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Khorsand F, Hamali H, Qasemi-Panahi B, Tohidkia M. The Effects of Supplementation of the Freezing Extender with Silymarin on the Quality Parameters of Frozen-Thawed Arabian Stallion Sperm: A Preliminary Evaluation. Biopreserv Biobank 2024. [PMID: 38905135 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2023.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of supplementation of the freezing extender with different concentrations of silymarin on the quality of frozen-thawed Arabian stallion spermatozoa. Semen samples from three stallions (1, 2, and 3) were suspended in the freezing extender without or with silymarin (0, 25 μg/mL, 50 μg/mL, 75 μg/mL, and 100 μg/mL) and cryopreserved in 0.5 mL straws. After 1 month of storage, the frozen semen samples in straws were thawed and evaluated in terms of viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, kinematic parameters, total and progressive motility, plasma membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation, and DNA fragmentation. The findings indicated that 25-100 μg/mL of silymarin significantly improved viability and mitochondrial membrane potential while reducing the stallion sperm lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, and apoptosis compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Silymarin concentrations of 75 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL significantly increased progressive motility and plasma membrane integrity (p < 0.05). Based on our findings, it can be inferred that silymarin exhibited a dose-dependent enhancement in the frozen-thawed Arabian stallion sperm quality. The most favorable outcomes were observed when 100 μg/mL silymarin was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Khorsand
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Hamali
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Babak Qasemi-Panahi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Şimşek S, Erdogan E. The Effects of Silymarin Supplementation on Post-Thawed Human Sperm Functional Parameters. Biopreserv Biobank 2023; 21:569-575. [PMID: 36383149 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2022.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of silymarin on human sperm quality during cryopreservation. Samples were collected from 20 normospermic individuals, and each sample was divided into different concentrations of silymarin comprising the following groups: (0, 20, 100, 500, and 1000 μg/mL silymarin). Sperm quality parameters, such as plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, acrosomal membrane integrity, and caspase 3 were estimated. Silymarin concentrations of 100-500 μg/mL significantly increased motility, plasma membrane integrity, and mitochondrial activity compared with the frozen control group. Acrosomal integrity was increased in the 1000 μg/mL silymarin group. Moreover, 20 and 100 μg/mL concentrations significantly decreased the percentage of caspase 3. The addition of silymarin antioxidant to the frozen medium reduced damage in the sperm after freezing and thawing. This is the first study that showed silymarin can be useful in cryopreservation of human sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Şimşek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ender Erdogan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Mukherjee AG, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. The interplay of arsenic, silymarin, and NF-ĸB pathway in male reproductive toxicity: A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114614. [PMID: 36753973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic toxicity is one of the most trending reasons for several malfunctions, particularly reproductive toxicity. The exact mechanism of arsenic poisoning is a big question mark. Exposure to arsenic reduces sperm count, impairs fertilization, and causes inflammation and genotoxicity through interfering with autophagy, epigenetics, ROS generation, downregulation of essential protein expression, metabolite changes, and hampering several signaling cascades, particularly by the alteration of NF-ĸB pathway. This work tries to give a clear idea about the different aspects of arsenic resulting in male reproductive complications, often leading to infertility. The first part of this article explains the implications of arsenic poisoning and the crosstalk of the NF-ĸB pathway in male reproductive toxicity. Silymarin is a bioactive compound that exerts anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties and has demonstrated hopeful outcomes in several cancers, including colon cancer, breast cancer, and skin cancer, by downregulating the hyperactive NF-ĸB pathway. The next half of this article thus sheds light on silymarin's therapeutic potential in inhibiting the NF-ĸB signaling cascade, thus offering protection against arsenic-induced male reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India.
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Yue S, Wang S, Liu X, Bian X, Ding C, Wu T, Li D, Zhou J. Ameliorative effect of silymarin on the quality of frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:298-306. [PMID: 36269155 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although Silymarin (SMN) has powerful antioxidant properties, little is known about its effects on the quality of frozen-thawed boar sperm. The present study aimed to evaluate the influences of SMN added to the thawing extender on boar sperm parameters essential for fertilization. The frozen-thawed semen was diluted in a Modena thawing extender supplemented with different concentrations of SMN (0, 5, 10, 20 and 50 μM respectively), and then the changes in quality parameters, antioxidant capacity, mitochondrial function and in vitro fertilization (IVF) capability of frozen-thawed sperm were assessed. Here we demonstrated that the motility, plasma membrane integrity and acrosomal integrity of frozen-thawed sperm improved efficiently by SMN (p < .05). In antioxidant parameters evaluation, the tROS level and MDA content of frozen-thawed spermatozoa were reduced in the 20 μM SMN group, while the T-AOC activity significantly increased (p < .05), indicating that the supplementation with SMN can promote the antioxidant capacity of frozen-thawed boar sperm. Besides, we also discovered that the addition of SMN significantly upregulated ATP content and enhanced the mitochondrial activity of sperm. More interestingly, SMN promoted the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes (MRCC) I, II, III and IV in frozen-thawed sperm significantly. Functionally, the higher penetration rate and increased total efficiency of fertilization were observed in the 20 μM SMN group. In summary, supplementation with SMN in the thawing medium ameliorates the quality of frozen-thawed boar sperm by enhancing mitochondrial respiratory capacity, producing large amounts of ATP and regulating ROS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Yue
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shunwei Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The Second People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaoqi Bian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dantong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiabo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Ameliorative Impact of Silymarin on the Male Reproductive System: An Updated Systematic Review. JORJANI BIOMEDICINE JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/jorjanibiomedj.10.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Etemadi T, Momeni HR, Ghafarizadeh AA. Impact of silymarin on cadmium-induced apoptosis in human spermatozoa. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13795. [PMID: 32829504 DOI: 10.1111/and.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in spermatozoa may lead to male infertility. Environmental pollutants and heavy metals such as cadmium cause harmful effects on the reproductive system and sperm parameters through the induction of oxidative stress. Silymarin, as a potent antioxidant, is able to inhibit oxidative stress. This study was performed to investigate the protective effects of silymarin on cadmium-induced toxicity in human spermatozoa. Sperm samples were divided into the following five groups: (a) spermatozoa at 0 min, (b) spermatozoa in the control group, (c) spermatozoa treated with cadmium chloride (20 μM), (d) spermatozoa treated with silymarin (2 μM)+ cadmium chloride (20 μM) and (e) spermatozoa treated with silymarin (2 μM). Sperm parameters related to apoptosis, such as DNA fragmentation, nucleus diameter, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and expression of caspase-3, were evaluated in all groups. After 180 min, spermatozoa treated with cadmium chloride showed a significant decrease in nucleus diameter and MMP but a significant increase in DNA fragmentation; however, caspase-3 expression remained unchanged. At this time point, silymarin in the silymarin + cadmium chloride group could significantly reverse the adverse effects of cadmium chloride on these parameters.Silymarn could partly compensate for the caspase-independent apoptosis in the spermatozoa. Therefore, oxidative stress could be a consequence for cadmium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Etemadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Momeni
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
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Zarif-Yeganeh M, Rastegarpanah M. Clinical Role of Silymarin in Oxidative Stress and Infertility: A Short Review for Pharmacy Practitioners. J Res Pharm Pract 2019; 8:181-188. [PMID: 31956630 PMCID: PMC6952757 DOI: 10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_18_100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin (SMN) as an ancient plant has various therapeutic usage in many diseases. Almost all of its properties attributed to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Currently, infertility problems impose a heavy burden on many developing countries. As a result, effective infertility treatment is indicated. The role of oxidative stress in both male and female infertility has been revealed. Many studies have shown protective and antioxidative properties of SMN against adverse effects of chemotherapy medications and environmental toxins in sperms and oocytes. The antioxidative and clinical role of SMN in infertility has been reviewed. The use of antioxidants such as SMN can help to improve fertility rate by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B transcription factor. Animal studies in both male and female have indicated a beneficial effect of SMN on fertility recovery. Further clinical studies are needed considering the phytoestrogenic property of SMN, to determine the right dose and duration of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mansoor Rastegarpanah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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