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Yan Y, Piao S, Hammond WM, Chen A, Hong S, Xu H, Munson SM, Myneni RB, Allen CD. Climate-induced tree-mortality pulses are obscured by broad-scale and long-term greening. Nat Ecol Evol 2024:10.1038/s41559-024-02372-1. [PMID: 38467712 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Vegetation greening has been suggested to be a dominant trend over recent decades, but severe pulses of tree mortality in forests after droughts and heatwaves have also been extensively reported. These observations raise the question of to what extent the observed severe pulses of tree mortality induced by climate could affect overall vegetation greenness across spatial grains and temporal extents. To address this issue, here we analyse three satellite-based datasets of detrended growing-season normalized difference vegetation index (NDVIGS) with spatial resolutions ranging from 30 m to 8 km for 1,303 field-documented sites experiencing severe drought- or heat-induced tree-mortality events around the globe. We find that severe tree-mortality events have distinctive but localized imprints on vegetation greenness over annual timescales, which are obscured by broad-scale and long-term greening. Specifically, although anomalies in NDVIGS (ΔNDVI) are negative during tree-mortality years, this reduction diminishes at coarser spatial resolutions (that is, 250 m and 8 km). Notably, tree-mortality-induced reductions in NDVIGS (|ΔNDVI|) at 30-m resolution are negatively related to native plant species richness and forest height, whereas topographic heterogeneity is the major factor affecting ΔNDVI differences across various spatial grain sizes. Over time periods of a decade or longer, greening consistently dominates all spatial resolutions. The findings underscore the fundamental importance of spatio-temporal scales for cohesively understanding the effects of climate change on forest productivity and tree mortality under both gradual and abrupt changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Yan
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - William M Hammond
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Songbai Hong
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Seth M Munson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Ranga B Myneni
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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2
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Jung CG, Keyser AR, Remy CC, Krofcheck D, Allen CD, Hurteau MD. Topographic information improves simulated patterns of post-fire conifer regeneration in the southwest United States. Glob Chang Biol 2023; 29:4342-4353. [PMID: 37211629 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The western United States is projected to experience more frequent and severe wildfires in the future due to drier and hotter climate conditions, exacerbating destructive wildfire impacts on forest ecosystems such as tree mortality and unsuccessful post-fire regeneration. While empirical studies have revealed strong relationships between topographical information and plant regeneration, ecological processes in ecosystem models have either not fully addressed topography-mediated effects on the probability of plant regeneration, or the probability is only controlled by climate-related factors, for example, water and light stresses. In this study, we incorporated seedling survival data based on a planting experiment in the footprint of the 2011 Las Conchas Fire into the Photosynthesis and EvapoTranspiration (PnET) extension of the LANDIS-II model by adding topographic and an additional climatic variable to the probability of regeneration. The modified algorithm included topographic parameters such as heat load index and ground slope and spring precipitation. We ran simulations on the Las Conchas Fire landscape for 2012-2099 using observed and projected climate data (i.e., Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 and 8.5). Our modification significantly reduced the number of regeneration events of three common southwestern conifer tree species (piñon, ponderosa pine, and Douglas-fir), leading to decreases in aboveground biomass, regardless of climate scenario. The modified algorithm decreased regeneration at higher elevations and increased regeneration at lower elevations relative to the original algorithm. Regenerations of three species also decreased in eastern aspects. Our findings suggest that ecosystem models may overestimate post-fire regeneration events in the southwest United States. To better represent regeneration processes following wildfire, ecosystem models need refinement to better account for the range of factors that influence tree seedling establishment. This will improve model utility for projecting the combined effects of climate and wildfire on tree species distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gyo Jung
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Alisa R Keyser
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Cecile C Remy
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Institute of Geography, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Krofcheck
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Matthew D Hurteau
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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3
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Sáenz-Romero C, Cambrón-Sandoval VH, Hammond W, Méndez-González J, Luna-Soria H, Macías-Sámano JE, Gómez-Romero M, Trejo-Ramírez O, Allen CD, Gómez-Pineda E, Del-Val E. Abundance of Dendroctonus frontalis and D. mexicanus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) along altitudinal transects in Mexico: Implications of climatic change for forest conservation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288067. [PMID: 37405993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bark beetle infestations have historically been primary drivers of stand thinning in Mexican pine forests. However, bark beetle impacts have become increasingly extensive and intense, apparently associated with climate change. Our objective was to describe the possible association between abundance of bark beetle flying populations and the occurrence of given value intervals of temperature, precipitation and their balance, in order to have a better comprehension of the climatic space that might trigger larger insect abundances, an issue relevant in the context of the ongoing climatic change. Here, we monitored the abundance of two of the most important bark beetle species in Mexico, Dendroctonus frontalis and D. mexicanus. We sampled 147 sites using pheromone-baited funnel traps along 24 altitudinal transects in 11 Mexican states, from northwestern Chihuahua to southeastern Chiapas, from 2015 to 2017. Through mixed model analysis, we found that the optimum Mean Annual Temperatures were 17°C-20°C for D. frontalis in low-elevation pine-oak forest, while D. mexicanus had two optimal intervals: 11-13°C and 15-18°C. Higher atmospheric Vapor Pressure Deficit (≥ 1.0) was correlated with higher D. frontalis abundances, indicating that warming-amplified drought stress intensifies trees' vulnerability to beetle attack. As temperatures and drought stress increase further with projected future climatic changes, it is likely that these Dendroctonus species will increase tree damage at higher elevations. Pine forests in Mexico are an important source of livelihood for communities inhabiting those areas, so providing tools to tackle obstacles to forest growth and health posed by changing climate is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | | | - William Hammond
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jorge Méndez-González
- Departamento Forestal, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila, México
| | - Hugo Luna-Soria
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | | | - Mariela Gómez-Romero
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Cátedras of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Oscar Trejo-Ramírez
- Dirección General de Gestión Forestal y de Suelos, Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Craig D Allen
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Erika Gómez-Pineda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México
- Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Ek Del-Val
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
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4
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Margolis EQ, Guiterman CH, Chavardès RD, Coop JD, Copes‐Gerbitz K, Dawe DA, Falk DA, Johnston JD, Larson E, Li H, Marschall JM, Naficy CE, Naito AT, Parisien M, Parks SA, Portier J, Poulos HM, Robertson KM, Speer JH, Stambaugh M, Swetnam TW, Tepley AJ, Thapa I, Allen CD, Bergeron Y, Daniels LD, Fulé PZ, Gervais D, Girardin MP, Harley GL, Harvey JE, Hoffman KM, Huffman JM, Hurteau MD, Johnson LB, Lafon CW, Lopez MK, Maxwell RS, Meunier J, North M, Rother MT, Schmidt MR, Sherriff RL, Stachowiak LA, Taylor A, Taylor EJ, Trouet V, Villarreal ML, Yocom LL, Arabas KB, Arizpe AH, Arseneault D, Tarancón AA, Baisan C, Bigio E, Biondi F, Cahalan GD, Caprio A, Cerano‐Paredes J, Collins BM, Dey DC, Drobyshev I, Farris C, Fenwick MA, Flatley W, Floyd ML, Gedalof Z, Holz A, Howard LF, Huffman DW, Iniguez J, Kipfmueller KF, Kitchen SG, Lombardo K, McKenzie D, Merschel AG, Metlen KL, Minor J, O'Connor CD, Platt L, Platt WJ, Saladyga T, Stan AB, Stephens S, Sutheimer C, Touchan R, Weisberg PJ. The North American tree‐ring fire‐scar network. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Q. Margolis
- New Mexico Landscapes Field Station U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center Santa Fe New Mexico USA
| | | | - Raphaël D. Chavardès
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts Université du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue Rouyn‐Noranda Québec Canada
| | - Jonathan D. Coop
- School of Environment and Sustainability Western Colorado University Gunnison Colorado USA
| | - Kelsey Copes‐Gerbitz
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Denyse A. Dawe
- Northern Forestry Centre Canadian Forest Service Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Donald A. Falk
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, ENR2 Building University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | | | - Evan Larson
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Society University of Wisconsin‐Platteville Platteville Wisconsin USA
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems Indiana State University Terre Haute Indiana USA
| | | | | | - Adam T. Naito
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Geographical Sciences Northern Michigan University Marquette Michigan USA
| | - Marc‐André Parisien
- Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Sean A. Parks
- Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service Missoula Montana USA
| | - Jeanne Portier
- Forest Resources and Management Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Helen M. Poulos
- College of the Environment Wesleyan University Middletown Connecticut USA
| | | | - James H. Speer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems Indiana State University Terre Haute Indiana USA
| | - Michael Stambaugh
- School of Natural Resources University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Thomas W. Swetnam
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Alan J. Tepley
- Canadian Forest Service Northern Forestry Centre Edmonton Alberta Canada
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal Virginia USA
| | - Ichchha Thapa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems Indiana State University Terre Haute Indiana USA
| | - Craig D. Allen
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts Université du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue Rouyn‐Noranda Québec Canada
- Département des Sciences Biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Lori D. Daniels
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Peter Z. Fulé
- School of Forestry Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - David Gervais
- Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada Québec Québec Canada
| | | | - Grant L. Harley
- Department of Earth and Spatial Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho USA
| | - Jill E. Harvey
- Department of Natural Resource Science Thompson Rivers University Kamloops British Columbia Canada
| | - Kira M. Hoffman
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Bulkley Valley Research Centre Smithers British Columbia Canada
| | - Jean M. Huffman
- Tall Timbers Research Station Tallahassee Florida USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Matthew D. Hurteau
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Lane B. Johnson
- Cloquet Forestry Center University of Minnesota Cloquet Minnesota USA
| | - Charles W. Lafon
- Department of Geography Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Manuel K. Lopez
- New Mexico Landscapes Field Station U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center Santa Fe New Mexico USA
| | | | - Jed Meunier
- Division of Forestry Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Malcolm North
- USFS PSW Research Station Mammoth Lakes California USA
| | - Monica T. Rother
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of North Carolina‐Wilmington Wilmington North Carolina USA
| | - Micah R. Schmidt
- College of Forestry Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Rosemary L. Sherriff
- Department of Geography, Environment and Spatial Analysis Humboldt State University Arcata California USA
| | | | - Alan Taylor
- Department of Geography and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Erana J. Taylor
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Valerie Trouet
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Miguel L. Villarreal
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Geographic Science Center Moffett Field California USA
| | - Larissa L. Yocom
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah USA
| | - Karen B. Arabas
- Department of Environmental Science Willamette University Salem Oregon USA
| | - Alexis H. Arizpe
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter Vienna Austria
| | - Dominique Arseneault
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie Université du Québec à Rimouski Rimouski Quebec Canada
| | | | - Christopher Baisan
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Erica Bigio
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada USA
| | - Franco Biondi
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada USA
| | | | - Anthony Caprio
- Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks Three Rivers California USA
| | | | - Brandon M. Collins
- Center for Fire Research and Outreach University of California Berkeley California USA
| | - Daniel C. Dey
- US Forest Service, Northern Research Station Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Igor Drobyshev
- Swedish Agricultural University, Southern Swedish Research Centre Uppsala Sweden
- Université du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue Rouyn‐Noranda Quebec Canada
| | | | | | - William Flatley
- Department of Geography University of Central Arkansas Conway Arkansas USA
| | | | - Ze'ev Gedalof
- Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Andres Holz
- Department of Geography Portland State University Portland Oregon USA
| | - Lauren F. Howard
- Department of Biology Arcadia University Glenside Pennsylvania USA
| | - David W. Huffman
- Ecological Restoration Institute Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Jose Iniguez
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Kurt F. Kipfmueller
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Society University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | | | - Keith Lombardo
- Southern California Research Learning Center San Diego California USA
| | - Donald McKenzie
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | | | | | - Jesse Minor
- University of Maine System Farmington Maine USA
| | - Christopher D. O'Connor
- Forestry Sciences Laboratory Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service Missoula Montana USA
| | - Laura Platt
- Department of Geography Portland State University Portland Oregon USA
| | - William J. Platt
- Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Thomas Saladyga
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences Concord University Athens West Virginia USA
| | - Amanda B. Stan
- Department of Geography, Planning and Recreation Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Scott Stephens
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California, Berkeley Berkeley California USA
| | - Colleen Sutheimer
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Ramzi Touchan
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Peter J. Weisberg
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science University of Nevada, Reno Reno Nevada USA
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Scipioni MC, Higuchi P, Fockink GD, Allen CD. Old‐growth structural attributes associated with the last giant subtropical conifers in South America. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Callegari Scipioni
- Department of Agriculture, Biodiversity and Forestry Federal University of Santa Catarina Curitibanos Brazil
| | - Pedro Higuchi
- Department of Forestry State University of Santa Catarina Lages Brazil
| | | | - Craig D. Allen
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA
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6
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Hartmann H, Bastos A, Das AJ, Esquivel-Muelbert A, Hammond WM, Martínez-Vilalta J, McDowell NG, Powers JS, Pugh TAM, Ruthrof KX, Allen CD. Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide. Annu Rev Plant Biol 2022; 73:673-702. [PMID: 35231182 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent observations of elevated tree mortality following climate extremes, like heat and drought, raise concerns about climate change risks to global forest health. We currently lack both sufficient data and understanding to identify whether these observations represent a global trend toward increasing tree mortality. Here, we document events of sudden and unexpected elevated tree mortality following heat and drought events in ecosystems that previously were considered tolerant or not at risk of exposure. These events underscore the fact that climate change may affect forests with unexpected force in the future. We use the events as examples to highlight current difficulties and challenges for realistically predicting such tree mortality events and the uncertainties about future forest condition. Advances in remote sensing technology and greater availably of high-resolution data, from both field assessments and satellites, are needed to improve both understanding and prediction of forest responses to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Jena, Germany;
| | - Ana Bastos
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian J Das
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, Sequoia and Kings Canyon Field Station, California, USA
| | - Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - William M Hammond
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Lab, Richland, Washington, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer S Powers
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior and Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thomas A M Pugh
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katinka X Ruthrof
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia
- Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Craig D Allen
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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7
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Yu K, Ciais P, Seneviratne SI, Liu Z, Chen HYH, Barichivich J, Allen CD, Yang H, Huang Y, Ballantyne AP. Field-based tree mortality constraint reduces estimates of model-projected forest carbon sinks. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2094. [PMID: 35440564 PMCID: PMC9018757 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29619-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable uncertainty and debate exist in projecting the future capacity of forests to sequester atmospheric CO2. Here we estimate spatially explicit patterns of biomass loss by tree mortality (LOSS) from largely unmanaged forest plots to constrain projected (2015–2099) net primary productivity (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (HR) and net carbon sink in six dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) across continents. This approach relies on a strong relationship among LOSS, NPP, and HR at continental or biome scales. The DGVMs overestimated historical LOSS, particularly in tropical regions and eastern North America by as much as 5 Mg ha−1 y−1. The modeled spread of DGVM-projected NPP and HR uncertainties was substantially reduced in tropical regions after incorporating the field-based mortality constraint. The observation-constrained models show a decrease in the tropical forest carbon sink by the end of the century, particularly across South America (from 2 to 1.4 PgC y−1), and an increase in the sink in North America (from 0.8 to 1.1 PgC y−1). These results highlight the feasibility of using forest demographic data to empirically constrain forest carbon sink projections and the potential overestimation of projected tropical forest carbon sinks. Here the authors use broad-scale tree mortality data to estimate biomass loss, constraining uncertainty of projected forest net primary productivity in 6 models, finding weaker tropical forest carbon sinks with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailiang Yu
- Le Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL-LSCECEA/CNRS/UVSQ Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. .,Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, USA.
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Le Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL-LSCECEA/CNRS/UVSQ Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Sonia I Seneviratne
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, USA
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Barichivich
- Le Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL-LSCECEA/CNRS/UVSQ Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Craig D Allen
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Le Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL-LSCECEA/CNRS/UVSQ Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Le Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL-LSCECEA/CNRS/UVSQ Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Australia
| | - Ashley P Ballantyne
- Le Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL-LSCECEA/CNRS/UVSQ Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, USA
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8
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Hammond WM, Williams AP, Abatzoglou JT, Adams HD, Klein T, López R, Sáenz-Romero C, Hartmann H, Breshears DD, Allen CD. Global field observations of tree die-off reveal hotter-drought fingerprint for Earth's forests. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1761. [PMID: 35383157 PMCID: PMC8983702 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29289-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Earth's forests face grave challenges in the Anthropocene, including hotter droughts increasingly associated with widespread forest die-off events. But despite the vital importance of forests to global ecosystem services, their fates in a warming world remain highly uncertain. Lacking is quantitative determination of commonality in climate anomalies associated with pulses of tree mortality-from published, field-documented mortality events-required for understanding the role of extreme climate events in overall global tree die-off patterns. Here we established a geo-referenced global database documenting climate-induced mortality events spanning all tree-supporting biomes and continents, from 154 peer-reviewed studies since 1970. Our analysis quantifies a global "hotter-drought fingerprint" from these tree-mortality sites-effectively a hotter and drier climate signal for tree mortality-across 675 locations encompassing 1,303 plots. Frequency of these observed mortality-year climate conditions strongly increases nonlinearly under projected warming. Our database also provides initial footing for further community-developed, quantitative, ground-based monitoring of global tree mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Hammond
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - A. Park Williams
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - John T. Abatzoglou
- grid.266096.d0000 0001 0049 1282Management of Complex Systems, University of California, Merced, CA USA
| | - Henry D. Adams
- grid.30064.310000 0001 2157 6568School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Tamir Klein
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rosana López
- grid.5690.a0000 0001 2151 2978Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero
- grid.412205.00000 0000 8796 243XInstituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán Mexico
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- grid.419500.90000 0004 0491 7318Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - David D. Breshears
- grid.134563.60000 0001 2168 186XSchool of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Craig D. Allen
- grid.266832.b0000 0001 2188 8502Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
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9
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Liu H, Xu C, Allen CD, Hartmann H, Wei X, Yakir D, Wu X, Yu P. Nature-based framework for sustainable afforestation in global drylands under changing climate. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:2202-2220. [PMID: 34953175 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drylands cover more than 40% of Earth's land surface and occur at the margin of forest distributions due to the limited availability of water for tree growth. Recent elevated temperature and low precipitation have driven greater forest declines and pulses of tree mortality on dryland sites compared to humid sites, particularly in temperate Eurasia and North America. Afforestation of dryland areas has been widely implemented and is expected to increase in many drylands globally to enhance carbon sequestration and benefits to the human environment, but the interplay of sometimes conflicting afforestation outcomes has not been formally evaluated yet. Most previous studies point to conflicts between additional forest area and water consumption, in particular water yield and soil conservation/desalinization in drylands, but were generally confined to local and regional scales. Our global synthesis demonstrates that additional tree cover can amplify water consumption through a nonlinear increase in evapotranspiration-depending on tree species, age, and structure-which will be further intensified by future climate change. In this review we identify substantial knowledge gaps in addressing the dryland afforestation dilemma, where there are trade-offs with planted forests between increased availability of some resources and benefits to human habitats versus the depletion of other resources that are required for sustainable development of drylands. Here we propose a method of addressing comprehensive vegetation carrying capacity, based on regulating the distribution and structure of forest plantations to better deal with these trade-offs in forest multifunctionality. We also recommend new priority research topics for dryland afforestation, including: responses and feedbacks of dryland forests to climate change; shifts in the ratio of ecosystem ET to tree cover; assessing the role of scale of afforestation in influencing the trade-offs of dryland afforestation; and comprehensive modeling of the multifunctionality of dryland forests, including both ecophysiological and socioeconomic aspects, under a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Sino-French Institute of Earth System Science, PKU-Saihanba Station, and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chongyang Xu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Sino-French Institute of Earth System Science, PKU-Saihanba Station, and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Craig D Allen
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Xiaohua Wei
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographic Sciences, University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus), Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dan Yakir
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Xiuchen Wu
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengtao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Nature Conservation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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10
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Anderson‐Teixeira KJ, Herrmann V, Rollinson CR, Gonzalez B, Gonzalez‐Akre EB, Pederson N, Alexander MR, Allen CD, Alfaro‐Sánchez R, Awada T, Baltzer JL, Baker PJ, Birch JD, Bunyavejchewin S, Cherubini P, Davies SJ, Dow C, Helcoski R, Kašpar J, Lutz JA, Margolis EQ, Maxwell JT, McMahon SM, Piponiot C, Russo SE, Šamonil P, Sniderhan AE, Tepley AJ, Vašíčková I, Vlam M, Zuidema PA. Joint effects of climate, tree size, and year on annual tree growth derived from tree-ring records of ten globally distributed forests. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:245-266. [PMID: 34653296 PMCID: PMC9298236 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tree rings provide an invaluable long-term record for understanding how climate and other drivers shape tree growth and forest productivity. However, conventional tree-ring analysis methods were not designed to simultaneously test effects of climate, tree size, and other drivers on individual growth. This has limited the potential to test ecologically relevant hypotheses on tree growth sensitivity to environmental drivers and their interactions with tree size. Here, we develop and apply a new method to simultaneously model nonlinear effects of primary climate drivers, reconstructed tree diameter at breast height (DBH), and calendar year in generalized least squares models that account for the temporal autocorrelation inherent to each individual tree's growth. We analyze data from 3811 trees representing 40 species at 10 globally distributed sites, showing that precipitation, temperature, DBH, and calendar year have additively, and often interactively, influenced annual growth over the past 120 years. Growth responses were predominantly positive to precipitation (usually over ≥3-month seasonal windows) and negative to temperature (usually maximum temperature, over ≤3-month seasonal windows), with concave-down responses in 63% of relationships. Climate sensitivity commonly varied with DBH (45% of cases tested), with larger trees usually more sensitive. Trends in ring width at small DBH were linked to the light environment under which trees established, but basal area or biomass increments consistently reached maxima at intermediate DBH. Accounting for climate and DBH, growth rate declined over time for 92% of species in secondary or disturbed stands, whereas growth trends were mixed in older forests. These trends were largely attributable to stand dynamics as cohorts and stands age, which remain challenging to disentangle from global change drivers. By providing a parsimonious approach for characterizing multiple interacting drivers of tree growth, our method reveals a more complete picture of the factors influencing growth than has previously been possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J. Anderson‐Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Valentine Herrmann
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Bianca Gonzalez
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
| | - Erika B. Gonzalez‐Akre
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
| | | | - M. Ross Alexander
- Midwest Dendro LLCNapervilleIllinoisUSA
- Present address:
Decision and Infrastructure SciencesArgonne National LaboratoryLamontIllinoisUSA
| | - Craig D. Allen
- Department of Geography & Environmental StudiesUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | | | - Tala Awada
- School of Natural ResourcesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | | | - Patrick J. Baker
- School of Ecosystem and Forest SciencesUniversity of MelbourneRichmondVIC.Australia
| | | | | | - Paolo Cherubini
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Faculty of ForestryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Stuart J. Davies
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
| | - Cameron Dow
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Ryan Helcoski
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
| | - Jakub Kašpar
- Department of Forest EcologyThe Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental GardeningBrnoCzech Republic
| | - James A. Lutz
- S. J. & Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources and the Ecology CenterUtah State UniversityLoganUtahUSA
| | - Ellis Q. Margolis
- Fort Collins Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyNew Mexico Landscapes Field StationLos AlamosNew MexicoUSA
| | | | - Sean M. McMahon
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
- Smithsonian Environmental Research CenterEdgewaterMarylandUSA
| | - Camille Piponiot
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
- Forest Global Earth ObservatorySmithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanamaRepublic of Panama
- CIRADMontpellierFrance
| | - Sabrina E. Russo
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of NebraskaLincolnUSA
- Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of NebraskaLincolnUSA
| | - Pavel Šamonil
- Department of Forest EcologyThe Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental GardeningBrnoCzech Republic
| | | | - Alan J. Tepley
- Conservation Ecology CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteFront RoyalVirginiaUSA
- Canadian Forest ServiceNorthern Forestry CentreEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Ivana Vašíčková
- Department of Forest EcologyThe Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental GardeningBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Mart Vlam
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management GroupWageningenThe Netherlands
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11
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Wang W, English NB, Grossiord C, Gessler A, Das AJ, Stephenson NL, Baisan CH, Allen CD, McDowell NG. Mortality predispositions of conifers across western USA. New Phytol 2021; 229:831-844. [PMID: 32918833 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conifer mortality rates are increasing in western North America, but the physiological mechanisms underlying this trend are not well understood. We examined tree-ring-based radial growth along with stable carbon (C) and oxygen (O) isotope composition (δ13 C and δ18 O, respectively) of dying and surviving conifers at eight old-growth forest sites across a strong moisture gradient in the western USA to retrospectively investigate mortality predispositions. Compared with surviving trees, lower growth of dying trees was detected at least one decade before mortality at seven of the eight sites. Intrinsic water-use efficiency increased over time in both dying and surviving trees, with a weaker increase in dying trees at five of the eight sites. C starvation was a strong correlate of conifer mortality based on a conceptual model incorporating growth, δ13 C, and δ18 O. However, this approach does not capture processes that occur in the final months of survival. Ultimately, C starvation may lead to increased mortality vulnerability, but hydraulic failure or biotic attack may dominate the process during the end stages of mortality in these conifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu,, 610041, China
| | - Nathan B English
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Central Queensland University, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Functional Plant Ecology, Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, Lausanne,, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne,, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Functional Plant Ecology, Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, Lausanne,, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitaetsstrasse 16, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Adrian J Das
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, Three Rivers, CA, 93271, USA
| | - Nathan L Stephenson
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, Three Rivers, CA, 93271, USA
| | | | - Craig D Allen
- Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, US Geological Survey, Los Alamos, NM,, 87544, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
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12
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McDowell NG, Allen CD, Anderson-Teixeira K, Aukema BH, Bond-Lamberty B, Chini L, Clark JS, Dietze M, Grossiord C, Hanbury-Brown A, Hurtt GC, Jackson RB, Johnson DJ, Kueppers L, Lichstein JW, Ogle K, Poulter B, Pugh TAM, Seidl R, Turner MG, Uriarte M, Walker AP, Xu C. Pervasive shifts in forest dynamics in a changing world. Science 2020; 368:368/6494/eaaz9463. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz9463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig D. Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Kristina Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Republic of Panama
| | - Brian H. Aukema
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Ben Bond-Lamberty
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Louise Chini
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - James S. Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Michael Dietze
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Adam Hanbury-Brown
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - George C. Hurtt
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Robert B. Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Woods Institute for the Environment, and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel J. Johnson
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Lara Kueppers
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Climate and Ecosystem Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Kiona Ogle
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Thomas A. M. Pugh
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Monica G. Turner
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Anthony P. Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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13
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Guiterman CH, Margolis EQ, Baisan CH, Falk DA, Allen CD, Swetnam TW. Spatiotemporal variability of human–fire interactions on the Navajo Nation. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H. Guiterman
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona 1215 E Lowell Street Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona 1064 E Lowell Street Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Ellis Q. Margolis
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center New Mexico Landscapes Field Station 301 Dinosaur Trail Santa Fe New Mexico 87508 USA
| | - Christopher H. Baisan
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona 1215 E Lowell Street Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Donald A. Falk
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona 1215 E Lowell Street Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona 1064 E Lowell Street Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
| | - Craig D. Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center New Mexico Landscapes Field Station 301 Dinosaur Trail Santa Fe New Mexico 87508 USA
| | - Thomas W. Swetnam
- Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona 1215 E Lowell Street Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
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14
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Hessburg PF, Miller CL, Parks SA, Povak NA, Taylor AH, Higuera PE, Prichard SJ, North MP, Collins BM, Hurteau MD, Larson AJ, Allen CD, Stephens SL, Rivera-Huerta H, Stevens-Rumann CS, Daniels LD, Gedalof Z, Gray RW, Kane VR, Churchill DJ, Hagmann RK, Spies TA, Cansler CA, Belote RT, Veblen TT, Battaglia MA, Hoffman C, Skinner CN, Safford HD, Salter RB. Climate, Environment, and Disturbance History Govern Resilience of Western North American Forests. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Wu X, Guo W, Liu H, Li X, Peng C, Allen CD, Zhang C, Wang P, Pei T, Ma Y, Tian Y, Song Z, Zhu W, Wang Y, Li Z, Chen D. Exposures to temperature beyond threshold disproportionately reduce vegetation growth in the northern hemisphere. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:786-795. [PMID: 34691934 PMCID: PMC8291599 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwy158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, terrestrial vegetation in the northern hemisphere (NH) has been exposed to warming and more extremely high temperatures. However, the consequences of these changes for terrestrial vegetation growth remain poorly quantified and understood. By examining a satellite-based vegetation index, tree-ring measurements and land-surface model simulations, we discovered a consistent convex pattern in the responses of vegetation growth to temperature exposure (TE) for forest, shrub and grass in both the temperate (30°-50° N) and boreal (50°-70° N) NH during the period of 1982-2012. The response of vegetation growth to TE for the three vegetation types in both the temperate and boreal NH increased convergently with increasing temperature, until vegetation type-dependent temperature thresholds were reached. A TE beyond these temperature thresholds resulted in disproportionately weak positive or even strong negative responses. Vegetation growth in the boreal NH was more vulnerable to extremely high-temperature events than vegetation growth in the temporal NH. The non-linear responses discovered here provide new insights into the dynamics of northern terrestrial ecosystems in a warmer world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weichao Guo
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Changhui Peng
- Institute of Environment Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Quebec G1K 9H7, Canada
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Jemez Mountains Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Cicheng Zhang
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Tingting Pei
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuhong Tian
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhaoliang Song
- Institute of the Surface-Earth System Science Research, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenquan Zhu
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zongshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Deliang Chen
- Regional Climate Group, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 460, Sweden
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16
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McDowell N, Allen CD, Anderson-Teixeira K, Brando P, Brienen R, Chambers J, Christoffersen B, Davies S, Doughty C, Duque A, Espirito-Santo F, Fisher R, Fontes CG, Galbraith D, Goodsman D, Grossiord C, Hartmann H, Holm J, Johnson DJ, Kassim AR, Keller M, Koven C, Kueppers L, Kumagai T, Malhi Y, McMahon SM, Mencuccini M, Meir P, Moorcroft P, Muller-Landau HC, Phillips OL, Powell T, Sierra CA, Sperry J, Warren J, Xu C, Xu X. Drivers and mechanisms of tree mortality in moist tropical forests. New Phytol 2018; 219:851-869. [PMID: 29451313 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tree mortality rates appear to be increasing in moist tropical forests (MTFs) with significant carbon cycle consequences. Here, we review the state of knowledge regarding MTF tree mortality, create a conceptual framework with testable hypotheses regarding the drivers, mechanisms and interactions that may underlie increasing MTF mortality rates, and identify the next steps for improved understanding and reduced prediction. Increasing mortality rates are associated with rising temperature and vapor pressure deficit, liana abundance, drought, wind events, fire and, possibly, CO2 fertilization-induced increases in stand thinning or acceleration of trees reaching larger, more vulnerable heights. The majority of these mortality drivers may kill trees in part through carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. The relative importance of each driver is unknown. High species diversity may buffer MTFs against large-scale mortality events, but recent and expected trends in mortality drivers give reason for concern regarding increasing mortality within MTFs. Models of tropical tree mortality are advancing the representation of hydraulics, carbon and demography, but require more empirical knowledge regarding the most common drivers and their subsequent mechanisms. We outline critical datasets and model developments required to test hypotheses regarding the underlying causes of increasing MTF mortality rates, and improve prediction of future mortality under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate McDowell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Kristina Anderson-Teixeira
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Paulo Brando
- Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA, 02450, USA
- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental de Amazonia, Lago Norte, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Roel Brienen
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jeff Chambers
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brad Christoffersen
- Department of Biology and School of Earth, Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - Stuart Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Chris Doughty
- SICCS, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Alvaro Duque
- Departmento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Columbia, Medellín, Columbia
| | | | - Rosie Fisher
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Clarissa G Fontes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David Galbraith
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Devin Goodsman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | | | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jennifer Holm
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Abd Rahman Kassim
- Geoinformation Programme, Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Michael Keller
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Jardin Botanico Sur, 1201 Calle Ceiba, San Juan, 00926, Puerto Rico
- Embrapa Agricultural Informatics, Parque Estacao Biologica, Brasilia DF, 70770, Brazil
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Charlie Koven
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lara Kueppers
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tomo'omi Kumagai
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7 Chome-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA, CREAF, University of Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalenes, 585 08007, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Meir
- Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh, EH8 9YL, UK
| | | | - Helene C Muller-Landau
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal, 0843-03092, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Oliver L Phillips
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Thomas Powell
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Carlos A Sierra
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - John Sperry
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jeff Warren
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Xiangtao Xu
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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17
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Hartmann H, Moura CF, Anderegg WRL, Ruehr NK, Salmon Y, Allen CD, Arndt SK, Breshears DD, Davi H, Galbraith D, Ruthrof KX, Wunder J, Adams HD, Bloemen J, Cailleret M, Cobb R, Gessler A, Grams TEE, Jansen S, Kautz M, Lloret F, O'Brien M. Research frontiers for improving our understanding of drought-induced tree and forest mortality. New Phytol 2018; 218:15-28. [PMID: 29488280 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence highlights increased mortality risks for trees during severe drought, particularly under warmer temperatures and increasing vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Resulting forest die-off events have severe consequences for ecosystem services, biophysical and biogeochemical land-atmosphere processes. Despite advances in monitoring, modelling and experimental studies of the causes and consequences of tree death from individual tree to ecosystem and global scale, a general mechanistic understanding and realistic predictions of drought mortality under future climate conditions are still lacking. We update a global tree mortality map and present a roadmap to a more holistic understanding of forest mortality across scales. We highlight priority research frontiers that promote: (1) new avenues for research on key tree ecophysiological responses to drought; (2) scaling from the tree/plot level to the ecosystem and region; (3) improvements of mortality risk predictions based on both empirical and mechanistic insights; and (4) a global monitoring network of forest mortality. In light of recent and anticipated large forest die-off events such a research agenda is timely and needed to achieve scientific understanding for realistic predictions of drought-induced tree mortality. The implementation of a sustainable network will require support by stakeholders and political authorities at the international level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Catarina F Moura
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Universilty of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Nadine K Ruehr
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Yann Salmon
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, The Kings Buildings, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 68, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2b, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Centre, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, 3121, Vic., Australia
| | - David D Breshears
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Hendrik Davi
- INRA, URFM Ecologie des Forest Méditerranéennes, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - David Galbraith
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Katinka X Ruthrof
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Fraser Avenue, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia
| | - Jan Wunder
- Insubric Ecosystems Research Group, Community Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, a Ramèl 18, CH-6593, Cadenazzo, Switzerland
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Henry D Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, 301 Physical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Jasper Bloemen
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Sciences, ETH Zürich. ETH-Zentrum, CHN G77, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Richard Cobb
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Kautz
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestry, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat d'Ecologia, Department of Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Edifici C, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael O'Brien
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain
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Hartmann H, Schuldt B, Sanders TGM, Macinnis-Ng C, Boehmer HJ, Allen CD, Bolte A, Crowther TW, Hansen MC, Medlyn BE, Ruehr NK, Anderegg WRL. Monitoring global tree mortality patterns and trends. Report from the VW symposium 'Crossing scales and disciplines to identify global trends of tree mortality as indicators of forest health'. New Phytol 2018; 217:984-987. [PMID: 29334597 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoell Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, Goettingen 37073, Germany
| | - Tanja G M Sanders
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Str. 1, Haus 41/42, Eberswalde 16225, Germany
| | - Cate Macinnis-Ng
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hans Juergen Boehmer
- School of Geography, Earth Science and Environment, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geological Survey, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Andreas Bolte
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Str. 1, Haus 41/42, Eberswalde 16225, Germany
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Univeritätstrasse 16, Zürich 8006, Switzerland
| | - Matthew C Hansen
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NW 2751, Australia
| | - Nadine K Ruehr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
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19
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Swetnam TW, Farella J, Roos CI, Liebmann MJ, Falk DA, Allen CD. Multiscale perspectives of fire, climate and humans in western North America and the Jemez Mountains, USA. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0168. [PMID: 27216525 PMCID: PMC4874406 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interannual climate variations have been important drivers of wildfire occurrence in ponderosa pine forests across western North America for at least 400 years, but at finer scales of mountain ranges and landscapes human land uses sometimes over-rode climate influences. We reconstruct and analyse effects of high human population densities in forests of the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico from ca 1300 CE to Present. Prior to the 1680 Pueblo Revolt, human land uses reduced the occurrence of widespread fires while simultaneously adding more ignitions resulting in many small-extent fires. During the 18th and 19th centuries, wet/dry oscillations and their effects on fuels dynamics controlled widespread fire occurrence. In the late 19th century, intensive livestock grazing disrupted fuels continuity and fire spread and then active fire suppression maintained the absence of widespread surface fires during most of the 20th century. The abundance and continuity of fuels is the most important controlling variable in fire regimes of these semi-arid forests. Reduction of widespread fires owing to reduction of fuel continuity emerges as a hallmark of extensive human impacts on past forests and fire regimes. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Swetnam
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Joshua Farella
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Christopher I Roos
- Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Donald A Falk
- Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geological Survey, Jemez Mountains Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, USA
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20
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Jump AS, Ruiz-Benito P, Greenwood S, Allen CD, Kitzberger T, Fensham R, Martínez-Vilalta J, Lloret F. Structural overshoot of tree growth with climate variability and the global spectrum of drought-induced forest dieback. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:3742-3757. [PMID: 28135022 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing climate change poses significant threats to plant function and distribution. Increased temperatures and altered precipitation regimes amplify drought frequency and intensity, elevating plant stress and mortality. Large-scale forest mortality events will have far-reaching impacts on carbon and hydrological cycling, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. However, biogeographical theory and global vegetation models poorly represent recent forest die-off patterns. Furthermore, as trees are sessile and long-lived, their responses to climate extremes are substantially dependent on historical factors. We show that periods of favourable climatic and management conditions that facilitate abundant tree growth can lead to structural overshoot of aboveground tree biomass due to a subsequent temporal mismatch between water demand and availability. When environmental favourability declines, increases in water and temperature stress that are protracted, rapid, or both, drive a gradient of tree structural responses that can modify forest self-thinning relationships. Responses ranging from premature leaf senescence and partial canopy dieback to whole-tree mortality reduce canopy leaf area during the stress period and for a lagged recovery window thereafter. Such temporal mismatches of water requirements from availability can occur at local to regional scales throughout a species geographical range. As climate change projections predict large future fluctuations in both wet and dry conditions, we expect forests to become increasingly structurally mismatched to water availability and thus overbuilt during more stressful episodes. By accounting for the historical context of biomass development, our approach can explain previously problematic aspects of large-scale forest mortality, such as why it can occur throughout the range of a species and yet still be locally highly variable, and why some events seem readily attributable to an ongoing drought while others do not. This refined understanding can facilitate better projections of structural overshoot responses, enabling improved prediction of changes in forest distribution and function from regional to global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair S Jump
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, Science Building, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah Greenwood
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Craig D Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, 8400, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Rod Fensham
- Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Qld, 4066, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB), Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Catalonia, Spain
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21
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Adams HD, Zeppel MJB, Anderegg WRL, Hartmann H, Landhäusser SM, Tissue DT, Huxman TE, Hudson PJ, Franz TE, Allen CD, Anderegg LDL, Barron-Gafford GA, Beerling DJ, Breshears DD, Brodribb TJ, Bugmann H, Cobb RC, Collins AD, Dickman LT, Duan H, Ewers BE, Galiano L, Galvez DA, Garcia-Forner N, Gaylord ML, Germino MJ, Gessler A, Hacke UG, Hakamada R, Hector A, Jenkins MW, Kane JM, Kolb TE, Law DJ, Lewis JD, Limousin JM, Love DM, Macalady AK, Martínez-Vilalta J, Mencuccini M, Mitchell PJ, Muss JD, O’Brien MJ, O’Grady AP, Pangle RE, Pinkard EA, Piper FI, Plaut JA, Pockman WT, Quirk J, Reinhardt K, Ripullone F, Ryan MG, Sala A, Sevanto S, Sperry JS, Vargas R, Vennetier M, Way DA, Xu C, Yepez EA, McDowell NG. A multi-species synthesis of physiological mechanisms in drought-induced tree mortality. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:1285-1291. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Greenwood S, Ruiz-Benito P, Martínez-Vilalta J, Lloret F, Kitzberger T, Allen CD, Fensham R, Laughlin DC, Kattge J, Bönisch G, Kraft NJB, Jump AS. Tree mortality across biomes is promoted by drought intensity, lower wood density and higher specific leaf area. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:539-553. [PMID: 28220612 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drought events are increasing globally, and reports of consequent forest mortality are widespread. However, due to a lack of a quantitative global synthesis, it is still not clear whether drought-induced mortality rates differ among global biomes and whether functional traits influence the risk of drought-induced mortality. To address these uncertainties, we performed a global meta-analysis of 58 studies of drought-induced forest mortality. Mortality rates were modelled as a function of drought, temperature, biomes, phylogenetic and functional groups and functional traits. We identified a consistent global-scale response, where mortality increased with drought severity [log mortality (trees trees-1 year-1 ) increased 0.46 (95% CI = 0.2-0.7) with one SPEI unit drought intensity]. We found no significant differences in the magnitude of the response depending on forest biomes or between angiosperms and gymnosperms or evergreen and deciduous tree species. Functional traits explained some of the variation in drought responses between species (i.e. increased from 30 to 37% when wood density and specific leaf area were included). Tree species with denser wood and lower specific leaf area showed lower mortality responses. Our results illustrate the value of functional traits for understanding patterns of drought-induced tree mortality and suggest that mortality could become increasingly widespread in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Greenwood
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland
| | - Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland.,Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Life Sciences Department, Universidad de Alcalá, Science Building, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.,Universidad Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.,Universidad Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Craig D Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87544, USA
| | - Rod Fensham
- Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Qld, 4066, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel C Laughlin
- Environmental Research Institute and School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bönisch
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nathan J B Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alistair S Jump
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland.,CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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23
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Kellar NM, Speakman TR, Smith CR, Lane SM, Balmer BC, Trego ML, Catelani KN, Robbins MN, Allen CD, Wells RS, Zolman ES, Rowles TK, Schwacke LH. Low reproductive success rates of common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in the northern Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon disaster (2010-2015). ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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24
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Clark JS, Iverson L, Woodall CW, Allen CD, Bell DM, Bragg DC, D'Amato AW, Davis FW, Hersh MH, Ibanez I, Jackson ST, Matthews S, Pederson N, Peters M, Schwartz MW, Waring KM, Zimmermann NE. The impacts of increasing drought on forest dynamics, structure, and biodiversity in the United States. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:2329-2352. [PMID: 26898361 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We synthesize insights from current understanding of drought impacts at stand-to-biogeographic scales, including management options, and we identify challenges to be addressed with new research. Large stand-level shifts underway in western forests already are showing the importance of interactions involving drought, insects, and fire. Diebacks, changes in composition and structure, and shifting range limits are widely observed. In the eastern US, the effects of increasing drought are becoming better understood at the level of individual trees, but this knowledge cannot yet be confidently translated to predictions of changing structure and diversity of forest stands. While eastern forests have not experienced the types of changes seen in western forests in recent decades, they too are vulnerable to drought and could experience significant changes with increased severity, frequency, or duration in drought. Throughout the continental United States, the combination of projected large climate-induced shifts in suitable habitat from modeling studies and limited potential for the rapid migration of tree populations suggests that changing tree and forest biogeography could substantially lag habitat shifts already underway. Forest management practices can partially ameliorate drought impacts through reductions in stand density, selection of drought-tolerant species and genotypes, artificial regeneration, and the development of multistructured stands. However, silvicultural treatments also could exacerbate drought impacts unless implemented with careful attention to site and stand characteristics. Gaps in our understanding should motivate new research on the effects of interactions involving climate and other species at the stand scale and how interactions and multiple responses are represented in models. This assessment indicates that, without a stronger empirical basis for drought impacts at the stand scale, more complex models may provide limited guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Louis Iverson
- Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 359 Main Road, Delaware, OH, 43015, USA
| | | | - Craig D Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Jemez Mountains Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - David M Bell
- Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Don C Bragg
- Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Monticello, AR, 71656, USA
| | - Anthony W D'Amato
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 04E Aiken Center, 81 Carrigan Dr., Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Frank W Davis
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Michelle H Hersh
- Department of Biology, Sarah Lawrence College, New York, NY, 10708, USA
| | - Ines Ibanez
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 2546 Dana Building, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Stephen T Jackson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Climate Science Center and Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell St., PO Box 210137, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Stephen Matthews
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - Matthew Peters
- Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Delaware, OH, 43015, USA
| | - Mark W Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, UC Davis, Davis, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kristen M Waring
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
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25
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Anderegg WRL, Hicke JA, Fisher RA, Allen CD, Aukema J, Bentz B, Hood S, Lichstein JW, Macalady AK, McDowell N, Pan Y, Raffa K, Sala A, Shaw JD, Stephenson NL, Tague C, Zeppel M. Tree mortality from drought, insects, and their interactions in a changing climate. New Phytol 2015; 208:674-83. [PMID: 26058406 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to drive increased tree mortality through drought, heat stress, and insect attacks, with manifold impacts on forest ecosystems. Yet, climate-induced tree mortality and biotic disturbance agents are largely absent from process-based ecosystem models. Using data sets from the western USA and associated studies, we present a framework for determining the relative contribution of drought stress, insect attack, and their interactions, which is critical for modeling mortality in future climates. We outline a simple approach that identifies the mechanisms associated with two guilds of insects - bark beetles and defoliators - which are responsible for substantial tree mortality. We then discuss cross-biome patterns of insect-driven tree mortality and draw upon available evidence contrasting the prevalence of insect outbreaks in temperate and tropical regions. We conclude with an overview of tools and promising avenues to address major challenges. Ultimately, a multitrophic approach that captures tree physiology, insect populations, and tree-insect interactions will better inform projections of forest ecosystem responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R L Anderegg
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hicke
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Rosie A Fisher
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Jemez Mountains Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Juliann Aukema
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117, USA
| | - Barbara Bentz
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - Sharon Hood
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Jeremy W Lichstein
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Alison K Macalady
- School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85712, USA
| | - Nate McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Yude Pan
- Northern Research Station, US Forest Service, Newtown Square, PA, 19073, USA
| | - Kenneth Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - John D Shaw
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service, Ogden, UT, 84401, USA
| | - Nathan L Stephenson
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 47050 Generals Highway No. 4, Three Rivers, CA, 93271, USA
| | - Christina Tague
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Melanie Zeppel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Bennett AC, McDowell NG, Allen CD, Anderson-Teixeira KJ. Larger trees suffer most during drought in forests worldwide. Nat Plants 2015; 1:15139. [PMID: 27251391 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The frequency of severe droughts is increasing in many regions around the world as a result of climate change(1-3). Droughts alter the structure and function of forests(4,5). Site- and region-specific studies suggest that large trees, which play keystone roles in forests(6) and can be disproportionately important to ecosystem carbon storage(7) and hydrology(8), exhibit greater sensitivity to drought than small trees(4,5,9,10). Here, we synthesize data on tree growth and mortality collected during 40 drought events in forests worldwide to see whether this size-dependent sensitivity to drought holds more widely. We find that droughts consistently had a more detrimental impact on the growth and mortality rates of larger trees. Moreover, drought-related mortality increased with tree size in 65% of the droughts examined, especially when community-wide mortality was high or when bark beetles were present. The more pronounced drought sensitivity of larger trees could be underpinned by greater inherent vulnerability to hydraulic stress(11-14), the higher radiation and evaporative demand experienced by exposed crowns(4,15), and the tendency for bark beetles to preferentially attack larger trees(16). We suggest that future droughts will have a more detrimental impact on the growth and mortality of larger trees, potentially exacerbating feedbacks to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Bennett
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia 22630, USA
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Nathan G McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Jemez Mountain Field Station, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia 22630, USA
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
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Allen CD, Breshears DD, McDowell NG. On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es15-00203.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1345] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Meddens AJH, Hicke JA, Macalady AK, Buotte PC, Cowles TR, Allen CD. Patterns and causes of observed piñon pine mortality in the southwestern United States. New Phytol 2015; 206:91-97. [PMID: 25494578 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, widespread piñon pine die-off occurred in the southwestern United States. Here we synthesize observational studies of this event and compare findings to expected relationships with biotic and abiotic factors. Agreement exists on the occurrence of drought, presence of bark beetles and increased mortality of larger trees. However, studies disagree about the influences of stem density, elevation and other factors, perhaps related to study design, location and impact of extreme drought. Detailed information about bark beetles is seldom reported and their role is poorly understood. Our analysis reveals substantial limits to our knowledge regarding the processes that produce mortality patterns across space and time, indicating a poor ability to forecast mortality in response to expected increases in future droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan J H Meddens
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3021, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hicke
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3021, USA
| | - Alison K Macalady
- School of Geography and Development and Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0076, USA
| | - Polly C Buotte
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3021, USA
| | - Travis R Cowles
- Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3021, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Jemez Mountains Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
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McDowell NG, Coops NC, Beck PSA, Chambers JQ, Gangodagamage C, Hicke JA, Huang CY, Kennedy R, Krofcheck DJ, Litvak M, Meddens AJH, Muss J, Negrón-Juarez R, Peng C, Schwantes AM, Swenson JJ, Vernon LJ, Williams AP, Xu C, Zhao M, Running SW, Allen CD. Global satellite monitoring of climate-induced vegetation disturbances. Trends Plant Sci 2015; 20:114-23. [PMID: 25500552 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial disturbances are accelerating globally, but their full impact is not quantified because we lack an adequate monitoring system. Remote sensing offers a means to quantify the frequency and extent of disturbances globally. Here, we review the current application of remote sensing to this problem and offer a framework for more systematic analysis in the future. We recommend that any proposed monitoring system should not only detect disturbances, but also be able to: identify the proximate cause(s); integrate a range of spatial scales; and, ideally, incorporate process models to explain the observed patterns and predicted trends in the future. Significant remaining challenges are tied to the ecology of disturbances. To meet these challenges, more effort is required to incorporate ecological principles and understanding into the assessments of disturbance worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate G McDowell
- Los Alamos National Lab, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Nicholas C Coops
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Pieter S A Beck
- Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Jeffrey Q Chambers
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Earth Science Division, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chandana Gangodagamage
- Los Alamos National Lab, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hicke
- University of Idaho, Department of Geography, Moscow, ID 83844-3021, USA
| | - Cho-ying Huang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Robert Kennedy
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dan J Krofcheck
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Marcy Litvak
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Arjan J H Meddens
- University of Idaho, Department of Geography, Moscow, ID 83844-3021, USA
| | - Jordan Muss
- Los Alamos National Lab, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - Changhui Peng
- Center of CEF/ESCER, Department of Biological Science, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada and State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Amanda M Schwantes
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jennifer J Swenson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Louis J Vernon
- Los Alamos National Lab, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - A Park Williams
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Los Alamos National Lab, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Maosheng Zhao
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Steve W Running
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, MT 59812, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- United States Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Jemez Mountain Field Station, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
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Seminoff JA, Eguchi T, Carretta J, Allen CD, Prosperi D, Rangel R, Gilpatrick JW, Forney K, Peckham SH. Loggerhead sea turtle abundance at a foraging hotspot in the eastern Pacific Ocean: implications for at-sea conservation. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Tague CL, McDowell NG, Allen CD. An integrated model of environmental effects on growth, carbohydrate balance, and mortality of Pinus ponderosa forests in the southern Rocky Mountains. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80286. [PMID: 24282532 PMCID: PMC3840024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate-induced tree mortality is an increasing concern for forest managers around the world. We used a coupled hydrologic and ecosystem carbon cycling model to assess temperature and precipitation impacts on productivity and survival of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Model predictions were evaluated using observations of productivity and survival for three ponderosa pine stands located across an 800 m elevation gradient in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA, during a 10-year period that ended in a severe drought and extensive tree mortality at the lowest elevation site. We demonstrate the utility of a relatively simple representation of declines in non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) as an approach for estimating patterns of ponderosa pine vulnerability to drought and the likelihood of survival along an elevation gradient. We assess the sensitivity of simulated net primary production, NSC storage dynamics, and mortality to site climate and soil characteristics as well as uncertainty in the allocation of carbon to the NSC pool. For a fairly wide set of assumptions, the model estimates captured elevational gradients and temporal patterns in growth and biomass. Model results that best predict mortality risk also yield productivity, leaf area, and biomass estimates that are qualitatively consistent with observations across the sites. Using this constrained set of parameters, we found that productivity and likelihood of survival were equally dependent on elevation-driven variation in temperature and precipitation. Our results demonstrate the potential for a coupled hydrology-ecosystem carbon cycling model that includes a simple model of NSC dynamics to predict drought-related mortality. Given that increases in temperature and in the frequency and severity of drought are predicted for a broad range of ponderosa pine and other western North America conifer forest habitats, the model potentially has broad utility for assessing ecosystem vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Tague
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Nathan G. McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Craig D. Allen
- United States Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Jemez Mountains Field Station, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
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López-Hoffman L, Breshears DD, Allen CD, Miller ML. Key landscape ecology metrics for assessing climate change adaptation options: rate of change and patchiness of impacts. Ecosphere 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/es13-00118.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Liu H, Park Williams A, Allen CD, Guo D, Wu X, Anenkhonov OA, Liang E, Sandanov DV, Yin Y, Qi Z, Badmaeva NK. Rapid warming accelerates tree growth decline in semi-arid forests of Inner Asia. Glob Chang Biol 2013; 19:2500-10. [PMID: 23564688 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Forests around the world are subject to risk of high rates of tree growth decline and increased tree mortality from combinations of climate warming and drought, notably in semi-arid settings. Here, we assess how climate warming has affected tree growth in one of the world's most extensive zones of semi-arid forests, in Inner Asia, a region where lack of data limits our understanding of how climate change may impact forests. We show that pervasive tree growth declines since 1994 in Inner Asia have been confined to semi-arid forests, where growing season water stress has been rising due to warming-induced increases in atmospheric moisture demand. A causal link between increasing drought and declining growth at semi-arid sites is corroborated by correlation analyses comparing annual climate data to records of tree-ring widths. These ring-width records tend to be substantially more sensitive to drought variability at semi-arid sites than at semi-humid sites. Fire occurrence and insect/pathogen attacks have increased in tandem with the most recent (2007-2009) documented episode of tree mortality. If warming in Inner Asia continues, further increases in forest stress and tree mortality could be expected, potentially driving the eventual regional loss of current semi-arid forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Burger JR, Allen CD, Brown JH, Burnside WR, Davidson AD, Fristoe TS, Hamilton MJ, Mercado-Silva N, Nekola JC, Okie JG, Zuo W. The macroecology of sustainability. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001345. [PMID: 22723741 PMCID: PMC3378595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Global consumption rates of vital resources suggest that we have surpassed the capacity of the Earth to sustain current levels, much less future trajectories of growth in human population and economy. The discipline of sustainability science has emerged in response to concerns of natural and social scientists, policymakers, and lay people about whether the Earth can continue to support human population growth and economic prosperity. Yet, sustainability science has developed largely independently from and with little reference to key ecological principles that govern life on Earth. A macroecological perspective highlights three principles that should be integral to sustainability science: 1) physical conservation laws govern the flows of energy and materials between human systems and the environment, 2) smaller systems are connected by these flows to larger systems in which they are embedded, and 3) global constraints ultimately limit flows at smaller scales. Over the past few decades, decreasing per capita rates of consumption of petroleum, phosphate, agricultural land, fresh water, fish, and wood indicate that the growing human population has surpassed the capacity of the Earth to supply enough of these essential resources to sustain even the current population and level of socioeconomic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Burger
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
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English NB, McDowell NG, Allen CD, Mora C. The effects of α-cellulose extraction and blue-stain fungus on retrospective studies of carbon and oxygen isotope variation in live and dead trees. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2011; 25:3083-3090. [PMID: 21953963 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tree-ring carbon and oxygen isotope ratios from live and recently dead trees may reveal important mechanisms of tree mortality. However, wood decay in dead trees may alter the δ(13)C and δ(18)O values of whole wood obscuring the isotopic signal associated with factors leading up to and including physiological death. We examined whole sapwood and α-cellulose from live and dead specimens of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), one-seed juniper (Juniperous monosperma), piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and white fir (Abies concolor), including those with fungal growth and beetle frass in the wood, to determine if α-cellulose extraction is necessary for the accurate interpretation of isotopic compositions in the dead trees. We found that the offset between the δ(13)C or δ(18)O values of α-cellulose and whole wood was the same for both live and dead trees across a large range of inter-annual and regional climate differences. The method of α-cellulose extraction, whether Leavitt-Danzer or Standard Brendel modified for small samples, imparts significant differences in the δ(13)C (up to 0.4‰) and δ(18) O (up to 1.2‰) of α-cellulose, as reported by other studies. There was no effect of beetle frass or blue-stain fungus (Ophiostoma) on the δ(13)C and δ(18)O of whole wood or α-cellulose. The relationships between whole wood and α-cellulose δ(13)C for ponderosa, piñon and juniper yielded slopes of ~1, while the relationship between δ(18)O of whole wood and α-cellulose was less clear. We conclude that there are few analytical or sampling obstacles to retrospective studies of isotopic patterns of tree mortality in forests of the western United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B English
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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Fawcett PJ, Werne JP, Anderson RS, Heikoop JM, Brown ET, Berke MA, Smith SJ, Goff F, Donohoo-Hurley L, Cisneros-Dozal LM, Schouten S, Sinninghe Damsté JS, Huang Y, Toney J, Fessenden J, WoldeGabriel G, Atudorei V, Geissman JW, Allen CD. Erratum: Extended megadroughts in the southwestern United States during Pleistocene interglacials. Nature 2011. [DOI: 10.1038/nature09949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Castro J, Allen CD, Molina-Morales M, Marañón-Jiménez S, Sánchez-Miranda Á, Zamora R. Salvage Logging Versus the Use of Burnt Wood as a Nurse Object to Promote Post-Fire Tree Seedling Establishment. Restor Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2009.00619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Adams HD, Macalady AK, Breshears DD, Allen CD, Stephenson NL, Saleska SR, Huxman TE, McDowell NG. Climate-Induced Tree Mortality: Earth System Consequences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010eo170003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Baron JS, Gunderson L, Allen CD, Fleishman E, McKenzie D, Meyerson LA, Oropeza J, Stephenson N. Options for national parks and reserves for adapting to climate change. Environ Manage 2009; 44:1033-42. [PMID: 19449058 PMCID: PMC2791479 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-009-9296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Past and present climate has shaped the valued ecosystems currently protected in parks and reserves, but future climate change will redefine these conditions. Continued conservation as climate changes will require thinking differently about resource management than we have in the past; we present some logical steps and tools for doing so. Three critical tenets underpin future management plans and activities: (1) climate patterns of the past will not be the climate patterns of the future; (2) climate defines the environment and influences future trajectories of the distributions of species and their habitats; (3) specific management actions may help increase the resilience of some natural resources, but fundamental changes in species and their environment may be inevitable. Science-based management will be necessary because past experience may not serve as a guide for novel future conditions. Identifying resources and processes at risk, defining thresholds and reference conditions, and establishing monitoring and assessment programs are among the types of scientific practices needed to support a broadened portfolio of management activities. In addition to the control and hedging management strategies commonly in use today, we recommend adaptive management wherever possible. Adaptive management increases our ability to address the multiple scales at which species and processes function, and increases the speed of knowledge transfer among scientists and managers. Scenario planning provides a broad forward-thinking framework from which the most appropriate management tools can be chosen. The scope of climate change effects will require a shared vision among regional partners. Preparing for and adapting to climate change is as much a cultural and intellectual challenge as an ecological challenge.
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Abstract
Piñon pine and juniper woodlands in the southwestern United States are often represented as an expanding and even invasive vegetation type, a legacy of historic grazing, and culpable in the degradation of western rangelands. A long-standing emphasis on forage production, in combination with recent hazard fuel concerns, has prompted a new era of woodland management with stated restoration objectives. Yet the extent and dynamics of piñon-juniper communities that predate intensive Euro-American settlement activities are poorly known or understood, while the intrinsic ecological, aesthetic, and economic values of old-growth woodlands are often overlooked. Historical changes in piñon-juniper stands include two related, but poorly differentiated processes: recent tree expansion into grass- or shrub-dominated (i.e., non-woodland) vegetation and thickening or infilling of savanna or mosaic woodlands predating settlement. Our work addresses the expansion pattern, modeling the occurrence of "older" savanna and woodland stands extant prior to 1850 in contrast to "younger" piñon-juniper growth of more recent, postsettlement origin. We present criteria in the form of a diagnostic key for distinguishing "older," pre-Euro-American settlement piñon-juniper from "younger" (post-1850) stands and report results of predictive modeling and mapping efforts within a north-central New Mexico study area. Selected models suggest a primary role for soil moisture in the current distribution of "old" vs. "young" piñon-juniper stands. Presettlement era woodlands are shown to occupy a discrete ecological space, defined by the interaction of effective (seasonal) moisture with landform setting and fine-scale (soil/water) depositional patterns. "Older" stands are generally found at higher elevations or on skeletal soils in upland settings, while "younger" stands (often dominated by one-seed juniper, Juniperus monosperma) are most common at lower elevations or in productive, depositional settings. Modeling at broad regional scales can enhance our general understanding of piñon-juniper ecology, while predictive mapping of local areas has potential to provide products useful for land management. Areas of the southwestern United States with strong monsoonal (summer moisture) patterns appear to have been the most susceptible to historical woodland expansion, but even here the great majority of extant piñon-juniper has presettlement origins (although widely thickened and infilled historically), and old-growth structure is not uncommon in appropriate upland settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Jacobs
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Watershed Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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Lightfoot DC, Brantley SL, Allen CD. Geographic Patterns of Ground-dwelling Arthropods Across an Ecoregional Transition in the North American Southwest. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2008. [DOI: 10.3398/1527-0904(2008)68[83:gpogaa]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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McDowell N, Pockman WT, Allen CD, Breshears DD, Cobb N, Kolb T, Plaut J, Sperry J, West A, Williams DG, Yepez EA. Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought? New Phytol 2008; 178:719-739. [PMID: 18422905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1475] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe droughts have been associated with regional-scale forest mortality worldwide. Climate change is expected to exacerbate regional mortality events; however, prediction remains difficult because the physiological mechanisms underlying drought survival and mortality are poorly understood. We developed a hydraulically based theory considering carbon balance and insect resistance that allowed development and examination of hypotheses regarding survival and mortality. Multiple mechanisms may cause mortality during drought. A common mechanism for plants with isohydric regulation of water status results from avoidance of drought-induced hydraulic failure via stomatal closure, resulting in carbon starvation and a cascade of downstream effects such as reduced resistance to biotic agents. Mortality by hydraulic failure per se may occur for isohydric seedlings or trees near their maximum height. Although anisohydric plants are relatively drought-tolerant, they are predisposed to hydraulic failure because they operate with narrower hydraulic safety margins during drought. Elevated temperatures should exacerbate carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. Biotic agents may amplify and be amplified by drought-induced plant stress. Wet multidecadal climate oscillations may increase plant susceptibility to drought-induced mortality by stimulating shifts in hydraulic architecture, effectively predisposing plants to water stress. Climate warming and increased frequency of extreme events will probably cause increased regional mortality episodes. Isohydric and anisohydric water potential regulation may partition species between survival and mortality, and, as such, incorporating this hydraulic framework may be effective for modeling plant survival and mortality under future climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - William T Pockman
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geologcial Survey, Jemez Mountains Field Station, 15 Entrance Road, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - David D Breshears
- School of Natural Resources, Institute for the Study of Planet Earth, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0043, USA
| | - Neil Cobb
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Peterson Hall, Bldg 22, Rm 330, Box 6077, Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Thomas Kolb
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001-5018, USA
| | - Jennifer Plaut
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
| | - John Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Adam West
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
| | - David G Williams
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA
| | - Enrico A Yepez
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Newton JT, Allen CD, Coates J, Turner A, Prior J. How to reduce the stress of general dental practice: the need for research into the effectiveness of multifaceted interventions. Br Dent J 2006; 200:437-40. [PMID: 16703032 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4813463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While the practice of dentistry has been demonstrated to be significantly stressful, there have been few published studies describing interventions to reduce the stress of dental practitioners. This article describes research into the prevention and alleviation of stress amongst a variety of healthcare professionals, including dental practitioners, and describes the findings from a small scale study of an intervention aimed at general dental practitioners who reported high levels of work related stress. It is argued that to be effective, interventions should be tailored to the individual needs of the practitioner, within a structured intervention framework. Further research into the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of stress management for dental practitioners is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Newton
- Oral Health Services Research & Dental Public Health, GKT Dental Institute London, USA.
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Burkett VR, Wilcox DA, Stottlemyer R, Barrow W, Fagre D, Baron J, Price J, Nielsen JL, Allen CD, Peterson DL, Ruggerone G, Doyle T. Nonlinear dynamics in ecosystem response to climatic change: Case studies and policy implications. Ecological Complexity 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2005.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Breshears DD, Cobb NS, Rich PM, Price KP, Allen CD, Balice RG, Romme WH, Kastens JH, Floyd ML, Belnap J, Anderson JJ, Myers OB, Meyer CW. Regional vegetation die-off in response to global-change-type drought. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:15144-8. [PMID: 16217022 PMCID: PMC1250231 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505734102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Future drought is projected to occur under warmer temperature conditions as climate change progresses, referred to here as global-change-type drought, yet quantitative assessments of the triggers and potential extent of drought-induced vegetation die-off remain pivotal uncertainties in assessing climate-change impacts. Of particular concern is regional-scale mortality of overstory trees, which rapidly alters ecosystem type, associated ecosystem properties, and land surface conditions for decades. Here, we quantify regional-scale vegetation die-off across southwestern North American woodlands in 2002-2003 in response to drought and associated bark beetle infestations. At an intensively studied site within the region, we quantified that after 15 months of depleted soil water content, >90% of the dominant, overstory tree species (Pinus edulis, a piñon) died. The die-off was reflected in changes in a remotely sensed index of vegetation greenness (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), not only at the intensively studied site but also across the region, extending over 12,000 km2 or more; aerial and field surveys confirmed the general extent of the die-off. Notably, the recent drought was warmer than the previous subcontinental drought of the 1950s. The limited, available observations suggest that die-off from the recent drought was more extensive than that from the previous drought, extending into wetter sites within the tree species' distribution. Our results quantify a trigger leading to rapid, drought-induced die-off of overstory woody plants at subcontinental scale and highlight the potential for such die-off to be more severe and extensive for future global-change-type drought under warmer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Breshears
- School of Natural Resources, Institute for the Study of Planet Earth, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0043, USA.
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Peters DPC, Pielke RA, Bestelmeyer BT, Allen CD, Munson-McGee S, Havstad KM. Cross-scale interactions, nonlinearities, and forecasting catastrophic events. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:15130-5. [PMID: 15469919 PMCID: PMC523446 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403822101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Catastrophic events share characteristic nonlinear behaviors that are often generated by cross-scale interactions and feedbacks among system elements. These events result in surprises that cannot easily be predicted based on information obtained at a single scale. Progress on catastrophic events has focused on one of the following two areas: nonlinear dynamics through time without an explicit consideration of spatial connectivity [Holling, C. S. (1992) Ecol. Monogr. 62, 447-502] or spatial connectivity and the spread of contagious processes without a consideration of cross-scale interactions and feedbacks [Zeng, N., Neeling, J. D., Lau, L. M. & Tucker, C. J. (1999) Science 286, 1537-1540]. These approaches rarely have ventured beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries. We provide an interdisciplinary, conceptual, and general mathematical framework for understanding and forecasting nonlinear dynamics through time and across space. We illustrate the generality and usefulness of our approach by using new data and recasting published data from ecology (wildfires and desertification), epidemiology (infectious diseases), and engineering (structural failures). We show that decisions that minimize the likelihood of catastrophic events must be based on cross-scale interactions, and such decisions will often be counterintuitive. Given the continuing challenges associated with global change, approaches that cross disciplinary boundaries to include interactions and feedbacks at multiple scales are needed to increase our ability to predict catastrophic events and develop strategies for minimizing their occurrence and impacts. Our framework is an important step in developing predictive tools and designing experiments to examine cross-scale interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra P C Peters
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
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Allen CD. Remembering Rhonda.... Nursing 1999; 29:32cc7. [PMID: 10797666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C D Allen
- Fox Valley Technical College, Appleton, Wis., USA
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Allen CD, Breshears DD. Drought-induced shift of a forest-woodland ecotone: rapid landscape response to climate variation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:14839-42. [PMID: 9843976 PMCID: PMC24536 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.25.14839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 777] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In coming decades, global climate changes are expected to produce large shifts in vegetation distributions at unprecedented rates. These shifts are expected to be most rapid and extreme at ecotones, the boundaries between ecosystems, particularly those in semiarid landscapes. However, current models do not adequately provide for such rapid effects-particularly those caused by mortality-largely because of the lack of data from field studies. Here we report the most rapid landscape-scale shift of a woody ecotone ever documented: in northern New Mexico in the 1950s, the ecotone between semiarid ponderosa pine forest and pinon-juniper woodland shifted extensively (2 km or more) and rapidly (<5 years) through mortality of ponderosa pines in response to a severe drought. This shift has persisted for 40 years. Forest patches within the shift zone became much more fragmented, and soil erosion greatly accelerated. The rapidity and the complex dynamics of the persistent shift point to the need to represent more accurately these dynamics, especially the mortality factor, in assessments of the effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Midcontinent Ecological Science Center, Jemez Mountains Field Station, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
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