1
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Vergara IH, Geber MA, Moeller DA, Eckhart VM. Population histories of variable reproductive success and low winter precipitation correlate with risk-averse seed germination in a mediterranean-climate winter annual. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024:e16412. [PMID: 39328075 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Seed germination involves risk; post-germination conditions might not allow survival and reproduction. Variable, stressful environments favor seeds with germination that avoids risk (e.g., germination in conditions predicting success), spreads risk (e.g., dormancy), or escapes risk (e.g., rapid germination). Germination studies often investigate trait correlations with climate features linked to variation in post-germination reproductive success. Rarely are long-term records of population reproductive success available. METHODS Supported by demographic and climate monitoring, we analyzed germination in the California winter-annual Clarkia xantiana subsp. xantiana. Sowing seeds of 10 populations across controlled levels of water potential and temperature, we estimated temperature-specific base water potential for 20% germination, germination time weighted by water potential above base (hydrotime), and a dormancy index (frequency of viable, ungerminated seeds). Mixed-effects models analyzed responses to (1) temperature, (2) discrete variation in reproductive success (presence or absence of years with zero seed production by a population), and (3) climate covariates, mean winter precipitation and coefficient of variation (CV) of spring precipitation. For six populations, records enabled analysis with a continuous metric of variable reproduction, the CV of per-capita reproductive success. RESULTS Populations with more variable reproductive success had higher base water potential and dormancy. Higher base water potential and faster germination occurred at warmer experimental temperatures and in seeds of populations with wetter winters. CONCLUSIONS Geographic variation in seed germination in this species suggests local adaptation to demographic risk and rainfall. High base water potential and dormancy may concentrate germination in years likely to allow reproduction, while spreading risk among years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella H Vergara
- Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Olivette, MO, USA
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2
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Wion AP, Stevens JT, Beeley K, Oertel R, Margolis EQ, Allen CD. Multidecadal vegetation transformations of a New Mexico ponderosa pine landscape after severe fires and aerial seeding. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e3008. [PMID: 39034303 DOI: 10.1002/eap.3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Wildfires and climate change increasingly are transforming vegetation composition and structure, and postfire management may have long-lasting effects on ecosystem reorganization. Postfire aerial seeding treatments are commonly used to reduce runoff and soil erosion, but little is known about how seeding treatments affect native vegetation recovery over long periods of time, particularly in type-converted forests that have been dramatically transformed by the effects of repeated, high-severity fire. In this study, we analyze and report on a rare long-term (23-year) dataset that documents vegetation dynamics following a 1996 post-fire aerial seeding treatment and a subsequent 2011 high-severity reburn in a dry conifer landscape of northern New Mexico, USA. Repeated surveys between 1997 and 2019 of 49 permanent transects were analyzed for differences in vegetation cover, richness, and diversity between seeded and unseeded areas, and to characterize the development of seeded and unseeded vegetation communities through time and across gradients of burn severity, elevation, and soil-available water capacity. Seeded plots showed no significant difference in bare ground cover during the initial years postfire relative to unseeded plots. Postfire seeding led to a clear and sustained divergence in herbaceous community composition. Seeded plots had a much higher cover of non-native graminoids, primarily Bromus inermis, a likely contaminant in the seed mix. High-severity reburning of all plots in 2011 reduced native graminoid cover by half at seeded plots compared with both prefire levels and with plots that were unseeded following the initial 1996 fire. In addition, higher fire severity was associated with increased non-native graminoid cover and reduced native graminoid cover. This study documents fire-driven ecosystem transformation from conifer forest into a shrub-and-grass-dominated system, reinforced by aerial seeding of grasses and high-severity reburning. This unique long-term dataset illustrates that post-fire seeding carries significant risks of unwanted non-native species invasions that persist through subsequent fires-thus alternative postfire management actions merit consideration to better support native ecosystem resilience given emergent climate change and increasing disturbance. This study also highlights the importance of long-term monitoring of postfire vegetation dynamics, as short-term assessments miss key elements of complex ecosystem responses to fire and postfire management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas P Wion
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jens T Stevens
- School of Environmental and Forest Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kay Beeley
- National Park Service, Bandelier National Monument, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Rebecca Oertel
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ellis Q Margolis
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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3
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Baughman O, Hosford A, Ralston E. Evaluating Seed Enhancement Technology's Effects on Seed Viability during Multi-Year Storage: A Case Study Using Herbicide Protection Pellets. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3662. [PMID: 37896125 PMCID: PMC10610269 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The viability of seed often decreases during multi-year storage. For seed enhancement technologies (SETs) that apply treatments to native seed prior to sowing in restoration projects, it is important to determine if SETs affect the rate of viability loss in storage to understand if treated seeds can tolerate storage or if they must be sown immediately after treatment. Examining herbicide protection pellet (HPP) seed technology, we conducted germination trials on 10 seedlots of four species to compare three treatments: original bare seed kept in seed storage for 2-3 years, seed retrieved from 2-3-year-old HPPs made from pre-storage original bare seed (old HPPs), and seed retrieved from HPPs that were freshly-made using post-storage original bare seed (new HPPs). For three perennial bunchgrasses, we saw equal or higher germinability of seed from old HPPs compared to the original bare seed and new HPPs, suggesting application of HPP technology to these species prior to multi-year storage is suitable. For the seeds of a perennial shrub, although we saw greater germination of original bare seeds compared to old HPPs, the lowest germination was from new HPPs, still suggesting HPP application prior to storage as a suitable practice. We suggest these tests be performed with all new SETs under development for ecological restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Baughman
- The Nature Conservancy, 67826A Hwy. 205, Burns, OR 97720, USA
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4
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Ngwenya DK, Holmes PM, Geerts S, Esler KJ. Scaling up restoration efforts by simulating the effects of fire to circumvent prescribed burns when preparing restoration sites in South African fynbos ecosystems. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duduzile K. Ngwenya
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland South Africa
- Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Natural Sciences Building, Private Bag X1 Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
| | - Patricia M. Holmes
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland South Africa
- Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Natural Sciences Building, Private Bag X1 Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
| | - Sjirk Geerts
- Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Natural Sciences Building, Private Bag X1 Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
- Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences Cape Peninsula University of Technology Cape Town South Africa
| | - Karen J. Esler
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland South Africa
- Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Natural Sciences Building, Private Bag X1 Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
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5
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Wang J, Wang XY, Pan W, Li JY, Xue L, Li S. Seed germination traits and dormancy classification of 27 species from a degraded karst mountain in central Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: seed mass and moisture content correlate with germination capacity. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:1043-1056. [PMID: 35793164 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In degraded karst ecosystem, vegetation restoration efforts almost exclusively rely on planted seedlings, but this is not effective to maintain community diversity and resilience. As seed functional traits, seed dormancy and germination are key to community assembly. Unfortunately, these elements are commonly overlooked in restoring degraded ecosystems. This work classifies seed dormancy of 27 species with different life forms that are common on a degraded karst mountain. We examined the effects of temperature regime and light conditions on percentage germination and assessed the relationships between seed traits and germination index using a partial least squares regression (PLSR). Approximately 48% of the investigated species had physiological dormancy, 37% were non-dormant, 7% had morphophysiological dormancy, 4% had morphological dormancy and 4% had physical dormancy. We found that 94% (15 out of 16) species had maximum germination in warm temperature regimes (20/13 and 25/18 °C), while the remaining species required cool temperatures (10/4 °C). PLSR analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between seed mass and T50m (time to 50% final germination), and a negative correlation between seed moisture content and percentage germination. Our findings indicate that seed traits are important factors in seed-based restoration practice. F. esculentum, O. opipara, P. fortuneana and S. salicifolia are recommended for direct seeding during the early rainy season to restore seriously degraded lands in subtropical karst regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, China
- Observation and Research Station for Rock Desert Ecosystem, Puding, China
| | - X Y Wang
- Chun'an County Forestry Administration, Hangzhou, China
| | - W Pan
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, China
| | - J Y Li
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, China
| | - L Xue
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, China
- Observation and Research Station for Rock Desert Ecosystem, Puding, China
| | - S Li
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, China
- Observation and Research Station for Rock Desert Ecosystem, Puding, China
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6
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Case SB, Postelli K, Drake DR, Vizentin-Bugoni J, Foster JT, Sperry JH, Kelley JP, Tarwater CE. Introduced galliforms as seed predators and dispersers in Hawaiian forests. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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7
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Turner SR, Cross AT, Just M, Newton V, Pedrini S, Tomlinson S, Dixon K. Restoration seedbanks for mined land restoration. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shane R. Turner
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley 6102 Western Australia Australia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - Adam T. Cross
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley 6102 Western Australia Australia
- EcoHealth Network, 1330 Beacon St, Suite 355a Brookline MA 02446 United States
| | - Michael Just
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley 6102 Western Australia Australia
| | - Vern Newton
- Hanson Australia, Level 1, 35 Great Eastern Hwy, Rivervale WA 6103 Australia
| | - Simone Pedrini
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley 6102 Western Australia Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Sean Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide, North Terrace Adelaide SA 5000 Australia
| | - Kingsley Dixon
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley 6102 Western Australia Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley WA 6102 Australia
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8
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Urzedo D, Pedrini S, Vieira DLM, Sampaio AB, Souza BDF, Campos-Filho EM, Piña-Rodrigues FCM, Schmidt IB, Junqueira RGP, Dixon K. Indigenous and local communities can boost seed supply in the UN decade on ecosystem restoration. AMBIO 2022; 51:557-568. [PMID: 34231132 PMCID: PMC8259771 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration is poised to trigger the recovery of ecosystem services and transform structural injustices across the world in a way unparalleled in human history. The inclusion of diverse Indigenous and local communities to co-create robust native seed supply systems is the backbone to achieve the goals for the Decade. Here we show how community-based organizations have co-developed native seed supply strategies for landscape restoration from the bottom-up. We draw on the interconnections over two decades of seed networks in Brazil and the emerging Indigenous participation in native seed production in Australia. From an environmental justice perspective, we provide a participatory seed supply approach for local engagement, noting local geographical, social and cultural contexts. Meeting large-scale restoration goals requires the connection between local seed production and collaborative platforms to negotiate roles, rights and responsibilities between stakeholders. An enduring native seed supply must include a diversity of voices and autonomy of community groups that builds equitable participation in social, economic, and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Urzedo
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
- Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1SB UK
| | - Simone Pedrini
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
| | - Daniel L. M. Vieira
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF 70770-917 Brazil
| | - Alexandre B. Sampaio
- ICMBio - Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, CBC - Centro de Avaliação da Biodiversidade, Pesquisa e Conservacão do Cerrado, Lago Sul, Brasília, DF Brazil
| | | | | | - Fatima C. M. Piña-Rodrigues
- Environmental Science Department, Federal University of Sao Carlos campus de Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP 18052-780 Brazil
| | - Isabel B. Schmidt
- Ecology Department, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900 Brazil
| | | | - Kingsley Dixon
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
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9
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Pedrini S, D'Agui HM, Arya T, Turner S, Dixon KW. Seed quality and the true price of native seed for mine site restoration. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pedrini
- Australian Research Council Centre for Mine Site Restoration School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University, Kent Street Bentley 6102 Western Australia Australia
| | - Haylee M. D'Agui
- Australian Research Council Centre for Mine Site Restoration School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University, Kent Street Bentley 6102 Western Australia Australia
| | - Tiana Arya
- Australian Research Council Centre for Mine Site Restoration School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University, Kent Street Bentley 6102 Western Australia Australia
| | - Shane Turner
- Australian Research Council Centre for Mine Site Restoration School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University, Kent Street Bentley 6102 Western Australia Australia
| | - Kingsley W. Dixon
- Australian Research Council Centre for Mine Site Restoration School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University, Kent Street Bentley 6102 Western Australia Australia
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10
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McCormick ML, Carr AN, Massatti R, Winkler DE, De Angelis P, Olwell P. How to increase the supply of native seed to improve restoration success: the US native seed development process. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly L. McCormick
- Southwest Biological Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 2255 N Gemini Dr Flagstaff Arizona 86001 U.S.A
| | - Amanda N. Carr
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road Glencoe Illinois 60022 U.S.A
| | - Rob Massatti
- Southwest Biological Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 2255 N Gemini Dr Flagstaff Arizona 86001 U.S.A
| | - Daniel E. Winkler
- Southwest Biological Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 2290 S West Resource Blvd Moab Utah 84532 U.S.A
| | - Patricia De Angelis
- Division of Scientific Authority U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, International Affairs 5275 Leesburg Pike Falls Church Virginia 22041‐3803 U.S.A
| | - Peggy Olwell
- Plant Conservation and Restoration Program Bureau of Land Management 1387 S Vinnell Way Boise Idaho 83709 U.S.A
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11
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Seed Quality as Related to Harvest Time in Three Key Perennial Grasses Native to Puna Tussock Rangelands of Peru. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/4346186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Seed-based rehabilitation programs represent a primary foundation for rangeland recovery, which requires high-quality seed of key native species. The objective of this research was to determine the seed quality at different harvest times for three key perennial grasses native to puna tussock rangelands of Peru: Festuca dolichophylla, Festuca humilior, and Calamagrostis vicunarum. Seeds of each species were harvested at 21, 28, and 35 days after anthesis and evaluated by standard tests to determine the purity, size, viability, and germinability. On average, the seed purity of the studied species ranged between 23% and 44%, hundred-seed weight between 34 mg and 73 mg, seed viability between 24% and 60%, and the seed germination between 18% and 34% over the harvest dates. The highest seed quality was observed in C. vicunarum. Seed quality parameters of the studied species did not show a consistent variation over the harvest times. Overall, the species studied presented relatively low seed quality; therefore, when using it in rehabilitation programs for rangeland recovery, it is important to carry out a previous cleaning process (to reduce nonviable seeds and inert matter) and to use a sufficient quantity of seed for effective establishment of these key grasses.
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12
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Seeding Resilient Restoration: An Indicator System for the Analysis of Tree Seed Systems. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13080367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Achieving multi-million-hectare commitments from countries around the world to restore degraded lands in resilient and sustainable ways requires, among other things, huge volumes of tree planting material. Seed systems encompassing all forest reproductive material (e.g., seeds, cuttings, stakes, and wildings), are key to ensuring that sufficient planting material with a diverse range of suitable species, adapted to local conditions and capable of persisting under a changing climate, is available for restoration projects. The ideal structure of a seed system integrates five components: seed selection and innovation, seed harvesting and production, market access, supply and demand, quality control, and an enabling environment. We propose 15 indicators to evaluate these key components and trial them by assessing national seed systems in 7 Latin American countries. We conclude that the indicators enable a straightforward assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of national seed systems, thus assisting governments to identify key areas for improvement and opportunities for horizontal learning.
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13
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Ladouceur E, McGowan J, Huber P, Possingham H, Scridel D, Klink R, Poschlod P, Cornelissen JHC, Bonomi C, Jiménez‐Alfaro B. An objective‐based prioritization approach to support trophic complexity through ecological restoration species mixes. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ladouceur
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany
- Department of Physiological Diversity Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐UFZ Leipzig Germany
- Sezione Botanica Museo delle Scienze (MUSE) Trento Italy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Jennifer McGowan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Center for Biodiversity and Global Change Yale University New Haven CT USA
- The Nature Conservancy Arlington VA USA
| | - Patrick Huber
- Agricultural Sustainability Institute University of California Davis Davis CA USA
| | | | - Davide Scridel
- Area Avifauna Migratrice Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA) Roma Italy
- Sezione Zoologia dei Vertebrati Museo delle Scienze (MUSE) Trento Italy
| | - Roel Klink
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Computer Science Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Peter Poschlod
- Department of Ecology and Nature Conservation University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany
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14
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Pizza R, Espeland E, Etterson J. Eight generations of native seed cultivation reduces plant fitness relative to the wild progenitor population. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1816-1829. [PMID: 34295366 PMCID: PMC8288025 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Native seed for restoration is in high demand, but widespread habitat degradation will likely prevent enough seed from being sustainably harvested from wild populations to meet this need. While propagation of native species has emerged in recent decades to address this resource gap, few studies have tested whether the processes of sampling from wild populations, followed by generations of farm cultivation, reduce plant fitness tolerance to stress over time. To test this, we grew the eighth generation of farm-propagated Clarkia pulchella Pursh (Onagraceae) alongside seeds from two of the three original wild source populations that established the native seed farm. To detect differences in stress tolerance, half of plants were subjected to a low-water treatment in the greenhouse. At the outset, farmed seeds were 4.1% heavier and had 4% greater germination compared to wild-collected seed. At maturity, farmed plants were 22% taller and had 20% larger stigmatic surfaces, even after accounting for differences in initial seed size. Importantly, the mortality of farmed plants was extremely high (75%), especially in the low-water treatment (80%). Moreover, farmed plants under the high-water treatment had 90% lower relative fitness than wild plants due to the 1.3 times greater weekly mortality and a 3-fold reduction in flowering likelihood. Together, these data suggest that bottlenecks during initial sampling and/or unconscious selection during propagation severely reduced genetic diversity and promoted inbreeding. This may undermine restoration success, especially under stressful conditions. These results indicate that more data must be collected on the effects of cultivation to determine whether it is a suitable source of restoration seed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Espeland
- United States Department of Agriculture, ARSSidneyMTUSA
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15
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Zanetti M, Dayrell RLC, Wardil MV, Damasceno A, Fernandes T, Castilho A, Santos FMG, Silveira FAO. Seed Functional Traits Provide Support for Ecological Restoration and ex situ Conservation in the Threatened Amazon Ironstone Outcrop Flora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:599496. [PMID: 33424895 PMCID: PMC7793850 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.599496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cangas (ironstone outcrops) host a specialized flora, characterized by high degree of edaphic endemism and an apparent lack of natural history knowledge of its flora. Due to intense pressure from iron ore mining this ecosystem is under threat and in need of restoration. We studied seed functional traits that are relevant for restoration, translocation and ex situ conservation in 48 species from cangas in eastern Amazon. Were determined the thermal niche breadth, classified seed dormancy and determined methods to overcome it, determined the effect of seed storage on germination, tested the association between germination traits and functional groups, and tested whether seed traits are phylogenetically conserved. We found a broad interspecific variation in most seed traits, except for seed water content. Large interspecific variation in the temperature niche breadth was found among the studied species, but only four species, showed optimum germination at high temperatures of 35-40°C, despite high temperatures under natural conditions. Only 35% of the studied species produced dormant seeds. Mechanical scarification was effective in overcoming physical dormancy and application of gibberellic acid was effective in overcoming physiological dormancy in five species. For the 29 species that seeds were stored for 24 months, 76% showed decreases in the germination percentage. The weak association between germination traits and life-history traits indicate that no particular plant functional type requires specific methods for seed-based translocations. Exceptions were the lianas which showed relatively larger seeds compared to the other growth-forms. Dormancy was the only trait strongly related to phylogeny, suggesting that phylogenetic relatedness may not be a good predictor of regeneration from seeds in cangas. Our study provides support to better manage seed sourcing, use, storage and enhancement techniques with expected reduced costs and increased seedling establishment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcilio Zanetti
- Bioma meio Ambiente LTDA, Nova Lima, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roberta L. C. Dayrell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mariana V. Wardil
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Amplo Engenharia e Gestão de Projetos LTDA, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Damasceno
- VALE S/A. Environmental Licensing Management, Mina de Águas Claras, Nova Lima, Brazil
| | - Tais Fernandes
- VALE S/A. Environmental Licensing Management, Mina de Águas Claras, Nova Lima, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Castilho
- VALE S/A. Environmental Licensing Management, Mina de Águas Claras, Nova Lima, Brazil
| | - Fernando M. G. Santos
- VALE S/A. Environmental Licensing Management, Mina de Águas Claras, Nova Lima, Brazil
| | - Fernando A. O. Silveira
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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16
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Pedrini S, Dixon KW. International principles and standards for native seeds in ecological restoration. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pedrini
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, Department of Environment and AgricultureCurtin University Kent Street, Bentley 6102 WA Australia
| | - Kingsley W. Dixon
- ARC Centre for Mine Site Restoration, Department of Environment and AgricultureCurtin University Kent Street, Bentley 6102 WA Australia
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