9% vs. 14.7%, p = .04) and passive cigarette smoking (60.5% vs.27.3%, p = .005). When the groups were compared in respect of depression and anxiety levels, the depression score, total anxiety level, somatic/panic, generalized anxiety and fear of school points were determined to be statistically significantly higher in the SD group. The QoL scores (total, physical, and psychosocial) in the SD group were found to be statistically significantly lower than those of the control group. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to have examined the psychological profiles of SD patients and their families in detail, and to have evaluated the effect of SD on quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Zabit Kara
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Health Sciences, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Erdem Başaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
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Severs L, Vlemincx E, Ramirez JM. The psychophysiology of the sigh: I: The sigh from the physiological perspective. Biol Psychol 2022; 170:108313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Gazi AH, Wittbrodt MT, Harrison AB, Sundararaj S, Gurel NZ, Nye JA, Shah AJ, Vaccarino V, Bremner JD, Inan OT. Robust Estimation of Respiratory Variability Uncovers Correlates of Limbic Brain Activity and Transcutaneous Cervical Vagus Nerve Stimulation in the Context of Traumatic Stress. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2022; 69:849-859. [PMID: 34449355 PMCID: PMC8853700 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3108135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Variations in respiration patterns are a characteristic response to distress due to underlying neurorespiratory couplings. Yet, no work to date has quantified respiration pattern variability (RPV) in the context of traumatic stress and studied its functional neural correlates - this analysis aims to address this gap. METHODS Fifty human subjects with prior traumatic experiences (24 with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)) completed a ∼3-hr protocol involving personalized traumatic scripts and active/sham (double-blind) transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation (tcVNS). High-resolution positron emission tomography functional neuroimages, electrocardiogram (ECG), and respiratory effort (RSP) data were collected during the protocol. Supplementing the RSP signal with ECG-derived respiration for quality assessment and timing extraction, RPV metrics were quantified and analyzed. Specifically, correlation analyses were performed using neuroactivity in selected limbic regions, and responses to active and sham tcVNS were compared. RESULTS The single-lag unscaled autocorrelation of respiration rate correlated negatively with left amygdala activity and positively with right rostromedial prefrontal cortex (rmPFC) activity for non-PTSD; it also correlated negatively with left and right insulae activity and positively with right rmPFC activity for PTSD. The single-lag unscaled autocorrelation of expiration time was greater following active stimulation for non-PTSD. CONCLUSION Quantifying RPV is of demonstrable importance to assessing trauma-induced changes in neural function and tcVNS effects on respiratory physiology. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first demonstration of RPV's pertinence to traumatic stress- and tcVNS-induced neurorespiratory responses. The open-source processing pipeline elucidated herein uniquely includes both RSP and ECG-derived respiration signals for quality assessment, timing estimation, and RPV extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim H. Gazi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, S. Sundararaj is with the College of Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30308 USA
| | - Matthew T. Wittbrodt
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Anna B. Harrison
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, S. Sundararaj is with the College of Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30308 USA
| | | | - Nil Z. Gurel
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jonathon A. Nye
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Amit J. Shah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - J. Douglas Bremner
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322,Atlanta VA Medical Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Omer T. Inan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, S. Sundararaj is with the College of Sciences,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308 USA
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Abstract
Breathing is a critical, complex, and highly integrated behavior. Normal rhythmic breathing, also referred to as eupnea, is interspersed with different breathing related behaviors. Sighing is one of such behaviors, essential for maintaining effective gas exchange by preventing the gradual collapse of alveoli in the lungs, known as atelectasis. Critical for the generation of both sighing and eupneic breathing is a region of the medulla known as the preBötzinger Complex (preBötC). Efforts are underway to identify the cellular pathways that link sighing as well as sneezing, yawning, and hiccupping with other brain regions to better understand how they are integrated and regulated in the context of other behaviors including chemosensation, olfaction, and cognition. Unraveling these interactions may provide important insights into the diverse roles of these behaviors in the initiation of arousal, stimulation of vigilance, and the relay of certain behavioral states. This chapter focuses primarily on the function of the sigh, how it is locally generated within the preBötC, and what the functional implications are for a potential link between sighing and cognitive regulation. Furthermore, we discuss recent insights gained into the pathways and mechanisms that control yawning, sneezing, and hiccupping.
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Hidalgo-Muñoz AR, Evennou M, Collette B, Stephens AN, Jallais C, Fort A. Cognitive and body manifestations of driving anxiety according to different onsets. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2021; 34:778-793. [PMID: 34032539 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2021.1931144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Driving anxiety can have deleterious effects not only on driving behavior, but also on life quality. The interaction between motor vehicle collision (MVC) experiences and driving anxiety has been studied from different standpoints. However, the comparison with other events triggering it has been scarcely considered. Objectives: To analyze the body manifestations and the driving cognitions related to the accident, social and panic concerns in people suffering from different levels of driving anxiety. Method: A total of 260 participants suffering from driving anxiety were included in a survey, including Driving Cognition Questionnaire and Body Sensation Questionnaire. Results: Panic attacks and criticisms are the most relevant onsets of driving anxiety, more than MVC. Only 11.4% of MVC victims considered it as the onset. People with MVC history showed lower scores in social concerns than people without MVC experience and neither the responsibility of the MVC nor the role (driver/passenger) seemed to have an impact on the anxiety level. Conclusions: Although the most relevant body sensations, heart palpitations and sweating, were the same in people with panic attack experiences and MVC victims, a discrimination of the emotions behind the concept of "driving anxiety" is desirable to clarify the psychological effects of different onsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R Hidalgo-Muñoz
- Cognition, Languages, Language, Ergonomics Laboratory, UMR-CNRS 5263, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Myriam Evennou
- TS2-LESCOT, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Boris Collette
- Service Interdisciplinaire Douleur Soins Palliatifs et de Support, Médecine intégrative (UIC22), Laboratoire de thérapeutique (EA 3826), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Alexandra Fort
- TS2-LESCOT, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
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Huang Y, Zhang H, Fan Y, Ji M, Wang L, Ai T. Sigh syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic: Is it a signal of the mental health status of Chinese children and adolescents? Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:415-422. [PMID: 33708528 PMCID: PMC7944169 DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese children and adolescents have been greatly affected by the strict social isolation policies, which will undoubtedly cause psychological problems. We aimed to investigate the mental health status of Chinese children and adolescents, and provided some considerations of the contributing factors and the coping strategy. METHOD We investigated the disease composition ratio of sigh syndrome in the pediatric outpatient clinic in Chengdu after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and outbreak mitigation. We also analyzed and compared the annual changing trends in the incidence of sigh syndrome in 2020 with those from previous years. RESULTS The composition ratio of sigh syndrome increased significantly after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The highest incidence was in March 2020, which then decreased gradually over the next few months, then increased again in June 2020 (P<0.05). And the 4-7 years old was the age group with a high incidence of sigh syndrome, and 5 years old had the highest incidence. CONCLUSIONS The mental health status of children and adolescents changed significantly after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. We should also pay attention to the psychological problems caused by returning to school after the epidemic has eased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Huang
- Children Respiratory Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiyun Zhang
- Children Neurology Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinghong Fan
- Children Respiratory Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Li Wang
- Children Respiratory Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Ai
- Children Respiratory Department, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Danvers AF, Milek A, Tackman AM, Kaplan DM, Robbins ML, Poslinelli A, Moseley S, Raison CL, Sbarra D, Mehl MR. Is frequent sighing an indicator of dispositional negative emotionality? A multi-sample, multi-measure naturalistic-observation study. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Zou R, Wang S, Li F, Lin P, Zhang J, Wang Y, Xu Y, Wang C. Clinical characteristics and hemodynamic responses to head-up tilt test in children and adolescents with unexplained sighing. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:3343-3347. [PMID: 33411193 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sighing is a common symptom in children and adolescents. In this study, we explored the clinical characteristics and hemodynamic responses to head-up tilt test (HUTT) in children and adolescents with unexplained sighing. METHODS One hundred ninety-two children and adolescents complaining of unexplained sighing were enrolled as study group after excluding chest wall, lung, heart diseases, and psychogenic disorders. Sixty-nine healthy individuals were enrolled as control group. All the subjects underwent HUTT. RESULTS Nitroglycerin-stimulated HUTT positive rate was higher in the study group than the control group (24.0% vs 10.1%, P = 0.014). In total, 32.3% of patients with sighing had positive responses to HUTT, which was higher than that of healthy individuals (32.3% vs 15.9%, P = 0.009). Among 62 cases with positive responses to HUTT in the study group, 48 cases were vasoinhibitory type vasovagal syncope (VVS), 5 cases were mixed type VVS, 3 cases were cardioinhibitory type VVS, 5 cases were postural tachycardia syndrome, and one case was orthostatic hypertension. Sighing patients with positive responses to HUTT had female dominance (54.8% vs39.2%, P = 0.045), older mean age (9.6 ± 2.8 vs 8.1 ± 2.7 years old, P = 0.001), higher basic systolic blood pressure (104.8 ± 10.4 vs 101.1 ± 9.9 mmHg, P = 0.019), and higher diastolic blood pressure (66.0 ± 7.5 vs 62.9 ± 9.2 mmHg, P = 0.021) compared with those of negative responses. CONCLUSIONS : Nearly one-third of children and adolescents with unexplained sighing had positive responses to HUTT, demonstrating that sighing was related to dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Elder female patients with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure were more likely to have positive responses to HUTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runmei Zou
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Jishou University School of Medicine, Jishou, 416000, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovasology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Guyon AJAA, Cannavò R, Studer RK, Hildebrandt H, Danuser B, Vlemincx E, Gomez P. Respiratory Variability, Sighing, Anxiety, and Breathing Symptoms in Low- and High-Anxious Music Students Before and After Performing. Front Psychol 2020; 11:303. [PMID: 32174869 PMCID: PMC7054282 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Music performance anxiety (MPA) is a major problem for music students. It is largely unknown whether music students who experience high or low anxiety differ in their respiratory responses to performance situations and whether these co-vary with self-reported anxiety, tension, and breathing symptoms. Affective processes influence dynamic respiratory regulation in ways that are reflected in measures of respiratory variability and sighing. This study had two goals. First, we determined how measures of respiratory variability, sighing, self-reported anxiety, tension, and breathing symptoms vary as a function of the performance situation (practice vs. public performance), performance phase (pre-performance vs. post-performance), and the general MPA level of music students. Second, we analyzed to what extent self-reported anxiety, tension, and breathing symptoms co-vary with the respiratory responses. The participants were 65 university music students. We assessed their anxiety, tension, and breathing symptoms with Likert scales and recorded their respiration with the LifeShirt system during a practice performance and a public performance. For the 10-min periods before and after each performance, we computed number of sighs, coefficients of variation (CVs, a measure of total variability), autocorrelations at one breath lag (ARs(1), a measure of non-random variability) and means of minute ventilation (V’E), tidal volume (VT), inspiration time (TI), and expiration time (TE). CVs and sighing were greater whereas AR(1) of V’E was lower in the public session than in the practice session. The effect of the performance situation on CVs and sighing was larger for high-MPA than for low-MPA participants. Higher MPA levels were associated with lower CVs. At the within-individual level, anxiety, tension, and breathing symptoms were associated with deeper and slower breathing, greater CVs, lower AR(1) of V’E, and more sighing. We conclude that respiratory variability and sighing are sensitive to the performance situation and to musicians’ general MPA level. Moreover, anxiety, tension, breathing symptoms, and respiratory responses co-vary significantly in the context of music performance situations. Respiratory monitoring can add an important dimension to the understanding of music performance situations and MPA and to the diagnostic and intervention outcome assessments of MPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie J A A Guyon
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosamaria Cannavò
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Regina K Studer
- School of Applied Psychology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Horst Hildebrandt
- Swiss University Centre for Music Physiology, Basel and Zurich Universities of the Arts, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brigitta Danuser
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elke Vlemincx
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Gomez
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Vlemincx E, Luminet O. Sighs can become learned behaviors via operant learning. Biol Psychol 2020; 151:107850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Duquette P, Ainley V. Working With the Predictable Life of Patients: The Importance of "Mentalizing Interoception" to Meaningful Change in Psychotherapy. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2173. [PMID: 31607993 PMCID: PMC6774393 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand our patients and optimize their treatment, psychotherapists of all theoretical orientations may benefit from considering current scientific evidence alongside psychodynamic constructs. There is recent neuroscientific evidence that subjective awareness, feelings and emotions depend upon "interoception," defined as the neural signaling to the brain from all tissues of the body. Interoception is the obvious basis of homeostasis (in the brainstem) but some interoceptive signals rise above this level and contribute to inferential processes that substantiate intrapersonal and interpersonal experience. The focus of this paper is on the essential role that their "interoception" plays in our patients' emotional experience and subjective awareness, and how the process referred to as "mentalizing interoception" may be harnessed in therapy. This can best be understood in terms of "predictive processing," which describes how subjective states, and particularly emotion, are inferred from sensory inputs - both interoceptive and exteroceptive. Predictive processing assumes that the brain infers (probabilistically) the likely cause of sensation experienced through the sense organs, by testing this sensory data against its innate and learned "priors." This implies that any effort at changing heavily over-learned prior beliefs will require action upon the system that has generated that set of prior beliefs. This involves, quite literally, acting upon the world to alter inferential processes, or in the case of interoceptive priors, acting on the patient's body to alter habitual autonomic nervous system (ANS) reflexes. Focused attention to bodily sensations/reactions, in the safety of the therapeutic relationship, provides a route to "mentalizing interoception," by means of the bodily cues that may be the only conscious element of deeply hidden priors and thus the clearest way to access them. This can: update patients' characteristic, dysfunctional responses to emotion and feelings; increase emotional insight; decrease cognitive distortions; and engender a more acute awareness of the present moment. These important ideas are outlined below from the perspective of psychodynamic psychotherapeutic practice, in order to discuss how relevant information from neuroscientific theory and current research can best be applied in clinical treatment. A clinical case will be presented to illustrate how this argument or treatment relates directly to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivien Ainley
- Lab of Action and Body, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
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Mai S, Braun J, Probst V, Kammer T, Pollatos O. Changes in emotional processing following interoceptive network stimulation with rTMS. Neuroscience 2019; 406:405-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Walker FR, Thomson A, Pfingst K, Vlemincx E, Aidman E, Nalivaiko E. Habituation of the electrodermal response - A biological correlate of resilience? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210078. [PMID: 30682040 PMCID: PMC6347437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current approaches to quantifying resilience make extensive use of self-reported data. Problematically, this type of scales is plagued by response distortions–both deliberate and unintentional, particularly in occupational populations. The aim of the current study was to develop an objective index of resilience. The study was conducted in 30 young healthy adults. Following completion of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and Depression/Anxiety/Stress Scale (DASS), they were subjected to a series of 15 acoustic startle stimuli (95 dB, 50 ms) presented at random intervals, with respiration, skin conductance and ECG recorded. As expected, resilience (CD-RISC) significantly and negatively correlated with all three DASS subscales–Depression (r = -0.66, p<0.0001), Anxiety (r = -0.50, p<0.005) and Stress (r = -0.48, p<0.005). Acoustic stimuli consistently provoked transient skin conductance (SC) responses, with SC slopes indexing response habituation. This slope significantly and positively correlated with DASS-Depression (r = 0.59, p<0.005), DASS-Anxiety (r = 0.35, p<0.05) and DASS-Total (r = 0.50, p<0.005) scores, and negatively with resilience score (r = -0.47; p = 0.006), indicating that high-resilience individuals are characterized by steeper habituation slopes compared to low-resilience individuals. Our key finding of the connection between habituation of the skin conductance responses to repeated acoustic startle stimulus and resilience-related psychometric constructs suggests that response habituation paradigm has the potential to characterize important attributes of cognitive fitness and well-being–such as depression, anxiety and resilience. With steep negative slopes reflecting faster habituation, lower depression/anxiety and higher resilience, and slower or no habituation characterizing less resilient individuals, this protocol may offer a distortion-free method for objective assessment and monitoring of psychological resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elke Vlemincx
- Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Zamoscik VE, Schmidt SNL, Gerchen MF, Samsouris C, Timm C, Kuehner C, Kirsch P. Respiration pattern variability and related default mode network connectivity are altered in remitted depression. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2364-2374. [PMID: 29335031 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717003890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies with healthy participants and patients with respiratory diseases suggest a relation between respiration and mood. The aim of the present analyses was to investigate whether emotionally challenged remitted depressed participants show higher respiration pattern variability (RPV) and whether this is related to mood, clinical outcome and increased default mode network connectivity. METHODS To challenge participants, sad mood was induced with keywords of personal negative life events in individuals with remitted depression [recurrent major depressive disorder (rMDD), n = 30] and matched healthy controls (HCs, n = 30) during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Respiration was measured by means of a built-in respiration belt. Additionally, questionnaires, a daily life assessment of mood and a 3 years follow-up were applied. For replication, we analysed RPV in an independent sample of 53 rMDD who underwent the same fMRI paradigm. RESULTS During sad mood, rMDD compared with HC showed greater RPV, with higher variability in pause duration and respiration frequency and lower expiration to inspiration ratio. Higher RPV was related to lower daily life mood and predicted higher depression scores as well as relapses during a 3-year follow-up period. Furthermore, in rMDD compared with HC higher main respiration frequency exhibited a more positive association with connectivity of the posterior cingulate cortex and the right parahippocampal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a relation between RPV, mood and depression on the behavioural and neural level. Based on our findings, we propose interventions focusing on respiration to be a promising additional tool in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Eva Zamoscik
- Department of Clinical Psychology,Central Institute of Mental Health,Mannheim,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany
| | - Stephanie Nicole Lyn Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Psychology,Central Institute of Mental Health,Mannheim,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany
| | - Martin Fungisai Gerchen
- Department of Clinical Psychology,Central Institute of Mental Health,Mannheim,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany
| | - Christos Samsouris
- Department of Clinical Psychology,Central Institute of Mental Health,Mannheim,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany
| | - Christina Timm
- Research Group Longitudinal and Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany
| | - Christine Kuehner
- Research Group Longitudinal and Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology,Central Institute of Mental Health,Mannheim,Medical Faculty Mannheim,Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany
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Bach DR, Castegnetti G, Korn CW, Gerster S, Melinscak F, Moser T. Psychophysiological modeling: Current state and future directions. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:e13214. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik R. Bach
- Clinical Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging and Max Planck/UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing ResearchUniversity College London London United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Castegnetti
- Clinical Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Christoph W. Korn
- Clinical Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Institute for Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Samuel Gerster
- Clinical Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Filip Melinscak
- Clinical Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Tobias Moser
- Clinical Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric HospitalUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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19
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Thoby-Brisson M. Neural mechanisms for sigh generation during prenatal development. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:1162-1172. [PMID: 29897860 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00314.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory network of the preBötzinger complex (preBötC), which controls inspiratory behavior, can in normal conditions simultaneously produce two types of inspiration-related rhythmic activities: the eupneic rhythm composed of monophasic, low-amplitude, and relatively high-frequency bursts, interspersed with sigh rhythmic activity, composed of biphasic, high-amplitude, and lower frequency bursts. By combining electrophysiological recordings from transverse brainstem slices with computational modeling, new advances in the mechanisms underlying sigh production have been obtained during prenatal development. The present review summarizes recent findings that establish when sigh rhythmogenesis starts to be produced during embryonic development as well as the cellular, membrane, and synaptic properties required for its expression. Together, the results demonstrate that although generated by the same network, the eupnea and sigh rhythms have different developmental onset times and rely on distinct network properties. Because sighs (also known as augmented breaths) are important in maintaining lung function (by reopening collapsed alveoli), gaining insight into their underlying neural mechanisms at early developmental stages is likely to help in the treatment of prematurely born babies often suffering from breathing deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Thoby-Brisson
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France
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20
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Vlemincx E, Meulders M, Luminet O. A sigh of relief or a sigh of expected relief: Sigh rate in response to dyspnea relief. Psychophysiology 2017; 55. [PMID: 28792624 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Research has suggested that sighs may serve a regulatory function during stress and emotions by facilitating relief. Evidence supports the hypotheses that sighs both express and induce relief from stress. To explore the potential role of sighs in the regulation of symptoms, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between sighs and relief of symptoms, and relief of dyspnea, specifically. Healthy volunteers participated in two studies (N = 44, N = 47) in which dyspnea was induced by mild (10 cmH2 O/l/s) or high (20 cmH2 0/l/s) inspiratory resistances. Dyspnea relief was induced by the offset of the inspiratory resistances (transitions from high and mild inspiratory resistance to no resistance). Control comparisons included dyspnea increases (transitions from no or mild inspiratory resistance to high inspiratory resistance) and dyspnea continuations (continuations of either no resistance or a high resistance). In Experiment 1, dyspnea levels were cued. In Experiment 2, no cues were provided. Sigh rate during dyspnea relief was significantly higher compared to control conditions, and sigh rate increased as self-reported dyspnea decreased. Additionally, sigh rate was higher during cued dyspnea relief compared to noncued dyspnea relief. These results suggest that sighs are important markers of dyspnea relief. Moreover, sighs may importantly express dyspnea relief, as they are related to experiential dyspnea decreases and occur more frequently during expected dyspnea relief. These findings suggest that sighs may not only be important in the regulation of stress and emotions, but also may be functional in the regulation of dyspnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Vlemincx
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.,Research Group on Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Meulders
- Department of Informatics, Simulation and Modeling, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Group on Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Luminet
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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21
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Vlemincx E, Meulders M, Abelson JL. Sigh rate during emotional transitions: More evidence for a sigh of relief. Biol Psychol 2017; 125:163-172. [PMID: 28315375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that sighs regulate stress and emotions, e.g. by facilitating relief. This study aimed to investigate sigh rates during relief. In addition, links between sighs, anxiety sensitivity and HPA-axis activity were explored. Healthy volunteers (N=29) were presented cues predicting the valence of subsequent stimuli. By sequencing cues that predicted pleasant or unpleasant stimuli with or without certainty, transitions to certain pleasantness (relief) or to certain unpleasantness (control) were created and compared to no transitions. Salivary cortisol, anxiety sensitivity and respiration were measured. Sigh frequency was significantly higher during relief than during control transitions and no transition states, and higher during control transitions than during no transition states. Sigh frequency increased with steeper cortisol declines for high anxiety sensitive persons. Results confirm a relationship between sighs and relief. In addition, results suggest that sigh frequency is importantly related to HPA-axis activity, particularly in high anxiety sensitive persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Vlemincx
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Research Group on Health Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Michel Meulders
- Department of Informatics, Simulation and Modeling, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Research Group on Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James L Abelson
- Trauma, Stress and Anxiety Research Group, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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22
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Riedel P, Jacob MJ, Müller DK, Vetter NC, Smolka MN, Marxen M. Amygdala fMRI Signal as a Predictor of Reaction Time. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:516. [PMID: 27790108 PMCID: PMC5061816 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction times (RTs) are a valuable measure for assessing cognitive processes. However, RTs are susceptible to confounds and therefore variable. Exposure to threat, for example, speeds up or slows down responses. Distinct task types to some extent account for differential effects of threat on RTs. But also do inter-individual differences like trait anxiety. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we investigated whether activation within the amygdala, a brain region closely linked to the processing of threat, may also function as a predictor of RTs, similar to trait anxiety scores. After threat conditioning by means of aversive electric shocks, 45 participants performed a choice RT task during alternating 30 s blocks in the presence of the threat conditioned stimulus [CS+] or of the safe control stimulus [CS-]. Trait anxiety was assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and participants were median split into a high- and a low-anxiety subgroup. We tested three hypotheses: (1) RTs will be faster during the exposure to threat compared to the safe condition in individuals with high trait anxiety. (2) The amygdala fMRI signal will be higher in the threat condition compared to the safe condition. (3) Amygdala fMRI signal prior to a RT trial will be correlated with the corresponding RT. We found that, the high-anxious subgroup showed faster responses in the threat condition compared to the safe condition, while the low-anxious subgroup showed no significant difference in RTs in the threat condition compared to the safe condition. Though the fMRI analysis did not reveal an effect of condition on amygdala activity, we found a trial-by-trial correlation between blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal within the right amygdala prior to the CRT task and the subsequent RT. Taken together, the results of this study showed that exposure to threat modulates task performance. This modulation is influenced by personality trait. Additionally and most importantly, activation in the amygdala predicts behavior in a simple task that is performed during the exposure to threat. This finding is in line with "attentional capture by threat"-a model that includes the amygdala as a key brain region for the process that causes the response slowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Riedel
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Mark J Jacob
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk K Müller
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Nora C Vetter
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Marxen
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
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Pollatos O, Herbert BM, Mai S, Kammer T. Changes in interoceptive processes following brain stimulation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:rstb.2016.0016. [PMID: 28080973 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The processing and perception of individual internal bodily signals (interoception) has been differentiated to comprise different levels and processes involved. The so-called heartbeat-evoked potential (HEP) offers an additional possibility to examine automatic processing of cardiac signals. Knowledge on neural structures potentially supporting different facets of interoception is still sparse. One way to get insights into neuroanatomical function is to manipulate the activity of different brain structures. In this study, we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and a continuous theta-burst protocol to inhibit specific central locations of the interoceptive network including the right anterior insula and the right somatosensory cortices and assessed effects on interoceptive facets and the HEP in 18 male participants. Main results were that inhibiting anterior insula resulted in a significant decline in cardiac and respiratory interoceptive accuracy (IAc) and in a consistent decrease in perception confidence. Continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) over somatosensory cortices reduced only cardiac IAc and affected perception confidence. Inhibiting right anterior insula and right somatosensory cortices increased interoceptive sensibility and reduced the HEP amplitude over frontocentral locations. Our findings strongly suggest that cTBS is an effective tool to investigate the neural network supporting interoceptive processes.This article is part of the themed issue 'Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Pollatos
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Albert Einstein Allee 41, Ulm, Germany
| | - Beate M Herbert
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Mai
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Albert Einstein Allee 41, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Kammer
- Section for Neurostimulation, Department of Psychiatry, Ulm University, 89075 Ulm, Germany
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24
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A sigh of relief or a sigh to relieve: The psychological and physiological relief effect of deep breaths. Physiol Behav 2016; 165:127-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Respiratory Changes in Response to Cognitive Load: A Systematic Review. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:8146809. [PMID: 27403347 PMCID: PMC4923594 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8146809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When people focus attention or carry out a demanding task, their breathing changes. But which parameters of respiration vary exactly and can respiration reliably be used as an index of cognitive load? These questions are addressed in the present systematic review of empirical studies investigating respiratory behavior in response to cognitive load. Most reviewed studies were restricted to time and volume parameters while less established, yet meaningful parameters such as respiratory variability have rarely been investigated. The available results show that respiratory behavior generally reflects cognitive processing and that distinct parameters differ in sensitivity: While mentally demanding episodes are clearly marked by faster breathing and higher minute ventilation, respiratory amplitude appears to remain rather stable. The present findings further indicate that total variability in respiratory rate is not systematically affected by cognitive load whereas the correlated fraction decreases. In addition, we found that cognitive load may lead to overbreathing as indicated by decreased end-tidal CO2 but is also accompanied by elevated oxygen consumption and CO2 release. However, additional research is needed to validate the findings on respiratory variability and gas exchange measures. We conclude by outlining recommendations for future research to increase the current understanding of respiration under cognitive load.
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Bach DR, Gerster S, Tzovara A, Castegnetti G. A linear model for event-related respiration responses. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 270:147-155. [PMID: 27268156 PMCID: PMC4994768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive processes influence respiratory physiology. This may allow inferring cognitive states from measured respiration. Here, we take a first step towards this goal and investigate whether event-related respiratory responses can be identified, and whether they are accessible to a model-based approach. NEW METHOD We regard respiratory responses as the output of a linear time invariant system that receives brief inputs after psychological events. We derive average responses to visual targets, aversive stimulation, and viewing of arousing pictures, in interpolated respiration period (RP), respiration amplitude (RA), and respiratory flow rate (RFR). We then base a Psychophysiological Model (PsPM) on these averaged event-related responses. The PsPM is inverted to yield estimates of cognitive input into the respiratory system. This method is validated in an independent data set. RESULTS All three measures show event-related responses, which are captured as non-zero response amplitudes in the PsPM. Amplitude estimates for RA and RFR distinguish between picture viewing and the other tasks. This pattern is replicated in the validation experiment. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Existing respiratory measures are based on relatively short time-intervals after an event while the new method is based on the entire duration of respiratory responses. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that interpolated respiratory measures show replicable event-related response patterns. PsPM inversion is a suitable approach to analysing these patterns, with a potential to infer cognitive processes from respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik R Bach
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Samuel Gerster
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Tzovara
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Castegnetti
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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