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Idris M, Sullivan M, Gaughan JB, Keeley T, Phillips CJC. Faecal cortisol metabolites, body temperature, and behaviour of beef cattle exposed to a heat load. Animal 2024; 18:101112. [PMID: 38518429 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Feedlot cattle are at times exposed to high environmental temperatures. Faecal cortisol metabolites were related to possible indicators of heat stress that could be measured under field conditions: respiratory dynamics (respiration rate), body surface temperature and adaptive behaviours, such as water consumption, posture (standing, lying), and activity (eating, drinking and rumination). Twelve (12) yearling Black Angus steers were divided into two treatment groups: a hot treatment (HOT; n = 6) and a thermoneutral-treatment (TN; n = 6) and individually housed in a climate-controlled facility at The University of Queensland, Australia. In the TN treatment, all animals were exposed to an ambient temperature of 20.34 ± 0.25 °C, relative humidity 71.51 ± 3.26% and Temperature humidity index (THI) 66.91 ± 0.33 throughout. In the HOT treatment group, environmental conditions were exposed to different climatic phases from thermoneutral to hot conditions, where they remained for 7 d, and then returned to TN conditions in the recovery period. The dry bulb ambient temperature (TA) and relative humidity (RH) in the pens of cattle in the HOT treatment were increased from 28 °C (daily maximum ambient temperature) and 45% RH at 0700 h to a daily maximum TA and RH of 35 °C (daily maximum ambient temperature) and 50% (THI 77) at 1100 h, which was maintained until 1600 h, after which it declined until it reached the baseline at 2000 h. In both treatments, there was a significant decrease in faecal cortisol metabolite concentration from the start to the end of the experiments they adapted to the experimental facility. The concentration of faecal cortisol metabolites was greater in the HOT treatment, compared to the TN treatment during the heat exposure period, but there was no difference in the transition or recovery periods. Respiration rate was greater in the HOT treatment during heat exposure, and it increased with ambient dry bulb temperature above 26 °C, the latter being the upper critical temperature. Although positive correlations were detected between faecal cortisol metabolites and body surface temperature measurements, particularly the shoulder and rump, as well as standing time, panting score and drinking, a stepwise regression found that faecal cortisol metabolites were only significantly correlated with one variable, respiration rate. It is concluded that respiration rate is the best indicator of the stress induced by hot conditions for cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Idris
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab 63100, Pakistan.
| | - M Sullivan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - J B Gaughan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - T Keeley
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - C J C Phillips
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwalki 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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2
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Funakoshi D, Shiotani H, Seki M. Equine chorionic gonadotropin treatment and timed artificial insemination for dairy cow production under heat stress. J Reprod Dev 2024; 70:30-34. [PMID: 38171736 PMCID: PMC10902633 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2023-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of timed artificial insemination (TAI) and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) administration on lactating dairy cows under heat-stress conditions (average temperature-humidity index: 80). Timed artificial insemination was performed on the cows with (n = 57) or without (control, n = 41) supplementation with 500 IU of eCG at the day of PGF2α treatment using the CIDR-Ovsynch protocol. GnRH was administered, and a progesterone device (CIDR) was inserted on Day -10 of the treatment protocol. The CIDR was removed on Day -3, and the cows were treated with PGF2α. Two days later, a 2nd GnRH injection was administered. Subsequently, AI was performed on Day 0 (16-20 h after the 2nd GnRH injection), and pregnancy was diagnosed on Days 32 and 60. Plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations were measured after AI. Results showed that the eCG group had a higher pregnancy per AI (P/AI) than the control group (43.9 vs. 12.2%, P = 0.002), which was also accompanied by elevated P4 levels. Four cows in the eCG group had multiple calves, representing 7.0 and 16.0% of the group and pregnant cows, respectively. In conclusion, 500 IU of eCG combined with CIDR-Ovsynch in lactating dairy cows under severe heat stress conditions successfully improved fertility. However, the protocol may have a slight risk of multiple births.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Makoto Seki
- Aska Animal Health Co., Ltd., Tokyo 108-0023, Japan
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3
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Kang H, Zsoldos RR, Sole-Guitart A, Narayan E, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Gaughan JB. Heat stress in horses: a literature review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:957-973. [PMID: 37060454 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Healthy adult horses can balance accumulation and dissipation of body heat to maintain their body temperature between 37.5 and 38.5 °C, when they are in their thermoneutral zone (5 to 25 °C). However, under some circumstances, such as following strenuous exercise under hot, or hot and humid conditions, the accumulation of body heat exceeds dissipation and horses can suffer from heat stress. Prolonged or severe heat stress can lead to anhidrosis, heat stroke, or brain damage in the horse. To ameliorate the negative effects of high heat load in the body, early detection of heat stress and immediate human intervention is required to reduce the horse's elevated body temperature in a timely manner. Body temperature measurement and deviations from the normal range are used to detect heat stress. Rectal temperature is the most commonly used method to monitor body temperature in horses, but other body temperature monitoring technologies, percutaneous thermal sensing microchips or infrared thermometry, are currently being studied for routine monitoring of the body temperature of horses as a more practical alternative. When heat stress is detected, horses can be cooled down by cool water application, air movement over the horse (e.g., fans), or a combination of these. The early detection of heat stress and the use of the most effective cooling methods is important to improve the welfare of heat stressed horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungsuk Kang
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.
| | - Rebeka R Zsoldos
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Albert Sole-Guitart
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - Edward Narayan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - A Judith Cawdell-Smith
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
| | - John B Gaughan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia
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4
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Lemal P, May K, König S, Schroyen M, Gengler N. Invited review: From heat stress to disease-Immune response and candidate genes involved in cattle thermotolerance. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00214-X. [PMID: 37164864 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress implies unfavorable effects on primary and functional traits in dairy cattle and, in consequence, on the profitability of the whole production system. The increasing number of days with extreme hot temperatures suggests that it is imperative to detect the heat stress status of animals based on adequate measures. However, confirming the heat stress status of an individual is still challenging, and, in consequence, the identification of novel heat stress biomarkers, including molecular biomarkers, remains a very relevant issue. Currently, it is known that heat stress seems to have unfavorable effects on immune system mechanisms, but this information is of limited use in the context of heat stress phenotyping. In addition, there is a lack of knowledge addressing the molecular mechanisms linking the relevant genes to the observed phenotype. In this review, we explored the potential molecular mechanisms explaining how heat stress affects the immune system and, therefore, increases the occurrence of immune-related diseases in cattle. In this regard, 2 relatively opposite hypotheses are under focus: the immunosuppressive action of cortisol, and the proinflammatory effect of heat stress. In both hypotheses, the modulation of the immune response during heat stress is highlighted. Moreover, it is possible to link candidate genes to these potential mechanisms. In this context, immune markers are very valuable indicators for the detection of heat stress in dairy cattle, broadening the portfolio of potential biomarkers for heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lemal
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège-GxABT), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - K May
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, Ludwigstraße 21B, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - S König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, Ludwigstraße 21B, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - M Schroyen
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège-GxABT), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - N Gengler
- TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (ULiège-GxABT), 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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5
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Vogt A, König von Borstel U, Waiblinger S, Palme R, Barth K. Fecal cortisol metabolites reflect transport stress in 3-month-old dairy calves pre- and postweaning: A pilot study. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:2124-2136. [PMID: 36631319 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of fecal cortisol metabolites (FGCM) is a well-established, noninvasive method to assess stress in adult dairy cattle. However, this procedure has not yet been validated for unweaned dairy calves, and it can be expected that the milk proportion of the diet may influence the resulting FGCM concentrations. The aim of this study was therefore to assess whether a peak in FGCM concentrations in response to a stressor can be measured in unweaned dairy calves on a largely milk-based diet. If so, further objectives were to examine whether maximum FGCM concentrations, as well as the time lag until they are reached, are comparable to the values in the same calves on a solid-based diet after weaning. For this study, 5 German Holstein calves of about 3 mo of age (93 to 102 d preweaning) were exposed to a 45 min transport stressor once before and once after weaning, which was 3 wk apart. All voided fecal samples were collected for 24 h after termination of the transport. Fecal cortisol metabolites were analyzed with an 11-oxoetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassay and changes in FGCM concentrations relative to the individual baseline (FGCMrel) were calculated. Results showed a clear peak in FGCM concentrations on both diet types. The peak FGCMrel concentrations tended to be higher when the calves were on the preweaning diet (at peak: +233 ± 25% increase relative to baseline) in comparison to the postweaning diet (+124 ± 23%). Considering the whole 24 h sampling period, the FGCMrel concentrations for all calves were significantly higher on the preweaning diet than on the postweaning diet. There was also a numerical difference in the delay between occurrence of the stressor and appearance of the peak FGCMrel concentrations in feces, as the time lag was 1.5 ± 1.2 h longer when the calves were on the preweaning diet compared with the postweaning diet. In conclusion, our results suggest that FGCM concentrations are a useful stress marker for unweaned dairy calves in the same way they are for older cattle, but that FGCMrel concentrations tend to be higher in unweaned than in weaned calves and are thus not directly comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anina Vogt
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Behaviour and Welfare, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Uta König von Borstel
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Behaviour and Welfare, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Waiblinger
- Institute of Animal Welfare Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Palme
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin Barth
- Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, 23847 Westerau, Germany
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6
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Erasmus LM, van Marle-Köster E, Masenge A, Ganswindt A. Exploring the effect of auditory stimuli on activity levels, milk yield and faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in Holstein cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2023; 82:106767. [PMID: 36244193 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Health and welfare are inextricably linked within efficient and sustainable dairy production, and several potential risk factors may affect the well-being of dairy cows, including chronic stress. Although auditory stimuli could be used as a tool to decrease the potential stress that cows might experience, it is seldom applied to livestock production systems due to the perception that enrichment is an unnecessary expense. This study aimed to explore the effect of auditory stimuli as a form of enrichment in a Holstein herd by monitoring fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations (a non-invasive, stress-associated biomarker). Cow activity level and milk yield were also measured. Nine cows in their second and third lactation were divided into 3 groups, using a Latin Square experimental design, exposing each cow group to each of the 3 treatments, namely constant exposure (CE), limited exposure (LE), and no exposure (NE) to classical music. FGCMs were quantified using a group-specific enzyme immunoassay detecting 11,17-dioxoandrostanes. Compared to LE and NE animals, cows exposed to constant music had significantly lower fGCM concentrations (P = 0.012), as well as higher milk yields (P < 0.0001) and lowered activity levels during the morning (P = 0.005) and the evening activity period (P = 0.048). These findings indicate that auditory stimuli in the form of classical music may have a positive effect on the welfare of cows as well as milk yield, which hold economic benefits for the producer and potentially reduces the number of cows needed for profitable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-M Erasmus
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - E van Marle-Köster
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - A Masenge
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - A Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute (MRI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
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7
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Yang L, Zhang L, Zhang P, Zhou Y, Huang X, Yan Q, Tan Z, Tang S, Wan F. Alterations in nutrient digestibility and performance of heat-stressed dairy cows by dietary L-theanine supplementation. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 11:350-358. [PMID: 36329682 PMCID: PMC9618971 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary L-theanine supplementation on apparent nutrient digestibility, milk yield, milk composition, and blood biochemical indices of dairy cows under heat stress. Thirty Chinese Holstein cows (19.84 ± 2.42 kg milk/d, 192.36 ± 40.77 d in milk and 2 ± 0.93 parities) were divided into 3 groups of 10 animals each. The control group was fed a basal total mixed ration (TMR) diet, while treatment 1 (LTA16) and treatment 2 (LTA32) groups were fed a basal TMR diet supplemented with L-theanine at 16 and 32 g/cow per day, respectively. The results showed that feeding the dairy cows with LTA16 treatment decreased (P < 0.05) their rectal temperature, whereas feeding with LTA32 treatment decreased (P < 0.05) their rumen fluid ammonia nitrogen content. In comparison to the control group, the supplementation of L-theanine had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration and molar proportion of volatile fatty acid, milk yield, milk composition, feed efficiency and antioxidant capacity of the dairy cows. The triglyceride (TG) content of the LTA32 group was significantly greater (P = 0.014) than that of the control group. With the increase in L-theanine dosage, the serum cholesterol (CHOL) content significantly increased (P = 0.013). The serum albumin (ALB; P = 0.067), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; P = 0.053), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; P = 0.067) contents showed an upward trend as L-theanine dosage increased. Ultimately, the results of this study show that supplementing dairy cow diet with L-theanine could decrease dairy cow rectal temperature, affect lipid metabolism, and potentially relieve the heat stress of dairy cows to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyuan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Lingmei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Peihua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Yuli Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Xingguo Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Qiongxian Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Shaoxun Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition & Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Fachun Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Disease Prevention and Breeding, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
- Corresponding authors.
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8
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The Adrenal Cortisol Response to Increasing Ambient Temperature in Polar Bears ( Ursus maritimus). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12060672. [PMID: 35327071 PMCID: PMC8944560 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to identify the upper ambient temperature threshold that triggers an increase in cortisol in response to increased thermoregulatory demands in polar bears. The results reported here include endocrine data collected over two years from 25 polar bears housed in 11 accredited zoological institutions across North America. The effects of ambient temperature, sex, age group (juvenile, adult, elderly), breeding season and humidity on fecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) concentrations (N = 8439 samples) were evaluated using linear mixed models. Ambient temperatures were placed into five different categories: <5 °C, 6−10 °C, 11−15 °C, 16−20 °C, and >20 °C. Ambient temperature and humidity had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on FCM concentrations with significant (p < 0.05) interactions of sex, age and breeding season. Once biotic factors were accounted for, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in FCM concentrations associated with ambient temperatures above 20 °C in adult polar bears. The implications of these findings for the management of both zoo and wild polar bears are discussed.
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9
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Hu C, Patil Y, Gong D, Yu T, Li J, Wu L, Liu X, Yu Z, Ma X, Yong Y, Chen J, Gooneratne R, Ju X. Heat Stress-Induced Dysbiosis of Porcine Colon Microbiota Plays a Role in Intestinal Damage: A Fecal Microbiota Profile. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:686902. [PMID: 35300220 PMCID: PMC8921775 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.686902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological mechanisms of gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in pigs are poorly understood. We report the induction of intestinal inflammation in heat-stressed (HS) pigs, fecal microbiota transplantation from pigs to mice, and explain the role of microorganisms in IBD. 24 adult pigs were subjected to HS (34 ± 1 °C; 75–85% relative humidity for 24h) while 24 control pigs (CP) were kept at 25 ± 3°C and the same humidity. Pigs were sacrificed on days 1, 7, 14, 21. Colonic content microbiome analyses were conducted. Pseudo-germ-free mice were fed by gavage with fecal microbiota from HS-pigs and CP to induce pig-like responses in mice. From 7 d, HS-pigs exhibited fever and diarrhea, and significantly lower colonic mucosal thickness, crypt depth/width, and goblet cell number. Compared with each control group, the concentration of cortisol in the peripheral blood of HS pigs gradually increased, significantly so on days 7, 14, and 21 (P < 0.01). While the concentration of LPS in HS pigs' peripheral blood was significantly higher on days 7, 14 (P < 0.01), and 21 (P < 0.05) compared with that of the control group. The colonic microbiome composition of HS-pigs was different to that of CP. By day 14, opportunistic pathogens (e.g., Campylobacterales) had increased in HS-pigs. The composition of the colonic microbiome in mice administered feces from HS-pigs was different from those receiving CP feces. Bacteroides were significantly diminished, Akkermansia were significantly increased, and intestinal damage and goblet cell numbers were higher in mice that received HS-pig feces. Moreover, we verified the relevance of differences in the microbiota of the colon among treatments. Heat stress promotes changes in gut microbiome composition, which can affect the colonic microbial structure of mice through fecal microbiota transplantation; the molecular mechanisms require further investigation. This study enhanced our understanding of stress-induced inflammation in the colon and the increase in diarrhea in mammals subjected to prolonged HS. Our results provide useful information for preventing or ameliorating deficits in pig production caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canying Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yadnyavalkya Patil
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Dongliang Gong
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Tianyue Yu
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Junyu Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Lianyun Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhichao Yu
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xinbing Ma
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanhong Yong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jinjun Chen
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Xianghong Ju
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Xianghong Ju
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10
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Joy A, Taheri S, Dunshea F, Leury B, DiGiacomo K, Osei-Amponsah R, Brodie G, Chauhan S. Non-invasive measure of heat stress in sheep using machine learning techniques and infrared thermography. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Factors influencing embryo quantity and quality in donor cows from Latvian Blue, Latvian Brown, and Danish Red breeds at risk in Latvia. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Effects of Compost-Bedded Pack Barn on Circulating Cortisol and Beta-Endorphins in Dairy Cows: A Case Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113318. [PMID: 34828050 PMCID: PMC8614724 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Management and housing conditions have been reported to significantly affect the health and welfare of livestock species. Therefore, the adoption of novel, alternative housing systems (such as the compost-bedded pack barn, developed in the USA) requires extensive research to assess the implications for animal welfare. From a general point of view, animal welfare is typically assessed by means of animal-based (such as blood biochemical markers) and resource-based (such as management practices) indicators. Based on such considerations, the present study evaluated the fluctuation of circulating cortisol and beta-endorphins in dairy cows housed in a conventional freestall barn (FB) and in the alternative compost-bedded pack barn (CB). The results obtained suggest that the CB housing system did not elicit significant changes in either blood cortisol or beta-endorphins. Abstract The up-to-date literature suggests that the compost-bedded pack barn housing system is capable of remarkably improving productive and reproductive performance, as well as health status and welfare, in dairy cattle. However, there is currently limited knowledge available on the endocrine and biochemical changes in animals housed in such alternative systems. Therefore, this study aimed to measure blood cortisol (COR) and beta-endorphins (BE) in 22 two-year-old primiparae Fleckvieh cows, who were randomly allotted to the following two different housing systems: CB (n = 11) and FB (n = 11). Blood samples were collected at the beginning of the experiment (T0) and every two months thereafter (T1, T2, and T3). The COR and BE were measured through an immunoenzymatic kit. With the only exception being T0, no differences were observed over time between the two groups, neither for COR nor for BE. However, the blood cortisol levels of the CB cows decreased over time, while a T1 peak was identified in the FB group. On the contrary, both the housing systems displayed numerically higher BE at T3 than at the other experimental times. Therefore, the overall data suggest that the compost-bedded pack barn did not significantly affect the studied parameters. Accordingly, cow welfare should be assessed using a wider panel of animal-based indicators.
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Islam MA, Lomax S, Doughty A, Islam MR, Jay O, Thomson P, Clark C. Automated Monitoring of Cattle Heat Stress and Its Mitigation. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.737213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change related global warming is likely to continue, despite all mitigation measures taken by humans, due to the lag effect of long-term anthropogenic activities. Warming of the atmosphere can impact worldwide cattle production directly by compromising health, welfare and productivity, and indirectly by reducing the quality and quantity of animal feed. Under warm thermal conditions, cattle adjust their physiological and behavioural responses as an integral part of thermoregulation to maintain internal body temperature within a safe range. However, a greater intensity and duration of heat exposure can exceed thermoregulatory capacity leading to an increase in internal body temperature beyond the normal limit that ultimately evokes different animal responses to heat. In cattle, response to heat stress can be visually observed as elevated respiration rate or panting, but continuous visual monitoring is labour intensive, time consuming and subjective. Therefore, different weather-based indices have been developed such as the temperature humidity index (THI) and heat load index (HLI) which are commonly used weather-based indices for monitoring cattle heat stress at commercial level. However, the thermal comfort level of cattle based on weather-based indices has limited use at a microclimatic and individual animal level. Varying sensor-based approaches have shown promise to shift the focus of heat stress management to the individual level. Monitoring individual animal response and mitigation strategies for isolated heat-susceptible cattle could save on heat management costs whilst improving animal welfare and productivity. Here we review the technologies that enable automatic, continuous, and real-time cattle heat stress monitoring and mitigation under commercial conditions. Future platforms for autonomous monitoring and mitigation of heat stress in cattle are likely to be based on minimally-invasive smart technologies either singly, or in an integrated system, enabling real-time solutions to animal responses under various production systems and environmental conditions.
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Boonprasert K, Yun Y, Kosaruk W, Towiboon P, Tankaew P, Punyapornwithaya V, Janyamathakul T, Muanghong P, Brown JL, Thitaram C, Somgird C. A Longitudinal Study of Hematology and Stress Biomarker Profiles in Young Asian Elephants ( Elephas Maximus) in Relation to Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV) in Thailand. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092530. [PMID: 34573496 PMCID: PMC8471699 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A change in hematology profiles is one indicator of EEHV infection before clinical signs appear; however, to be effective, individual baselines and age-matched reference values are needed. A longitudinal investigation of viremia, hematology values, and stress biomarkers was performed in three non-EEHV and six prior infected EEHV calves to better understand EEHV-HD-associated factors. Blood, saliva, and feces were collected for 1 year for analysis of complete blood count (CBC), viral load, glucocorticoids (GCs), and Immunoglobulin A (IgA). Results did not differ between the groups, except for one elephant that presented with EEHV-HD during the study and exhibited high viremia, altered hematology profiles, and decreased stress biomarker concentrations. Thus, as in other studies, hematology changes were associated with EEHV infection, while preliminary data in one calf suggests that stress-response measures might also be informative and warrant further investigation. Abstract Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is a virulent disease that causes severe hemorrhage and sudden death in Asian elephant calves. A change in hematology profiles is one indicator of infection before clinical signs appear; however, to be effective, individual baselines and age-matched reference values are needed. Stress has been speculated to be a factor in clinical EEHV cases, but relationships have not been demonstrated empirically. This study evaluated blood hematology and several stress response markers—salivary cortisol, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM), salivary Immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and fecal IgA (FIgA) in samples collected for 1 year from three healthy calves with no EEHV history (non-EEHV), and six that had previously been infected, developed clinical signs and survived (prior-EEHV). Hematology values between non-EEHV and prior-EEHV elephants were not different and within published reference ranges. Concentrations of salivary cortisol, FGM, SIgA, and FIgA also were variable and showed seasonal differences, but no relationships to prior EEHV status. One of the prior EEHV calves became re-infected, developed hemorrhagic disease (HD), and died during the study period. That calf exhibited lymphocytopenia, monocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Additionally, all stress biomarker concentrations were lower in the 12 days before viremia was observed. Thus, as in other studies, changes in hematology occur with EEHV infection, while preliminary data in one calf suggests that stress-response measures might also be informative and should be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khajohnpat Boonprasert
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.B.); (Y.Y.); (W.K.); (P.T.); (P.T.); (J.L.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Yaoprapa Yun
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.B.); (Y.Y.); (W.K.); (P.T.); (P.T.); (J.L.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Worapong Kosaruk
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.B.); (Y.Y.); (W.K.); (P.T.); (P.T.); (J.L.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Patcharapa Towiboon
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.B.); (Y.Y.); (W.K.); (P.T.); (P.T.); (J.L.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Pallop Tankaew
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.B.); (Y.Y.); (W.K.); (P.T.); (P.T.); (J.L.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
- Veterinary Public Health Centre and Food Safety for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | | | - Panida Muanghong
- Mae Taeng Elephant Park and Clinic, Mae Thang, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand;
| | - Janine L. Brown
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.B.); (Y.Y.); (W.K.); (P.T.); (P.T.); (J.L.B.); (C.T.)
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.B.); (Y.Y.); (W.K.); (P.T.); (P.T.); (J.L.B.); (C.T.)
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Chaleamchat Somgird
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (K.B.); (Y.Y.); (W.K.); (P.T.); (P.T.); (J.L.B.); (C.T.)
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-53-948015
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15
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Idris M, Uddin J, Sullivan M, McNeill DM, Phillips CJC. Non-Invasive Physiological Indicators of Heat Stress in Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:E71. [PMID: 33401687 PMCID: PMC7824675 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle are susceptible to heat stress, especially those kept on high levels of nutrition for the purpose of maximising growth rates, which leads to a significant heat increment in their bodies. Consequences include compromised health and productivity and mortalities during extreme events, as well as serious economic loss. Some measures of heat stress, such as plasma cortisol and temperature in the rectum, vagina, or rumen, are invasive and therefore unlikely to be used on farms. These may cause additional stress to the animal due to handling, and that stress in itself can confound the measure. Consequently, it is desirable to find non-invasive alternatives. Panting score (PS), cortisol metabolites in faeces, milk, or hair, and the infrared temperature of external body surfaces are all potentially useful. Respiratory indicators are difficult and time consuming to record accurately, and cortisol metabolites are expensive and technically difficult to analyse. Infrared temperature appears to offer the best solution but requires further research to determine the thresholds that define when corrective actions are required to ensure optimal health and productivity. Research in this area has the potential to ultimately improve the welfare and profitability of cattle farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musadiq Idris
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab 63100, Pakistan
- Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (J.U.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Jashim Uddin
- Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (J.U.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Megan Sullivan
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
| | - David M. McNeill
- Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton Campus, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia; (J.U.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Clive J. C. Phillips
- Curtin University Sustainable Policy Institute, Kent St., Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia;
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16
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Diniz JVA, Peixoto RM, Silva LO, Nogueira MMB, de Freitas RR, Loureiro B, Satrapa RA, Oba E. Fertility traits of recipient cows raised in the Amazon biome. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Danielo J, McCarty KJ, Tipton JE, Ricks RE, Long NM. Effects of post-weaning supplementation of immunomodulatory feed ingredient on body weight and cortisol concentrations in program-fed beef heifers. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106427. [PMID: 32062340 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of an immunomodulatory feed ingredient during post-weaning on growth and cortisol concentrations of beef heifers. Commercial Angus heifers (n = 72) from 2 AI sires were blocked (n = 9) by BW and randomly assigned to one of 2 pens per block. Each pen (4 heifers/pen) per block was randomly assigned to either one of 2 treatments, Celmanax (CEL) or corn germ (CON). The heifers were fed a commercial total mixed ration (TMR) twice daily from d 0 to 60 to gain 0.75 kg/d. The feed was top-dressed once daily with either 72g of Celmanax (CEL) or corn germ (CON) per pen. Body weight (BW) was collected on d -1, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 61. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60. Two heifers per pen (n = 32) were randomly selected for a transportation challenge to evaluate stress response on d 62 or 63 of the study. Sixteen heifers (n = 8 CEL; n = 8 CON) were randomly selected for a corticotropin-releasing hormone/arginine vasopressin (CRH/AVP) challenge and an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) on d 64 and 67 of the study. The pen was the experimental unit, and data were analyzed by ANOVA or repeated measures analysis as appropriate. Feed efficiency and BW gain were increased (P = 0.04) in CEL heifers compared to CON heifers. Serum cortisol concentrations were decreased (P < 0.01) in CEL heifers compared to CON heifers on d 30 to 60 post-weaning. Serum cortisol concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05) in CEL heifers compared to CON heifers throughout the transportation challenge. Serum cortisol concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05) in CEL heifers compared to CON heifers during the CRH/AVP challenge from 60 to 150 min post-infusion. Treatment did not influence (P = 0.29) plasma insulin or glucose (P = 0.63) concentrations during the IVGTT. In summary, supplementation of Celmanax post-weaning increased BW gain and reduced cortisol concentrations in challenged beef heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Danielo
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - K J McCarty
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - J E Tipton
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - R E Ricks
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - N M Long
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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18
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Liu G, Liao Y, Sun B, Guo Y, Deng M, Li Y, Liu D. Effects of chronic heat stress on mRNA and miRNA expressions in dairy cows. Gene 2020; 742:144550. [PMID: 32165293 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress has a negative impact on dairy cow productivity. In order to reveal the mechanisms of heat-stress response, the mRNA and miRNA expression profiles of five cows under chronic heat-stress and thermoneutral conditions were assayed in blood by high-throughput sequencing technology. A total of 540 mRNAs and 9 miRNAs were expressed differently under heat-stress and thermoneutral conditions. Functional analyses revealed that MAPK signaling pathway, cellular senescence, circadian entrainment, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, and pathways in cancer were enriched for differently expressed mRNAs; meanwhile cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, thermogenesis, and protein digestion and absorption were enriched for differently expressed miRNAs. In addition, GADD45G, TGFB2, and GNG11 may play roles in the heat stress, and bta-miR-423-5p might be one of the regulators of heat-stress response in cows as potential mediators of chronic heat-stress response. In conclusion, the present study described the mRNA and miRNA expression patterns in blood extracted from cows during the transition from heat-stress to thermoneutral conditions. The results provide new data that could help in identifying mechanisms that mediate cows' response to chronic heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbin Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yingxin Liao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Maoming Agriculture&Forestry Technical College, Maoming 525000, China.
| | - Baoli Sun
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yongqing Guo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ming Deng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yaokun Li
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Dewu Liu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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19
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Cameron A, McAllister TA. Could probiotics be the panacea alternative to the use of antimicrobials in livestock diets? Benef Microbes 2019; 10:773-799. [PMID: 31965849 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are most frequently derived from the natural microbiota of healthy animals. These bacteria and their metabolic products are viewed as nutritional tools for promoting animal health and productivity, disease prevention and therapy, and food safety in an era defined by increasingly widespread antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens. In contemporary livestock production, antimicrobial usage is indispensable for animal welfare, and employed to enhance growth and feed efficiency. Given the importance of antimicrobials in both human and veterinary medicine, their effective replacement with direct-fed microbials or probiotics could help reduce antimicrobial use, perhaps restoring or extending the usefulness of these precious drugs against serious infections. Thus, probiotic research in livestock is rapidly evolving, aspiring to produce local and systemic health benefits on par with antimicrobials. Although many studies have clearly demonstrated the potential of probiotics to positively affect animal health and inhibit pathogens, experimental evidence suggests that probiotics' successes are modest, conditional, strain-dependent, and transient. Here, we explore current understanding, trends, and emerging applications of probiotic research and usage in major livestock species, and highlight successes in animal health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cameron
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Ave South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
| | - T A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1st Ave South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4P4, Canada
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20
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Kovács L, Kézér FL, Ruff F, Szenci O, Bakony M, Jurkovich V. Effect of artificial shade on saliva cortisol concentrations of heat-stressed dairy calves. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019; 66:43-47. [PMID: 30423522 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Responses to heat stress have not been evaluated in dairy cattle by noninvasive techniques such as analysis of saliva cortisol concentrations. The aim of the present study was the assessment of saliva cortisol levels in Holstein bull calves with (n = 8) or without supplemental shade (n = 8) in response to acute heat stress. Measurements were carried out during a 5-d period [temperature, average/max (°C); day 1 (control, all calves shaded): 22.9/29.4, day 2 (heat stress day): 28.3/38.8, day 3: 26.2/33.5, day 4: 23.7/28.7, and day 5: 21.2/24.7]. The level of thermal stress was characterized with a temperature-humidity index (THI). Saliva cortisol levels did not differ between groups during the control day. On the heat stress day, saliva cortisol levels increased from 8:00 to 12:00 by 51% and 342% in shaded and nonshaded calves, respectively, and nonshaded calves showed higher cortisol concentrations at 12:00, 16:00, and 24:00. Saliva cortisol levels peaked at 12:00 on day 3 in both groups. On days 4 and 5, saliva cortisol did not show significant daytime elevations in either group; however, group differences remained significant until 20:00 on day 4. Based on our results, measurement of saliva cortisol concentrations is a promising approach to detect acute heat stress in dairy calves, which could be reduced by artificial shading.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kovács
- MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Dóra-major Üllő H-2225, Hungary; Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Páter Károly utca 1, Gödöllő H-2100, Hungary.
| | - F L Kézér
- MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Dóra-major Üllő H-2225, Hungary; Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Páter Károly utca 1, Gödöllő H-2100, Hungary
| | - F Ruff
- Department of Methodology, Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Keleti Károly utca 5-7, Budapest H-1024, Hungary
| | - O Szenci
- MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Dóra-major Üllő H-2225, Hungary
| | - M Bakony
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Veterinary Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, Budapest H-1078, Hungary
| | - V Jurkovich
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Veterinary Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, Budapest H-1078, Hungary
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21
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Veissier I, Van Laer E, Palme R, Moons CPH, Ampe B, Sonck B, Andanson S, Tuyttens FAM. Heat stress in cows at pasture and benefit of shade in a temperate climate region. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2018; 62:585-595. [PMID: 29150763 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Under temperate climates, cattle are often at pasture in summer and are not necessarily provided with shade. We aimed at evaluating in a temperate region (Belgium) to what extent cattle may suffer from heat stress (measured through body temperature, respiration rate and panting score, cortisol or its metabolites in milk, and feces on hot days) and at assessing the potential benefits of shade. During the summer of 2012, 20 cows were kept on pasture without access to shade. During the summer of 2011, ten cows had access to shade (young trees with shade cloth hung between them), whereas ten cows had no access. Climatic conditions were quantified by the Heat Load Index (HLI). In animals without access to shade respiration rates, panting scores, rectal temperatures, and milk cortisol concentrations increased as HLI increased in both 2011 and 2012. Fecal cortisol metabolites varied with HLI in 2011 only. When cattle had access to shade, their use of shade increased as the HLI increased. This effect was more pronounced during the last part of the summer, possibly due to better acquaintance with the shade construction. In this case, shade use increased to 65% at the highest HLI (79). Shade tempered the effects on respiration, rectal temperature, and fecal cortisol metabolites. Milk cortisol was not influenced by HLI for cows using shade for > 10% of the day. Therefore, even in temperate areas, cattle may suffer from heat when they are at pasture in summer and providing shade can reduce such stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Veissier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
| | - Eva Van Laer
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences/Unit of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christel P H Moons
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Ampe
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Bart Sonck
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Andanson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Frank A M Tuyttens
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090, Melle, Belgium.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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22
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Narayan E, Sawyer G, Parisella S. Faecal glucocorticoid metabolites and body temperature in Australian merino ewes (Ovis aries) during summer artificial insemination (AI) program. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191961. [PMID: 29381759 PMCID: PMC5790258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive wastage is a key issue for sheep producers, both regionally and globally. The reproductive output of farm animals can be influenced by physiological and environmental factors. Rapid and reliable quantification of physiological stress can provide a useful tool for designing and testing on-farm management interventions to improve farm animal welfare and productivity. In this study, we quantified physiological stress non-invasively using faecal glucocorticoid metabolites-FGMs analysis and body temperature measurements of 15 superovulated donor merino ewes (Ovis aries) during participation in artificial insemination (AI) program conducted during 2015/2016 Australian summer. We hypothesized that low percentage transferable embryos in donor merino ewes will be associated positively with higher body temperature and/or higher FGMs in these ewes. Temperature humidity index (THI) was calculated and found within high thermal stress range during the two AI trials. Overall, results showed none of the factors (ewe ID, AI trial no., THI or FGMs) were significant for reduced percentage transferrable embryos, except ewe body temperature was highly significant (p = 0.014). Within AI trial comparisons showed significant positive associations between higher FGMs and body temperature with reduced transferrable embryos. These results suggest that Australian merino ewes participating in summer AI trials can experience physiological stress. Prolonged activation of the stress endocrine response and high body temperature (e.g. ensued from heat stress) could impact on ewe reproductive output. Therefore, future research should apply minimally invasive physiological tools to gather baseline information on physiological stress in merino sheep to enable the development of new farm-friendly methods of managing stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Narayan
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Gregory Sawyer
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simone Parisella
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Mirzad AN, Tada T, Ano H, Kobayashi I, Yamauchi T, Katamoto H. Seasonal changes in serum oxidative stress biomarkers in dairy and beef cows in a daytime grazing system. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 80:20-27. [PMID: 29142148 PMCID: PMC5797854 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the oxidative stress during hot summer season using serum oxidative stress biomarkers and elucidate the effects of serum antioxidant vitamin levels in dairy and beef cows in a daytime grazing system. Blood samples were collected once a month from eight Holstein Friesian (HF) and 10 Japanese Black (JB) cows from November 2013 to October 2014. Serum values of derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) tended to be higher in March in both breeds and those in HF cows were kept at higher (P<0.001) levels than those in JB cows during the study period. Serum levels of biological antioxidant potential (BAP) in both breeds were maintained at almost the same values during study period. The OSI [(d-ROMs/BAP) × 100] values in both breeds showed similar seasonal changes, i. e. increase from December to March and decrease from March to August or September. In addition, the OSI values in HF cows were kept at higher (P<0.01) levels than those in JB cows during the study period. Serum concentrations of α-tocopherol, β-carotene, blood urea nitrogen and total cholesterol showed similar seasonal changes in both breeds, low in the winter and high from spring to summer, which may be attributed to the pasture grass intake. Opposite changes in OSI values and serum concentrations of α-tocopherol and β-carotene indicated that antioxidant vitamin levels could affect oxidative stress status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nawid Mirzad
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200, Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Balkh University, Mazar-e-Sharif 1701, Balkh, Afghanistan
| | - Takashi Tada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kobayashi
- Sumiyoshi Livestock Science Station, University of Miyazaki, 10100-1, Shimanouchi, Miyazaki 880-0121, Japan
| | - Takenori Yamauchi
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromu Katamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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24
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Zachut M, Kra G, Livshitz L, Portnick Y, Yakoby S, Friedlander G, Levin Y. Seasonal heat stress affects adipose tissue proteome toward enrichment of the Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response in late-pregnant dairy cows. J Proteomics 2017; 158:52-61. [PMID: 28238905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Environmental heat stress and metabolic stress during transition from late gestation to lactation are main factors limiting production in dairy cattle, and there is a complex interaction between them. Many proteins expressed in adipose tissue are involved in metabolic responses to stress. We aimed to investigate the effects of seasonal heat stress on adipose proteome in late-pregnant cows, and to identify biomarkers of heat stress. Late pregnant cows during summer heat stress (S, n=18), or during the winter season (W, n=12) were used. Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies sampled 14days prepartum from S (n=10) and W (n=8) were analyzed by intensity-based, label-free, quantitative shotgun proteomics (nano-LC-MS/MS). Plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde and cortisol were higher in S than in W cows. Proteomic analysis revealed that 107/1495 proteins were differentially abundant in S compared to W (P<0.05 and fold change of at least ±1.5). Top canonical pathways in S vs. W adipose were Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response, acute-phase response, and FXR/RXR and LXR/RXR activation. Novel biomarkers of heat stress in adipose tissue were found. These findings indicate that seasonal heat stress has a unique effect on adipose tissue in late-pregnant cows. SIGNIFICANCE This work shows that seasonal heat stress increases plasma concentrations of the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde and cortisol in transition dairy cows. As many proteins expressed in the adipose tissue are involved in metabolic responses to stress, we investigated the effects of heat stress on the proteome of adipose tissue from late-pregnant cows during summer or winter seasons. We demonstrated that heat stress enriches several stress-related pathways, such as the Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response and the acute-phase response in adipose tissues. Thus, environmental heat stress has a unique effect on adipose tissue in late-pregnant cows, as part of the regulatory adaptations to chronic heat load during the summer season. In addition, this study presents the widest available dataset of adipose tissue proteome in dairy cows, and revealed several novel biomarkers of heat stress in adipose tissue of dairy cows, the use of which awaits further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zachut
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel.
| | - G Kra
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - L Livshitz
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Y Portnick
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - S Yakoby
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - G Friedlander
- The Ilana and Pascal Mantoux Institute for Bioinformatics, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Y Levin
- de Botton Institute for Protein Profiling, The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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25
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Causes of declining fertility in dairy cows during the warm season. Theriogenology 2016; 91:145-153. [PMID: 28215679 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the Northern Hemisphere, from June to September and in the Southern Hemisphere from December to March, there are periods of reduced fertility (sub-fertility) in dairy cows that are described as summer infertility. Several factors contribute to sub-fertility during this time, such as ambient temperature, humidity and photoperiod. During the warm season there is a reduction in feed intake that may compromise the energy balance of the cow and/or induce an imbalance in the activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-ovarian axis. These factors reduce the reproductive performance of the cow and compromise the quality of oocytes, embryos and corpora lutea. This paper reviews current knowledge on the metabolic and endocrine mechanisms that induce summer infertility and describe their effects on follicle, oocyte and embryo development in dairy cows.
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