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Ertuğrul T, Tütüncü Ş, Delice N, Özdemir B. Histochemical and immunohistochemical investigation of the number and localization of mast cells in the feline tongue. Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e13069. [PMID: 38831730 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This is the first study to describe the subtypes, number and distribution of mast cells (MC) in cat tongue by histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Six male adult felines' tongue tissue samples consist of the study's material. Samples were fixed in 10% formaldehyde. MC number and distribution in the feline tongue were assessed using toluidine blue. Also, sections taken from blocks were stained in alcian blue/safranin O (AB/SO) combined dyes to determine the MC subtypes. The Streptavidin biotin complex method using anti-chymase and anti-tryptase primary antibodies was used for immunohistochemistry. Metachromatic MCs were mainly observed in the lamina propria close to the multilayered keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The high number of MCs in this region may be because the dorsal surface of the tongue plays an essential role in the defence system of tongue tissue and, thus, of the body as a whole. Additionally, the number of MCs stained with AB (+) (1.7 ± 0.08) in the feline tongue was statistically higher than those with SO (+) (0.18 ± 0.02). This might be interpreted as an indication that MC heterogeneity may be due not only to their staining properties but also to their localization. It is also conceivable that the high histamine content may be a factor in this. Tryptase-positive MCs were found in the loose connective tissue around blood vessels, between the glands, as solitary cells, or in groups of several cells. Chymase-positive MCs were observed more individually rather than in groups. Moreover, chymase-positive MCs were detected to be located in the filiform papillae subepithelial and in the blood vessels' immediate vicinity. Animals often lick themselves to clean themselves and promote healing. For this reason, it is very important to protect the tongue, which is in direct contact with the external environment, against foreign agents. Considering both the functional and protective properties of the tongue, we concluded that MCs may play a role in oral cavity immunity and protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğrul Ertuğrul
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Şerife Tütüncü
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Delice
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Bengül Özdemir
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
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Norrby K. On Connective Tissue Mast Cells as Protectors of Life, Reproduction, and Progeny. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4499. [PMID: 38674083 PMCID: PMC11050338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The connective tissue mast cell (MC), a sentinel tissue-residing secretory immune cell, has been preserved in all vertebrate classes since approximately 500 million years. No physiological role of the MC has yet been established. Considering the power of natural selection of cells during evolution, it is likely that the MCs exert essential yet unidentified life-promoting actions. All vertebrates feature a circulatory system, and the MCs interact readily with the vasculature. It is notable that embryonic MC progenitors are generated from endothelial cells. The MC hosts many surface receptors, enabling its activation via a vast variety of potentially harmful exogenous and endogenous molecules and via reproductive hormones in the female sex organs. Activated MCs release a unique composition of preformed and newly synthesized bioactive molecules, like heparin, histamine, serotonin, proteolytic enzymes, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. MCs play important roles in immune responses, tissue remodeling, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, tissue homeostasis, health, and reproduction. As recently suggested, MCs enable perpetuation of the vertebrates because of key effects-spanning generations-in ovulation and pregnancy, as in life-preserving activities in inflammation and wound healing from birth till reproductive age, thus creating a permanent life-sustaining loop. Here, we present recent advances that further indicate that the MC is a specific life-supporting and progeny-safeguarding cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klas Norrby
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Biology, Sahlgren Academy, University of Gothenburg, 7 Ostindiefararen, SE-417 65 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Mohamed RH, Yousef NA, Awad M, Mohamed RS, Ali F, Hussein HA, Wehrend A. The relationship between ovarian hormones and mast cell distribution in the ovaries of dromedary camel (Camelus dromedaries) during the follicular wave. Vet World 2023; 16:309-316. [PMID: 37041993 PMCID: PMC10082722 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.309-316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Mast cells (MCs) play an essential role in regulating tissue homeostasis through various non-allergic immune reactions. This study aimed to describe the salient features of MCs during different phases of the estrous cycle and evaluate the relationship between ovarian hormones and the presence of MCs in camel ovaries.
Materials and Methods: Genital tracts (n = 28) of healthy, non-pregnant camels were collected from a local slaughterhouse. The follicular wave stage was determined according to structures on the ovaries using an ultrasound device. Stages were classified as "growing" (n = 12, FØ = 0.3–0.8 cm), "mature" (n = 9, FØ = 0.9–2.2 cm), or "regression" phase (n = 7, FØ >2.5). Blood samples were collected at slaughter to determine serum estradiol-17β and progesterone levels using an immunoassay. Safranin-O, periodic acid/Schiff, alcian blue, or methylene blue stains were used to detect MCs.
Results: Follicular numbers at the growing, mature, and regression phases were determined to be 36, 14, and 7 follicles, respectively. Mast cells were widely but sparsely distributed within the ovarian tissue (9.3 MCs in the growing phase, 10.7 in the mature phase, and 7.0 in the regression phase). Typical histological features of MCs were observed in ovarian stromal tissue. Some MCs were found in the interstitial tissue, either near the follicular wall or the interstitial gland. Mast cells were present at a higher density during the mature phase than in the growing and regression phases in the ovarian matrix. A significantly reduced presence of MCs was found in the regression phase than in both the growing and mature phases (p < 0.05). A very strong positive correlation was observed between serum estradiol-17β concentrations and MC density in the ovaries (r = 0.9; p < 0.001). In addition, a strong negative correlation (r = –0.65; p = 0.03) was observed between the presence of MCs and serum progesterone concentrations.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that the follicular wave phase and the associated hormonal concentration induce changes in the number of MCs in the camel ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragab H. Mohamed
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Tingar, Egypt
| | - Nasra A. Yousef
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Awad
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Rasha S. Mohamed
- Department of Animal Health, Animal and Poultry Production Division, Desert Research Center, Egypt
| | - Fatma Ali
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Hassan A. Hussein
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals with Veterinary Ambulance, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Norrby K. Do Mast Cells Contribute to the Continued Survival of Vertebrates? APMIS 2022; 130:618-624. [PMID: 35869669 PMCID: PMC9545593 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study is an attempt to shed light on why the connective tissue mast cell (MC) is preserved in all species with a blood circulatory system, i.e., the vertebrates since >500 million years, which suggests that the MC performs as yet not understood indispensible life‐promoting actions. The literature survey focuses on data in published papers on MC functions in immunological and nonimmunological reactions, host protection, pregnancy, inflammation, and wound healing. All data are thus accessible to the reader. The MC is a secretory cell with a unique mediator profile. A distinctive role for MCs is defined not only by their extensive mediator composition but also by their prominent ability to affect the vasculature to expedite selective cell recruitment and permeability changes and to set the stage for an appropriate acquired response. MCs, harboring a wide range of surface membrane receptors, are activated by the major female sex hormones as well as by diverse potentially adverse stimuli. MC activation/degranulation creates a presumably unique triad tissue response in physiological and pathological situations alike: extracellular matrix degradation and tissue remodeling, de novo cell proliferation, and de novo angiogenesis. As shown in the literature, MC‐activation is crucial for successful female reproduction in the mouse, implying one of possibly several yet unidentified physiological roles of MCs. Moreover, the activated MC aids newborns to survive to reproductive age owing to its key beneficial actions in inflammation and wound healing. Thus, a not previously described life‐perpetuating loop spanning generations are apparently formed, which, hypothetically, could contribute to the continued survival of the vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klas Norrby
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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Mast Cell Activation Syndrome in COVID-19 and Female Reproductive Function: Theoretical Background vs. Accumulating Clinical Evidence. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:9534163. [PMID: 35785029 PMCID: PMC9242765 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9534163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, can affect almost all systems and organs of the human body, including those responsible for reproductive function in women. The multisystem inflammatory response in COVID-19 shows many analogies with mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS), and MCAS may be an important component in the course of COVID-19. Of note, the female sex hormones estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) significantly influence mast cell (MC) behavior. This review presents the importance of MCs and the mediators from their granules in the female reproductive system, including pregnancy, and discusses the mechanism of potential disorders related to MCAS. Then, the available data on COVID-19 in the context of hormonal disorders, the course of endometriosis, female fertility, and the course of pregnancy were compiled to verify intuitively predicted threats. Surprisingly, although COVID-19 hyperinflammation and post-COVID-19 illness may be rooted in MCAS, the available clinical data do not provide grounds for treating this mechanism as significantly increasing the risk of abnormal female reproductive function, including pregnancy. Further studies in the context of post COVID-19 condition (long COVID), where inflammation and a procoagulative state resemble many aspects of MCAS, are needed.
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Hamouzova P, Cizek P, Jekl V, Gozdziewska-Harlajczuk K, Kleckowska-Nawrot J. Mast cells and Kurloff cells - Their detection throughout the oestrous cycle in normal guinea pig ovaries and in guinea pigs with cystic rete ovarii. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:512-518. [PMID: 33878613 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) and Kurloff cells (KCs) were detected in guinea pig ovaries in the follicular and luteal phases of the oestrous cycle. The samples of ovaries were fixed in Mota's basic lead acetate. Toluidine blue was used for detection of MCs and periodic acid-Schiff for detection of KCs. The percentage of KCs in a differential leukocyte count was determined in blood smears stained according to the Pappenheim method. Non-pregnant females with normal ovaries and with cystic rete ovarii were included in the study and the numbers of MCs and KCs were compared in these two groups and in follicular and luteal phases of the oestrous cycle. MCs' distribution in ovaries was different in the guinea pig in comparison to previously studied species: MCs were found exclusively in the superficial layers of cortical stroma and no significant difference was found between the number of MCs in the follicular and luteal phases, neither in normal ovaries, nor in ovaries with cystic rete ovarii. Significantly lower numbers of MCs were found in ovaries with cystic rete ovarii (P < 0.01) in contrast to normal ovaries. A significantly higher percentage of KCs in the peripheral blood was found in the follicular phase (P < 0.05), whereas no significant difference was found in relation to the presence of cystic rete ovarii. Interestingly, no KCs were found in the samples of ovaries (either in the follicular or luteal phase, and with or without cysts). Thus, the expected role of KCs in ovarian physiology or in the aetiology of the cystic rete ovarii can be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Hamouzova
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Cizek
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Jekl
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Jekl & Hauptman Veterinary Clinic, Mojmírovo náměstí 3105/6a, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Karolina Gozdziewska-Harlajczuk
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 1/3, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Joanna Kleckowska-Nawrot
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 1/3, 51-631 Wrocław, Poland.
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Marino G, Sfacteria A, Catone G, Zanghì A, Pecchia F, Difrancesco A, Russo M. Pseudo-Placentational Endometrial Hyperplasia in the Bitch: Case Series. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030718. [PMID: 33800885 PMCID: PMC8000527 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pseudo-placentational endometrial hyperplasia is an uncommon lesion of the canine uterus. The lesion is characterized by a bizarre tissue organization resembling the layers of the mature maternal placenta. It may be inducible by foreign body insertion in the dioestrus uterus and probably encloses the mechanism of canine placentation. The ordinated proliferation may subvert to disorganized forms when the stimulus is biological and triggers an immune response. In this view, the pseudo-placentational endometrial hyperplasia may explain some unknown features of the cystic endometrial hyperplasia/pyometra complex. The report of six new spontaneous cases will help the knowledge and the clinicopathological framing of this unique lesion. Considering the physiological changes of endometrium in late dioestrus and early anoestrus, in the authors’ opinion, the pseudo-placentational endometrial hyperplasia term should be limited to the well-organized forms detectable by gross examination or ultrasound imaging. Abstract Canine pseudo-placentational endometrial hyperplasia differs from the classical form of cystic endometrial hyperplasia for the well-organized tissue architecture resembling the canine placenta. After the discovery, it has been inconstantly reported. The present work reports the clinicopathological details of six spontaneous cases retrieved retrospectively from a large database. The lesion was found in young non-pregnant female dogs (median 2.0 years) at the end of dioestrus. It could be imaged by ultrasound and was always grossly detectable as single or multiple uterine enlargements of 2–3 cm in diameter with a villous whitish tissue growing on the mucosa and occluding the lumen. Histology confirmed the tissue architecture of the canine placenta with a basal glandular layer, a connective band, a spongy layer and a tortuous and compact labyrinth, often poorly recognizable. The pseudo-placentational hyperplasia is a non-inflammatory proliferative lesion although numerous mast cells inhabit the connective band, and a superimposed inflammatory infiltrate was seen in a case. Canine pseudo-placentational endometrial hyperplasia has very peculiar features, and it is a model for canine placentation and may help to better understand the cystic endometrial hyperplasia/pyometra complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Marino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (G.C.); (A.Z.); (F.P.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandra Sfacteria
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (G.C.); (A.Z.); (F.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Giuseppe Catone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (G.C.); (A.Z.); (F.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Antonina Zanghì
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (G.C.); (A.Z.); (F.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Fabiana Pecchia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (G.C.); (A.Z.); (F.P.); (A.D.)
- Polivet, 00138 Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Difrancesco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (A.S.); (G.C.); (A.Z.); (F.P.); (A.D.)
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Piccoli Animali da Compagnia Mariotti & Longhin, 39044 Egna, Italy
| | - Marco Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples, Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy;
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