1
|
Rozynek J, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Stachowiak M, Sowinska N, Lukomska A, Gruss M, Switonski M, Szczerbal I. Lack of causative mutation in the AMH and AMHR2 genes in a cat (38,XY) with persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS). Reprod Domest Anim 2024; 59:e14635. [PMID: 38837470 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
A 1-year-old European shorthair male cat with a normally developed penis was subjected to genetic, endocrinological and histological studies due to unilateral cryptorchidism. The blood testosterone level was typical for males, while the level of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) was very low. Surgical removal of internal reproductive organs was followed by a histological study, which revealed inactive testicles with neoplastic changes and derivatives of Mullerian ducts. Cytogenetic analysis showed a normal XY sex chromosome complement and molecular analysis confirmed the presence of Y-linked genes (SRY and ZFY). Although the level of AMH was low, two normal copies of the AMH gene were found using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Analysis of the coding sequences of two candidate genes (AMH and AMHR2) for persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) in the affected cat and in control male cats (n = 24) was performed using the Sanger sequencing method. In the affected cat, homozygosity was found for three novel missense variants in Exon 1 (one SNP) and Exon 5 (two SNPs) of AMH, but the same homozygous genotypes were also observed in one and two control cats, respectively, whose sex development was not examined. Three known synonymous variants with homozygous status were found in AMHR2. We conclude that the DNA variants identified in AMH and AMHR2 are not responsible for PMDS in the affected cat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anna Lukomska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Gruss
- Department of Internal Diseases and Diagnostics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Welsh PJ, McDaniel K, Goldsmith EW, Ramsay JD, Conley A, Owen TJ, Ambrosini YM, Ciccarelli M. Case report: Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome and enlarged prostatic utricle in a male dog. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1185621. [PMID: 37470070 PMCID: PMC10352618 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1185621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A 1-year-old male intact Miniature Schnauzer mix was presented for chronic intermittent hematuria. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a large, fluid-filled cystic structure extending cranially and dorsally to the prostate. Computed tomography scan images revealed that the fluid-filled cavity resembled a uterus, with both horns entering the scrotum through the inguinal canal adjacent to the testes. On cytogenetic analysis, the dog was found to have a homozygote mutation on AMHRII consistent with persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS). A gonadohysterectomy was performed, and surgical and histologic findings confirmed the presence of a uterus, oviducts, vagina, and testes in this dog. Additionally, an intraoperative fluoroscopy exam revealed a communication between the uterus and the bladder via an enlarged utricle, explaining the hematuria and urine in the reproductive tract (urometra). To our knowledge, this is the first clinical report of a phenotypically intact male dog with PMDS and urometra due to an enlarged prostatic utricle. This case illustrates a combination of a disorder of sex and urogenital sinus development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Kaylyn McDaniel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Elizabeth W. Goldsmith
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Joshua D. Ramsay
- Pathology Services, North American Science Associates, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Alan Conley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Tina Jo Owen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Yoko M. Ambrosini
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michela Ciccarelli
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nowacka-Woszuk J, Stachowiak M, Szczerbal I, Szydlowski M, Szabelska-Beresewicz A, Zyprych-Walczak J, Krzeminska P, Nowak T, Lukomska A, Ligocka Z, Biezynski J, Dzimira S, Nizanski W, Switonski M. Whole genome sequencing identifies a missense polymorphism in PADI6 associated with testicular/ovotesticular XX disorder of sex development in dogs. Genomics 2022; 114:110389. [PMID: 35597501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are congenital malformations defined as discrepancies between sex chromosomes and phenotypical sex. Testicular or ovotesticular XX DSDs are frequently observed in female dogs, while monogenic XY DSDs are less frequent. Here, we applied whole genome sequencing (WGS) to search for causative mutations in XX DSD females in French Bulldogs (FB) and American Staffordshire Terries (AST) and in XY DSD Yorkshire Terries (YT). The WGS results were validated by Sanger sequencing and ddPCR. It was shown that a missense SNP of the PADI6 gene, is significantly associated with the XX DSD (SRY-negative) phenotype in AST (P = 0.0051) and FB (P = 0.0306). On the contrary, we did not find any associated variant with XY DSD in YTs. Our study suggests that the genetic background of the XX DSD may be more complex and breed-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Stachowiak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Szczerbal
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Szydlowski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Alicja Szabelska-Beresewicz
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Zyprych-Walczak
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paulina Krzeminska
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Lukomska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Ligocka
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Biezynski
- Department of Surgery, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Dzimira
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C. K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Nizanski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Walter B, Flock U, Leykam C, Otzdorff C, Simmet K, Hecht W, Kempker L, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Reese S. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentration as a diagnostic tool to identify testicular tissue in canine disorders of sexual development. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 78:106654. [PMID: 34509739 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sexual development (DSD) may have their origin in alterations of the chromosomal, gonadal or phenotypic sex. Affected animals are usually presented because of ambiguous external genitalia, seldom because of reproductive disorders. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is secreted in the gonads with higher amounts in males than in females and can be used to identify gonadal tissue in sexually normally developed dogs. The aim of this study was to examine the diagnostic potential of serum AMH to identify testicular tissue in 11 dogs with DSD. The diagnostic procedures applied were: determination of the phenotypic sex (n = 11), genital ultrasound (n = 9), determination of the SRY gene (n = 11), karyogram (n = 6), gonadectomy (n = 11), pathohistology of the gonads (n = 10), serum AMH measurement (n = 11). 39 female dogs described in a previous study and 19 male dogs with a normal spermiogram served as controls for the AMH serum concentrations in sexually intact dogs. The 11 dogs with DSD were classified as 7 XY DSD and 4 XX DSD. Presumptive testes were obtained in 10 dogs and 1 dog had an ovotestis combined with a testis. Mean serum AMH values of the dogs with DSD were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in male and female controls. The upper limit of the AMH test (≥ 23ng/ml) was reached in 6 dogs. High AMH concentrations have been described previously in cryptorchid dogs. 1 dog with a male phenotype and 2 with a female phenotype had AMH values within the range of the male controls, although all of them had cryptorchid testes. A Poodle, in which epididymis were identified but no definitive gonads, had an AMH concentration of the lower limit of the test (≤ 0.01 ng/ml), comparable to previously described castrated dogs. This study indicates that serum AMH levels are a useful diagnostic tool to identify testicular tissue in dogs with DSD and suggests the possible use of AMH to diagnose testicular dysgenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Walter
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - U Flock
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Leykam
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Otzdorff
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K Simmet
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - W Hecht
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - L Kempker
- Laboklin GmbH & Co.KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | | | - S Reese
- Chair of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mullen RD, Ontiveros AE, Moses MM, Behringer RR. AMH and AMHR2 mutations: A spectrum of reproductive phenotypes across vertebrate species. Dev Biol 2019; 455:1-9. [PMID: 31301298 PMCID: PMC6754765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a member of the Transforming Growth Factor-β family of secreted signaling proteins. AMH is expressed in Sertoli cells of the fetal and adult testes and granulosa cells of the postnatal ovary. AMH is required for the regression of the Müllerian ducts in mammalian fetuses during male differentiation. AMH signals through its Type II receptor, AMHR2. AMHR2 is expressed in mesenchyme adjacent to the Müllerian ducts, and in Sertoli, Leydig, and granulosa cells. Although AMH and AMHR2 genes have been identified in numerous vertebrate species, spontaneous or engineered mutations or variants have been found or created in only a few mammals and teleost fishes. AMH or AMHR2 mutations in mammals lead to the development of Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome (PMDS), a recessive condition in which affected males are fully virilized but retain Müllerian duct-derived tissues, including a uterus and oviducts, and in human and dog, undescended testes. Amh mutant female mice had accelerated ovarian primordial follicle recruitment, suggesting a role for AMH in regulating germ cells. amh and amhr2 mutations have also been experimentally generated in various teleost fishes. Depending on the fish species, loss of AMH signaling results in infertility, germ cell tumors, or male-to-female sex reversal. Here we compare the spectrum of phenotypes caused by AMH and AMHR2 mutations in a variety of vertebrate species. There are both common and unique phenotypes between species, highlighting the range of biological processes regulated by AMH signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D Mullen
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alejandra E Ontiveros
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Malcolm M Moses
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA; Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Krzeminska P, Nizanski W, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Switonski M. Analysis of testosterone pathway genes in dogs (78,XY; SRY-positive) with ambiguous external genitalia revealed a homozygous animal for 2-bp deletion causing premature stop codon in HSD17B3. Anim Genet 2019; 50:705-711. [PMID: 31476086 DOI: 10.1111/age.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The genetic background of disorders of sex development (DSD) in dogs with a normal male sex chromosome set (78,XY) is poorly described. In this study, we present for the first time, an analysis of six genes of the testosterone pathway, encoding enzymes (CYP17A1, HSD3B2, HSD17B3, SRD5A2) and transcription factors (NR5A1, AR). The entire coding sequence and flanking regions of the introns, 5'-UTR and 3'-UTR were analyzed in five DSD dogs (78,XY, SRY-positive) with ambiguous external genitalia and in 15 control dogs. A homozygous deletion of 2 bp in exon 2 of HSD17B3 (hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 3) was found in a Dachshund dog with enlarged clitoris, vulva and abdominal gonads and decreased serum testosterone level. In silico analysis revealed that this deleterious variant causes truncation of the encoded polypeptide (from 306 to 65 amino acids) and deprivation of the active site of the encoded enzyme. Genotyping of 23 control Dachshund dogs showed a normal homozygous genotype. Thus, we assumed that the 2-bp deletion is the causative variant. Moreover, 24 SNPs (four in CYP17A1, three in HSD3B2, six in HSD17B3, five in SRD5A2, one in AR and five in NR5A1), two intronic indels (one in HSD3B2 and one in SRD5A2) and two microsatellite polymorphisms in exon 1 of AR were found. Six SNPs appeared to be novel. No association with DSD phenotype was observed. Identification of the first case of DSD in domestic animals caused by a deleterious variant of a gene involved in testosterone synthesis showed that these genes are important candidates in such studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Krzeminska
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - W Nizanski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - J Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - M Switonski
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nogueira DM, Armada JLA, Penedo DM, Tannouz VGS, Meyers-Wallen VN. Persistent Mullerian duct Syndrome in a Brazilian miniature schnauzer dog. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019; 91:e20180752. [PMID: 31241703 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920180752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we describe an eight-year-old miniature schnauzer (MS) dog from Brazil with Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome (PMDS) and the single base pair substitution in AMHR2 exon 3, first detected in this breed in the USA. This finding is evidence of mutation dissemination to South America. In PMDS, a type of XY Disorder of Sex Development (DSD), dogs with a male karyotype and external phenotype also have a uterus, oviducts, and a cranial vagina internally. Approximately half of PMDS MS are unilaterally or bilaterally cryptorchid and many develop pyometra and/or Sertoli cell tumor. Bilateral Sertoli cell testicular tumors were present in this case, and the dog died a few days after surgical castration and hysterectomy. Although the karyotype was compatible with male chromosomal sex, a Robertsonian translocation was also identified, which may be an incidental finding. This report emphasizes the importance of cytogenetic and molecular genetic analyses, along with clinical examination, to identify chromosomal or genetic variations associated with canine PMDS. These are helpful tools to obtain early diagnosis in the MS, which is important to improve health outcomes for affected dogs and to reduce the prevalence of PMDS and cryptorchidism in this breed by avoiding the mating of carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Nogueira
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro/UFRRJ, BR 465, Km 7, 23897-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jorge L A Armada
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro/UFRRJ, BR 465, Km 7, 23897-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Diego M Penedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro/UFRRJ, BR 465, Km 7, 23897-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vania G S Tannouz
- Rua Professor Valadares, 171, Grajaú, 20561-020 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vicki N Meyers-Wallen
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Krzemińska P, D'Anza E, Ciotola F, Paciello O, Restucci B, Peretti V, Albarella S, Switonski M. Polymorphisms of MAMLD1, SRD5A2, and AR Candidate Genes in Seven Dogs (78,XY; SRY-Positive) Affected by Hypospadias or Cryptorchidism. Sex Dev 2019; 13:92-98. [PMID: 31055572 DOI: 10.1159/000500219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular background of disorders of sex development (DSD) in dogs with normal sets of XY chromosomes (XY DSD) is very scarce. However, extensive studies have been carried out in humans, showing that polymorphisms and mutations of numerous genes, including SRY, MAMLD1, SRD5A2, and AR, are associated with or responsible for XY DSD. In this study, we analyzed the entire coding sequence of these genes in 7 dogs (78,XY) with ambiguous external genitalia (hypospadias, cryptorchidism, bifid scrotum, or rudimentary penis). The most common disorder was hypospadias (6 cases), followed by cryptorchidism (4 cases). The co-occurrence of both abnormalities was observed in 3 dogs. Polymorphisms were found in MAMLD1 (3 SNPs), SRD5A2 (5 SNPs), and AR (2 STRs and 1 SNP), while SRY was monomorphic. However, the distribution of the polymorphic variants in the DSD dogs and 11 control XY dogs did not differ significantly. Our study suggests that an association between the polymorphisms of the studied candidate genes and hypospadias or cryptorchidism is unlikely in dogs. We thus support the recent suggestion that hypospadias is not rare in this species, and moreover, we show that co-occurrence of hypospadias and cryptorchidism can be quite frequent.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sertoli Cell Tumour and Uterine Leiomyoma in Miniature Schnauzer Dogs with Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome Caused by Mutation in the AMHR2 Gene. J Comp Pathol 2018; 161:20-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|