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Kim WD, Sin DD. Granzyme B May Act as an Effector Molecule to Control the Inflammatory Process in COPD. COPD 2024; 21:1-11. [PMID: 38314671 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2023.2299104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by smoking, but only a small proportion of smokers have disease severe enough to develop COPD. COPD is not always progressive. The question then arises as to what explains the different trajectories of COPD. The role of autoimmunity and regulatory T (Treg) cells in the pathogenesis of COPD is increasingly being recognized. Nine published studies on Treg cells in the lung tissue or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid have shown that smokers with COPD have fewer Treg cells than smokers without COPD or nonsmokers. Three studies showed a positive correlation between Treg cell count and FEV1%, suggesting an important role for Treg cells in COPD progression. Treg cells can regulate immunological responses via the granzyme B (GzmB) pathway. Immunohistochemical staining for GzmB in surgically resected lungs with centrilobular emphysema showed that the relationship between the amount of GzmB+ cells and FEV1% was comparable to that between Treg cell count and FEV1% in the COPD lung, suggesting that GzmB could be a functional marker for Treg cells. The volume fraction of GzmB+ cells in the small airways, the number of alveolar GzmB+ cells, and GzmB expression measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the lung tissue of smokers were significantly correlated with FEV1%. These results suggest that the GzmB content in lung tissue may determine the progression of COPD by acting as an effector molecule to control inflammatory process. Interventions to augment GzmB-producing immunosuppressive cells in the early stages of COPD could help prevent or delay COPD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Dong Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Don D Sin
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Eapen MS, Lu W, Dey S, Chia C, Hardikar A, Hassan MI, Bhattarai P, Gaikwad AV, Das S, Hansbro PM, Singhera GK, Hackett TL, Sohal SS. Differential expression of mast cells in the small airways and alveolar septa of current smokers and patients with small airway disease and COPD. ERJ Open Res 2024; 10:00579-2023. [PMID: 38500797 PMCID: PMC10945381 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00579-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background COPD patients suffer from dysregulated and suppressed immune functionality, determined by their loss of degranulating capacity. Here we provide crucial information on the presence of degranulated mast cells (MCs) in COPD airways and demonstrate their relationship to lung physiology and airway remodelling. Methods Small airway lung resections from non-smoking controls (NC), normal lung function smokers (NLFS), small airway disease (SAD), and mild-to-moderate COPD current smokers (COPD-CS) and ex-smokers (COPD-ES) were dual immuno-stained with MC tryptase and degranulation marker lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP)-1. Total MCs, degranulating MCs and non-MCs were enumerated in small airway epithelium and subepithelium, and in alveolar septa. Results In the small airway wall subepithelial areas, COPD-CS and COPD-ES patients had significantly lower MCs than the NC group (p<0.05), although the numbers were considerably higher in the small airway epithelium (p<0.01). Degranulating non-MCs were higher in SAD (p<0.05) than in COPD in the small airway subepithelium. In contrast, there were significant increases in total MCs (degranulated and non-degranulated) and degranulated non-MCs in the alveolar septum of COPD patients compared with the NC group (p<001). The lower numbers of MCs in the subepithelium correlated with lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory flow at 25-75% of FVC (FEF25-75%), higher smoking rates in COPD patients, and increased small airway wall thickness and extracellular matrix. The increase in MCs in the alveolar septum negatively correlated with FEF25-75%. Conclusions This study is the first to assess the differential pattern of MC, degranulating MC and non-MC populations in the small airways and alveoli of COPD patients. The spatial positioning of the MCs within the airways showed variable correlations with lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, Australia
| | - Surajit Dey
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Australia
| | - Ashutosh Hardikar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Australia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Prem Bhattarai
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Shatarupa Das
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney School of Life Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney School of Life Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Singhera
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, Australia
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Bhattarai P, Lu W, Hardikar A, Dey S, Gaikwad AV, Shahzad AM, Chia C, Williams A, Singhera GK, Hackett TL, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition is an active process in smokers and patients with early COPD contributing to pulmonary arterial pathology. ERJ Open Res 2024; 10:00767-2023. [PMID: 38348240 PMCID: PMC10860200 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00767-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously reported pulmonary arterial remodelling in smokers and patients with early COPD, which can be attributed to endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT). In this study, we aimed to evaluate if EndMT is an active mechanism in smokers and COPD. Methods Immunohistochemical staining for the EndMT biomarkers CD31, N-cadherin, vimentin and S100A4 was done on lung resection tissue from 49 subjects. These comprised 15 nonsmoker controls (NC), six normal lung function smokers (NLFS), nine patients with small airway disease (SAD), nine current smokers with mild-moderate COPD (COPD-CS) and 10 ex-smokers with COPD (COPD-ES). Pulmonary arteries were analysed using Image ProPlus software v7.0. Results We noted reduced junctional CD31+ endothelial cells (p<0.05) in the intimal layer of all smoking groups compared to NC. We also observed increased abundance of the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin (p<0.05) and vimentin (p<0.001) in all smoking groups and across all arterial sizes versus NC, except for N-cadherin in large arteries in COPD-CS. The abundance of S100A4 correlated with arterial thickness (small: r=0.29, p=0.05; medium: r=0.33, p=0.03; large: r=0.35, p=0.02). Vimentin in the small arterial wall negatively correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (r= -0.35, p=0.02) and forced expiratory flow rate at 25-75% of forced vital capacity (r= -0.34, p=0.03), while increased cytoplasmic CD31 abundance in the intimal layer of medium and large arteries negatively correlated with predicted diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (medium: r= -0.35, p=0.04; large: r= -0.39, p=0.03). Conclusion This is the first study showing the acquisition of mesenchymal traits by pulmonary endothelial cells from NLFS, SAD and mild-moderate COPD patients through EndMT. This informs on the potential early origins of pulmonary hypertension in smokers and patients with early COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Bhattarai
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Ashutosh Hardikar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Surajit Dey
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Affan Mahmood Shahzad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Andrew Williams
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Singhera
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, Australia
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Dey S, Lu W, Haug G, Chia C, Larby J, Weber HC, Gaikwad AV, Bhattarai P, Shahzad AM, Pathinayake PS, Wark PAB, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Airway inflammatory changes in the lungs of patients with asthma-COPD overlap (ACO): a bronchoscopy endobronchial biopsy study. Respir Res 2023; 24:221. [PMID: 37700291 PMCID: PMC10498556 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are two distinct chronic airway inflammatory diseases, they often co-exist in a patient and the condition is referred to as asthma-COPD overlap (ACO). Lack of evidence regarding the inflammatory cells in ACO airways has led to their poor prognosis and treatment. The objective of this endobronchial biopsy (EBB) study was to enumerate inflammatory cellular changes in the airway wall of ACO compared with asthma, COPD current smokers (CS) and ex-smokers (ES), normal lung function smokers (NLFS), and non-smoker controls (HC). METHODS EBB tissues from 74 patients were immunohistochemically stained for macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, CD8+ T-cells and CD4+ T-cells. The microscopic images of stained tissues were evaluated in the epithelium, reticular basement membrane (RBM) cells/mm RBM length, and lamina propria (LP) cells/mm2 up to a depth of 120 µM using the image analysis software Image-Pro Plus 7.0. The observer was blinded to the images and disease diagnosis. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism v9. RESULTS The tissue macrophages in ACO were substantially higher in the epithelium and RBM than in HC (P < 0.001 for both), COPD-ES (P < 0.001 for both), and -CS (P < 0.05 and < 0.0001, respectively). The ACO LP macrophages were significantly higher in number than COPD-CS (P < 0.05). The mast cell numbers in ACO were lower than in NLFS (P < 0.05) in the epithelium, lower than COPD (P < 0.05) and NLFS (P < 0.001) in RBM; and lower than HC (P < 0.05) in LP. We noted lower eosinophils in ACO LP than HC (P < 0.05) and the lowest neutrophils in both ACO and asthma. Furthermore, CD8+ T-cell numbers increased in the ACO RBM than HC (P < 0.05), COPD-ES (P < 0.05), and NLFS (P < 0.01); however, they were similar in number in epithelium and LP across groups. CD4+ T-cells remained lower in number across all regions and groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the ACO airway tissue inflammatory cellular profile differed from the contributing diseases of asthma and COPD with a predominance of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Dey
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag, 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag, 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Josie Larby
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Heinrich C Weber
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tasmanian Health Services (THS), North-West Hospital, Burnie, TAS, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag, 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
| | - Prem Bhattarai
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag, 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Affan Mahmood Shahzad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag, 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
| | - Prabuddha S Pathinayake
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Peter A B Wark
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag, 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag, 1322, Newnham Drive, Launceston, TAS, 7248, Australia.
- Launceston Respiratory and Sleep Centre, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia.
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Chen D, Yi R, Hong W, Wang K, Chen Y. Anoikis resistance of small airway epithelium is involved in the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155478. [PMID: 37090717 PMCID: PMC10113535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAnoikis resistance is recognized as a crucial step in the metastasis of cancer cells. Most epithelial tumors are distinguished by the ability of epithelial cells to abscond anoikis when detached from the extracellular matrix. However, no study has investigated the involvement of anoikis in the small airway epithelium (SAE) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).MethodsAnoikis-related genes (ANRGs) exhibiting differential expression in COPD were identified using microarray datasets obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Unsupervised clustering was performed to classify COPD patients into anoikis-related subtypes. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) were used to annotate the functions between different subtypes. Differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were leveraged to identify key molecules. The relative proportion of infiltrating immune cells in the SAE was quantified using the CIBERSORT and ssGSEA computational algorithms, and the correlation between key molecules and immune cell abundance was analyzed. The expression of key molecules in BEAS-2B cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was validated using qRT-PCR.ResultsA total of 25 ANRGs exhibited differential expression in the SAE of COPD patients, based on which two subtypes of COPD patients with distinct anoikis patterns were identified. COPD patients with anoikis resistance had more advanced GOLD stages and cigarette consumption. Functional annotations revealed a different immune status between COPD patients with pro-anoikis and anoikis resistance. Tenomodulin (TNMD) and long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 656 (LINC00656) were subsequently identified as key molecules involved in this process, and a close correlation between TNMD and the infiltrating immune cells was observed, such as activated CD4+ memory T cells, M1 macrophages, and activated NK cells. Further enrichment analyses clarified the relationship between TNMD and the inflammatory and apoptotic signaling pathway as the potential mechanism for regulating anoikis. In vitro experiments showed a dramatic upregulation of TNMD and LINC00656 in BEAS-2B cells when exposed to 3% CSE for 48 hours.ConclusionTNMD contributes to the progression of COPD by inducing anoikis resistance in SAE, which is intimately associated with the immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rongbing Yi
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weifeng Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yahong Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Chronic Airway Diseases, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yahong Chen,
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Wang Y, Su X, Yin Y, Wang Q. Identification and Analysis of Necroptosis-Related Genes in COPD by Bioinformatics and Experimental Verification. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030482. [PMID: 36979417 PMCID: PMC10046193 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous and complex progressive inflammatory disease. Necroptosis is a newly identified type of programmed cell death. However, the role of necroptosis in COPD is unclear. This study aimed to identify necroptosis-related genes in COPD and explore the roles of necroptosis and immune infiltration through bioinformatics. The analysis identified 49 differentially expressed necroptosis-related genes that were primarily engaged in inflammatory immune response pathways. The infiltration of CD8+ T cells and M2 macrophages in COPD lung tissue was relatively reduced, whereas that of M0 macrophages was increased. We identified 10 necroptosis-related hub genes significantly associated with infiltrated immune cells. Furthermore, 7 hub genes, CASP8, IL1B, RIPK1, MLKL, XIAP, TNFRSF1A, and CFLAR, were validated using an external dataset and experimental mice. CFLAR was considered to have the best COPD-diagnosing capability. TF and miRNA interactions with common hub genes were identified. Several related potentially therapeutic molecules for COPD were also identified. The present findings suggest that necroptosis occurs in COPD pathogenesis and is correlated with immune cell infiltration, which indicates that necroptosis may participate in the development of COPD by interacting with the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qiuyue Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (Q.W.)
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Sohal SS. Therapeutic Modalities for Asthma, COPD, and Pathogenesis of COVID-19: Insights from the Special Issue. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154525. [PMID: 35956140 PMCID: PMC9369734 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
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Sahin Tekin M, Kocaturk E, Gurcu S, Kayadibi H, Dibeklioglu B, Yorulmaz G. Cellular Immunity In Subacute Thyroiditis: A New Perspective Through Neopterin. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:109-114. [PMID: 35576515 PMCID: PMC9307230 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subacute thyroiditis (SAT) is an inflammatory disorder of the thyroid gland. Although its etiology is not fully understood, it is believed to occur shortly after viral infections and is mostly associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*35. Cellular immunity is prominent in SAT. Neopterin is produced by activated monocytes/macrophages and is a marker of cellular immunity. Its production is stimulated by interferon gamma (IFN-γ), provided mainly by activated helper T lymphocytes type 1 (Th1) in the adaptive immune system. Therefore, with these cells' activation, an increase in serum neopterin levels is expected. We aimed to evaluate neopterin levels in demonstrating cellular immunity in SAT and compared 15 SAT patients with 16 healthy controls. Since all SAT patients were in the active thyrotoxic phase, we found a significant difference in thyroid functions, classical inflammatory markers, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP), were markedly elevated in the patient group. Although we expected to find an increase considering that cellular immunity is at the forefront in the pathogenesis of SAT, we found serum neopterin levels significantly lower in the patient group than in the control group. There is an increase in CD8+ T cells in the thyroid tissue in SAT. The possible relationship with HLA-B*35- MHC class I in SAT, and the antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells may be the reason why we observed low serum neopterin levels in patients due to the cytokine imbalance. Neopterin provides unique and independent data from classical acute phase response indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Sahin Tekin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Evin Kocaturk
- Department of Biochemistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Sinem Gurcu
- Department of Pharmacy, Eskisehir City Hospital, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Kayadibi
- Department of Biochemistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Bilge Dibeklioglu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Goknur Yorulmaz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Li Q, Sun J, Cao Y, Liu B, Zhao Z, Hu L, Zhang H, Kong Q, Wu J, Dong J. Icaritin inhibited cigarette smoke extract-induced CD8 + T cell chemotaxis enhancement by targeting the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis and TGF-β/Smad2 signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:153907. [PMID: 35026517 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disabling/fatal disease characterized by progressive pulmonary function decline, and there are currently few drugs that can effectively reverse the decline in lung function; therefore, it is necessary to find novel drug targets. CD8+ T cells might be a new therapeutic target for alleviating lung tissue destruction and improving pulmonary function in COPD. The CXCL10/CXCR3 axis is a pivotal chemotactic axis involved in the abnormal infiltration of CD8+ T cells into the lung tissue of COPD; thus, inhibition of this axis might be a potential method to suppress CD8+ T cell-mediated lung tissue destruction in COPD. However, few drugs have been reported to target CD8+ T cells and the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis. Icaritin (ICT), one of the major components of Epimedii Folium, has been reported to have antioxidative effects in a COPD model in vitro. Whether ICT also has effects on CD8+ T cells and the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis in COPD has never been investigated. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of ICT on CD8+ T cell chemotaxis and the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis in interferon (IFN)-γ + cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-stimulated THP-1-derived macrophages, which simulated the pulmonary microenvironment of COPD, and then to determine the mechanisms. METHODS The effects of ICT on the expression and secretion of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in THP-1-derived macrophages were measured by qRT-PCR and ELISA, and the effects of the supernatant of THP-1-derived macrophages treated with or without ICT on CD8+ T cell chemotaxis were also evaluated. Subsequently, the effects of ICT on the apoptosis and proliferation of CD8+ T cells were also assessed by EdU-488 assays and Annexin V/PI staining, respectively. Moreover, the mechanisms by which ICT inhibits the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis were investigated by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. RESULTS The present study showed that ICT (5 μM) significantly suppressed the expression and secretion of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in THP-1-derived macrophages after stimulation with IFN-γ + CSE and indirectly inhibited CD8+ T cell chemotaxis by reducing the secretion of the above chemokines. In addition, this study found that ICT had no significant effect on the proliferation of CD8+ T cells, and neither led to apoptosis. The results of the RNA-seq analysis illustrated that the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway was significantly downregulated after ICT intervention, and subsequent qRT-PCR and western blotting showed that ICT could significantly downregulate the TGF-β-Smad2 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS ICT reduced CD8+ T cell chemotaxis by inhibiting the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis, and these effects might be achieved by suppressing the TGF-β-Smad2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yuxue Cao
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Baojun Liu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhengxiao Zhao
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lingli Hu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qing Kong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jinfeng Wu
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
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10
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Lai CC, Chen CH, Chen KH, Wang CY, Huang TM, Wang YH, Wang HC. The Impact of 52-Week Single Inhaler Device Triple Therapy versus Dual Therapy on the Mortality of COPD Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020173. [PMID: 35207460 PMCID: PMC8877713 DOI: 10.3390/life12020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more single inhaler device triple therapy available for COPD patients now. However, the effect of long-term triple therapy fixed dose combination (FDC) on mortality remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of one-year single inhaler device triple therapy, including long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs), long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMAs), and inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs), with dual therapies, comprised of either LABA/LAMA or ICS/LABA, on the mortality of patients with COPD. We searched the PubMed, Cochrane library, Web of Science, Embase databases, and clinical trial registry of clinicaltrials.gov and WHO ICTRP. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compared single inhaler device triple and dual therapies for 52 weeks were selected for the meta-analysis. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. A total of 6 RCTs were selected for the meta-analysis, including 10,274 patients who received single inhaler device triple therapy (ICS/LABA/LAMA FDC) and 12,395 patients who received ICS/LABA or LABA/LAMA dual therapy. Risk of death was significantly lower in the ICS/LABA/LAMA FDC group compared to the LABA/LAMA group (RR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.53–0.90, p = 0.007). There was no significant difference in mortality between the ICS/LABA/LAMA FDC and ICS/LABA therapy groups (RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.72–1.24, p = 0.66). In addition, patients receiving ICS/LABA/LAMA FDC therapy had less moderate or severe exacerbations compared with the dual therapy groups (RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.73–0.80, p < 0.001 for LABA/LAMA; RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.78–0.90, p < 0.001 for ICS/LABA). By contrast, the risk of pneumonia in the ICS/LABA/LAMA FDC group was higher than in the LABA/LAMA group (RR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.21–1.68, p < 0.001). In conclusion, ICS/LABA/LAMA FDC therapy could help improve the clinical outcomes of patients with COPD. However, triple therapy could increase the risk of pneumonia in comparison with LABA/LAMA dual therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Tainan Branch, Tainan 710, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Hsien Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan;
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-H.C.); (H.-C.W.)
| | - Cheng-Yi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- Correspondence: e-mail (C.-Y.W.); (T.-M.H.); (Y.-H.W.)
| | - Tsan-Ming Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- Correspondence: e-mail (C.-Y.W.); (T.-M.H.); (Y.-H.W.)
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- Medical Research Center, Cardinal Tien Hospital and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- Correspondence: e-mail (C.-Y.W.); (T.-M.H.); (Y.-H.W.)
| | - Hao-Chien Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (K.-H.C.); (H.-C.W.)
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11
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Dey S, Eapen MS, Chia C, Gaikwad AV, Wark PAB, Sohal SS. Pathogenesis, clinical features of asthma COPD overlap (ACO), and therapeutic modalities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 322:L64-L83. [PMID: 34668439 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00121.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both asthma and COPD are heterogeneous diseases identified by characteristic symptoms and functional abnormalities, with airway obstruction common in both diseases. Asthma COPD overlap (ACO) does not define a single disease but is a descriptive term for clinical use that includes several overlapping clinical phenotypes of chronic airways disease with different underlying mechanisms. This literature review was initiated to describe published studies, identify gaps in knowledge, and propose future research goals regarding the disease pathology of ACO, especially the airway remodelling changes and inflammation aspects. Airway remodelling occurs in asthma and COPD, but there are differences in the structures affected and the prime anatomic site at which they occur. Reticular basement membrane thickening and cellular infiltration with eosinophils and T-helper (CD4+) lymphocytes are prominent features of asthma. Epithelial squamous metaplasia, airway wall fibrosis, emphysema, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophilia and (CD8+) T-cytotoxic lymphocyte infiltrations in the airway wall are features of COPD. There is no universally accepted definition of ACO, nor are there clearly defined pathological characteristics to differentiate from asthma and COPD. Understanding etiological concepts within the purview of inflammation and airway remodelling changes in ACO would allow better management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Dey
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Collin Chia
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Peter A B Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
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12
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Nanotechnology based advanced therapeutic strategies for targeting interleukins in chronic respiratory diseases. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 348:109637. [PMID: 34506765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Both communicable and non-communicable chronic respiratory conditions have accorded for suffering of millions of people of all ages and stated to be leading cause of death, morbidity, economic and social pressures, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) worldwide. These illnesses impair patient's health and negatively impacts families and society, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) affect different organs of respiratory system, involving airways, parenchyma, and pulmonary vasculature. As the number of respiratory diseases are exponentially escalating but still the stakeholders are not paying attention towards its serious complications. Currently, the treatment being used primarily focusses only on alleviating symptoms of these illness rather delivering the therapeutic agent at target site for optimal care and/or prevention. Lately, extensive research is being conducted on airways and systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, airway, or parenchymal rehabilitation. From which macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells, as well as structural cells as fibroblasts, epithelial, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells have been found to be active participants that are involved in these chronic respiratory diseases. The pathogenesis of all these chronic respiratory diseases gets caused differently via mediators and proteins, including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and oxidants. Presently, the target of prescription therapies is to reduce the inflammation of airways and relieve the airway contraction. In all studies, cytokines have been found to play an imperative role in fostering chronic airway inflammation and remodelling. Owing to the limitations of conventional treatments, the current review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the chronic respiratory disease and discuss further about the various conventional methods that can be used for treating this ailment. Additionally, it also highlights and discusses about the advanced drug delivery system that are being used for targeting the interleukins for the treatment of CRDs.
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13
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Walters EH, Shukla SD, Mahmood MQ, Ward C. Fully integrating pathophysiological insights in COPD: an updated working disease model to broaden therapeutic vision. Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:200364. [PMID: 34039673 PMCID: PMC9488955 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0364-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our starting point is that relatively new findings into the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of airway disease in smokers that lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) need to be reassessed as a whole and integrated into "mainstream" thinking along with traditional concepts which have stood the test of time. Such a refining of the accepted disease paradigm is urgently needed as thinking on therapeutic targets is currently under active reconsideration. We feel that generalised airway wall "inflammation" is unduly over-emphasised, and highlight the patchy and variable nature of the pathology (with the core being airway remodelling). In addition, we present evidence for airway wall disease in smokers/COPD as including a hypocellular, hypovascular, destructive, fibrotic pathology, with a likely spectrum of epithelial-mesenchymal transition states as significant drivers of this remodelling. Furthermore, we present data from a number of research modalities and integrate this with the aetiology of lung cancer, the role of chronic airway luminal colonisation/infection by a specific group of "respiratory" bacteria in smokers (which results in luminal inflammation) and the central role for oxidative stress on the epithelium. We suggest translation of these insights into more focus on asymptomatic smokers and early COPD, with the potential for fresh preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Haydn Walters
- School of Medicine and Menzies Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Shakti D Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Malik Q Mahmood
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Chris Ward
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle University, UK
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14
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Eapen MS, Lu W, Hackett TL, Singhera GK, Mahmood MQ, Hardikar A, Ward C, Walters EH, Sohal SS. Increased myofibroblasts in the small airways, and relationship to remodelling and functional changes in smokers and COPD patients: potential role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00876-2020. [PMID: 34109247 PMCID: PMC8181830 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00876-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous reports have shown epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as an active process that contributes to small airway fibrotic pathology. Myofibroblasts are highly active pro-fibrotic cells that secrete excessive and altered extracellular matrix (ECM). Here we relate small airway myofibroblast presence with airway remodelling, physiology and EMT activity in smokers and COPD patients. Methods Lung resections from nonsmoker controls, normal lung function smokers and COPD current and ex-smokers were stained with anti-human α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), collagen 1 and fibronectin. αSMA+ cells were computed in reticular basement membrane (Rbm), lamina propria and adventitia and presented per mm of Rbm and mm2 of lamina propria. Collagen-1 and fibronectin are presented as a percentage change from normal. All analyses including airway thickness were measured using Image-pro-plus 7.0. Results We found an increase in subepithelial lamina propria (especially) and adventitia thickness in all pathological groups compared to nonsmoker controls. Increases in αSMA+ myofibroblasts were observed in subepithelial Rbm, lamina propria and adventitia in both the smoker and COPD groups compared to nonsmoker controls. Furthermore, the increase in the myofibroblast population in the lamina propria was strongly associated with decrease in lung function, lamina propria thickening, increase in ECM protein deposition, and finally EMT activity in epithelial cells. Conclusions This is the first systematic characterisation of small airway myofibroblasts in COPD based on their localisation, with statistically significant correlations between them and other pan-airway structural, lung function and ECM protein changes. Finally, we suggest that EMT may be involved in such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Tillie L Hackett
- Dept of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Singhera
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Dept of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Malik Q Mahmood
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Ashutosh Hardikar
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Dept of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Australia
| | - Chris Ward
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Eugene Haydn Walters
- School of Medicine, and Menzies Institute of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,These authors contributed equally
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15
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Deng M, Yin Y, Zhang Q, Zhou X, Hou G. Identification of Inflammation-Related Biomarker Lp-PLA2 for Patients With COPD by Comprehensive Analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670971. [PMID: 34093570 PMCID: PMC8176901 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex and persistent lung disease and lack of biomarkers. The aim of this study is to screen and verify effective biomarkers for medical practice. Methods Differential expressed genes analysis and weighted co-expression network analysis were used to explore potential biomarker. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis and Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) analysis were used to explore potential mechanism. CIBERSORTx website was used to evaluate tissue-infiltrating immune cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess the concentrations of the Lp-PLA2 in serum. Results Ten genes were selected via combined DEGs and WGCNA. Furthermore, PLA2G7 was choose based on validation from independent datasets. Immune infiltrate and enrichment analysis suggest PLA2G7 may regulate immune pathway via macrophages. Next, Lp-PLA2(coded by PLA2G7 gene) level was upregulated in COPD patients, increased along with The Global Average of COPD (GOLD) stage. In additional, Lp-PLA2 level was significant correlate with FEV1/FVC, BMI, FFMI, CAT score, mMRC score and 6MWD of COPD patients. Finally, the predictive efficiency of Lp-PLA2 level (AUC:0.796) and derived nomogram model (AUC:0.884) in exercise tolerance was notably superior to that of the sit-to-stand test and traditional clinical features. Conclusion Lp-PLA2 is a promising biomarker for COPD patients and is suitable for assessing exercise tolerance in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Deng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Hou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
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16
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Walters EH, Shukla SD, Ward C. Stability of eosinophilic inflammation in COPD bronchial biopsies. Eur Respir J 2020; 56:56/6/2003802. [PMID: 33361456 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.03802-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Haydn Walters
- School of Medicine and Menzies Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Shakti D Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs and School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Chris Ward
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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17
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Fukuzaki S, Righetti RF, Santos TMD, Camargo LDN, Aristóteles LRCRB, Souza FCR, Garrido AC, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Leick EA, Prado CM, Martins MDA, Tibério IDFLC. Preventive and therapeutic effect of anti-IL-17 in an experimental model of elastase-induced lung injury in C57Bl6 mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C341-C354. [PMID: 33326311 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00017.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an important health care issue, and IL-17 can modulate inflammatory responses. We evaluated preventive and therapeutic effect of anti-interleukin (IL)-17 in a model of lung injury induced by elastase, using 32 male C57Bl6 mice, divided into 4 groups: SAL, ELASTASE CONTROL (EC), ELASTASE + PREVENTIVE ANTI-IL-17 (EP), and ELASTASE + THERAPEUTIC ANTI-IL-17 (ET). On the 29th day, animals were anesthetized with thiopental, tracheotomized, and placed on a ventilator to evaluate lung mechanical, exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), and total cells of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected. We performed histological techniques, and linear mean intercept (Lm) was analyzed. Both treatments with anti-IL-17 decreased respiratory resistance and elastance, airway resistance, elastance of pulmonary parenchyma, eNO, and Lm compared with EC. There was reduction in total cells and macrophages in ET compared with EC. Both treatments decreased nuclear factor-кB, inducible nitric oxide synthase, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, MMP-12, transforming growth factor-β, tumor necrosis factor-α, neutrophils, IL-1β, isoprostane, and IL-17 in airways and alveolar septa; collagen fibers, decorin and lumican in airways; and elastic fibers and fibronectin in alveolar septa compared with EC. There was reduction of collagen fibers in alveolar septa and biglycan in airways in EP and a reduction of eNO synthase in airways in ET. In conclusion, both treatments with anti-IL-17 contributed to improve most of parameters evaluated in inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling in this model of lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fukuzaki
- School of Medicine-Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Fraga Righetti
- School of Medicine-Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tabata Maruyama Dos Santos
- School of Medicine-Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro do Nascimento Camargo
- School of Medicine-Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Flavia C R Souza
- School of Medicine-Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aurelio C Garrido
- School of Medicine-Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Mangueira Saraiva-Romanholo
- School of Medicine-Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medicine (LIM 20), Hospital Public Employee of São Paulo (Instituto de Assistência Médica ao Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo), University City of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edna Aparecida Leick
- School of Medicine-Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Máximo Prado
- School of Medicine-Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Bioscience, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Perret JL, Walters EH. Cigarette smoking and lung function decline beyond quitting. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1531. [PMID: 33313276 PMCID: PMC7729356 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Perret
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Breathing and Sleep (IBAS), Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Haydn Walters
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Williams M, Todd I, Fairclough LC. The role of CD8 + T lymphocytes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. Inflamm Res 2020; 70:11-18. [PMID: 33037881 PMCID: PMC7806561 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN This systematic review aims to establish the role of CD8 + T lymphocytes in COPD. METHODS Forty-eight papers published in the last 15 years were identified for inclusion. RESULTS CD8 + T-cells are increased in the lungs of patients with COPD (17 studies, 16 positive) whereas in the circulation, findings were inconclusive. Activation of CD8 + T-cells was enhanced in lungs (four studies, three positive) but cell phenotype was unclear. There was substantial evidence of a higher proportion of type 1 CD8 + (Tc1) cells in COPD (11 studies, 9 positive), though the population of type 2 (Tc2) cells was also increased (5 studies, 4 positive). CD8 + T-cells in COPD exhibited greater expression of cytotoxic proteins (five studies, five positive). Studies assessed a variety of questions so evidence was insufficient to draw firm conclusions. The role of CD8 + T-cells at acute exacerbation of COPD and also their contribution to alveolar destruction can only be hypothesised at this stage. CONCLUSIONS Not only is the number of CD8 + T-cells increased in COPD, these cells have increased capacity to exert effector functions and are likely to contribute to disease pathogenesis. Several mechanisms highlighted show promise for future investigation to consolidate current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Williams
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Life Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ian Todd
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Life Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Lucy C Fairclough
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Life Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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20
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McAlinden KD, Deshpande DA, Ghavami S, Xenaki D, Sohal SS, Oliver BG, Haghi M, Sharma P. Autophagy Activation in Asthma Airways Remodeling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:541-553. [PMID: 30383396 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0169oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current asthma therapies fail to target airway remodeling that correlates with asthma severity driving disease progression that ultimately leads to loss of lung function. Macroautophagy (hereinafter "autophagy") is a fundamental cell-recycling mechanism in all eukaryotic cells; emerging evidence suggests that it is dysregulated in asthma. We investigated the interrelationship between autophagy and airway remodeling and assessed preclinical efficacy of a known autophagy inhibitor in murine models of asthma. Human asthmatic and nonasthmatic lung tissues were histologically evaluated and were immunostained for key autophagy markers. The percentage area of positive staining was quantified in the epithelium and airway smooth muscle bundles using ImageJ software. Furthermore, the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine was tested intranasally in prophylactic (3 wk) and treatment (5 wk) models of allergic asthma in mice. Human asthmatic tissues showed greater tissue inflammation and demonstrated hallmark features of airway remodeling, displaying thickened epithelium (P < 0.001) and reticular basement membrane (P < 0.0001), greater lamina propria depth (P < 0.005), and increased airway smooth muscle bundles (P < 0.001) with higher expression of Beclin-1 (P < 0.01) and ATG5 (autophagy-related gene 5) (P < 0.05) together with reduced p62 (P < 0.05) compared with nonasthmatic control tissues. Beclin-1 expression was significantly higher in asthmatic epithelium and ciliated cells (P < 0.05), suggesting a potential role of ciliophagy in asthma. Murine asthma models demonstrated effective preclinical efficacy (reduced key features of allergic asthma: airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling) of the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. Our data demonstrate cell context-dependent and selective activation of autophagy in structural cells in asthma. Furthermore, this pathway can be effectively targeted to ameliorate airway remodeling in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kielan D McAlinden
- 1 Graduate School of Health and.,3 School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,2 Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deepak A Deshpande
- 4 Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- 5 Department of Anatomy & Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and
| | - Dia Xenaki
- 2 Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- 6 Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- 3 School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,2 Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Pawan Sharma
- 3 School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,2 Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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21
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22
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Eapen MS, Sharma P, Moodley YP, Hansbro PM, Sohal SS. Dysfunctional Immunity and Microbial Adhesion Molecules in Smoking-induced Pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:250-251. [PMID: 30290125 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201808-1553le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawan Sharma
- 2 University of Technology Sydney Sydney, Australia.,3 University of Sydney Sydney, Australia
| | - Yuben P Moodley
- 4 Institute of Respiratory Health Perth, Australia.,5 University of Western Australia Perth, Australia.,6 Fiona Stanley Hospital Murdoch, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- 2 University of Technology Sydney Sydney, Australia.,7 University of Newcastle Callaghan, Australia.,8 Hunter Medical Research Institute Newcastle, Australia and.,9 Centenary Institute Sydney, Australia
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23
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Shukla SD, Walters EH, Simpson JL, Keely S, Wark PA, O'Toole RF, Hansbro PM. Hypoxia‐inducible factor and bacterial infections in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology 2019; 25:53-63. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shakti D. Shukla
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and MedicineUniversity of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - E. Haydn Walters
- School of Medicine, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of Tasmania Hobart TAS Australia
| | - Jodie L. Simpson
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Healthy LungsUniversity of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - Simon Keely
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and MedicineUniversity of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Digestive Health and Neurogastroenterology, Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - Peter A.B. Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
- Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Priority Research Centre for Healthy LungsUniversity of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
| | - Ronan F. O'Toole
- School of Molecular Sciences, College of Science, Health and EngineeringLa Trobe University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and MedicineUniversity of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research InstituteUniversity of Newcastle Newcastle NSW Australia
- Centenary Institute and School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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24
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Eapen MS, Sharma P, Sohal SS. Mitochondrial dysfunction in macrophages: a key to defective bacterial phagocytosis in COPD. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:54/4/1901641. [PMID: 31601722 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01641-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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25
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer: Underlying Pathophysiology and New Therapeutic Modalities. Drugs 2019; 78:1717-1740. [PMID: 30392114 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-1001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are major lung diseases affecting millions worldwide. Both diseases have links to cigarette smoking and exert a considerable societal burden. People suffering from COPD are at higher risk of developing lung cancer than those without, and are more susceptible to poor outcomes after diagnosis and treatment. Lung cancer and COPD are closely associated, possibly sharing common traits such as an underlying genetic predisposition, epithelial and endothelial cell plasticity, dysfunctional inflammatory mechanisms including the deposition of excessive extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, susceptibility to DNA damage and cellular mutagenesis. In fact, COPD could be the driving factor for lung cancer, providing a conducive environment that propagates its evolution. In the early stages of smoking, body defences provide a combative immune/oxidative response and DNA repair mechanisms are likely to subdue these changes to a certain extent; however, in patients with COPD with lung cancer the consequences could be devastating, potentially contributing to slower postoperative recovery after lung resection and increased resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Vital to the development of new-targeted therapies is an in-depth understanding of various molecular mechanisms that are associated with both pathologies. In this comprehensive review, we provide a detailed overview of possible underlying factors that link COPD and lung cancer, and current therapeutic advances from both human and preclinical animal models that can effectively mitigate this unholy relationship.
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26
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New therapeutic targets for the prevention of infectious acute exacerbations of COPD: role of epithelial adhesion molecules and inflammatory pathways. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:1663-1703. [PMID: 31346069 DOI: 10.1042/cs20181009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide, with the major contributor, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) accounting for approximately 3 million deaths annually. Frequent acute exacerbations (AEs) of COPD (AECOPD) drive clinical and functional decline in COPD and are associated with accelerated loss of lung function, increased mortality, decreased health-related quality of life and significant economic costs. Infections with a small subgroup of pathogens precipitate the majority of AEs and consequently constitute a significant comorbidity in COPD. However, current pharmacological interventions are ineffective in preventing infectious exacerbations and their treatment is compromised by the rapid development of antibiotic resistance. Thus, alternative preventative therapies need to be considered. Pathogen adherence to the pulmonary epithelium through host receptors is the prerequisite step for invasion and subsequent infection of surrounding structures. Thus, disruption of bacterial-host cell interactions with receptor antagonists or modulation of the ensuing inflammatory profile present attractive avenues for therapeutic development. This review explores key mediators of pathogen-host interactions that may offer new therapeutic targets with the potential to prevent viral/bacterial-mediated AECOPD. There are several conceptual and methodological hurdles hampering the development of new therapies that require further research and resolution.
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27
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Eapen MS, Sharma P, Gaikwad AV, Lu W, Myers S, Hansbro PM, Sohal SS. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is driven by transcriptional and post transcriptional modulations in COPD: implications for disease progression and new therapeutics. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:1603-1610. [PMID: 31409985 PMCID: PMC6645357 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s208428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COPD is a common and highly destructive disease with huge impacts on people and health services throughout the world. It is mainly caused by cigarette smoking though environmental pollution is also significant. There are no current treatments that affect the overall course of COPD; current drugs focus on symptomatic relief and to some extent reducing exacerbation rates. There is an urgent need for in-depth studies of the fundamental pathogenic mechanisms that underpin COPD. This is vital, given the fact that nearly 40%-60% of the small airway and alveolar damage occurs in COPD well before the first measurable changes in lung function are detected. These individuals are also at a high risk of lung cancer. Current COPD research is mostly centered around late disease and/or innate immune activation within the airway lumen, but the actual damage to the airway wall has early onset. COPD is the end result of complex mechanisms, possibly triggered through initial epithelial activation. To change the disease trajectory, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms in the epithelium that are switched on early in smokers. One such mechanism we believe is the process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This article highlights the importance of this profound epithelial cell plasticity in COPD and also its regulation. We consider that understanding early changes in COPD will open new windows for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia.,Medical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.,Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Stephen Myers
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
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28
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Lu W, Sharma P, Eapen MS, Sohal SS. Inhaled corticosteroids attenuate epithelial mesenchymal transition: implications for COPD and lung cancer prophylaxis. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:54/1/1900778. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00778-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Gou X, Zhang Q, More S, Bamunuarachchi G, Liang Y, Haider Khan F, Maranville R, Zuniga E, Wang C, Liu L. Repeated Exposure to Streptococcus pneumoniae Exacerbates Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1711-1720. [PMID: 31220453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is commonly found in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is linked to acute exacerbation of COPD. However, current clinical therapy neglects asymptomatic insidious S. pneumoniae colonization. We studied the roles of repeated exposure to S. pneumoniae in COPD progression using a mouse model. C57BL/6J mice were intranasally inoculated with S. pneumoniae ST262 every 4 weeks with or without cigarette smoke (CS) exposure up to 20 weeks to maintain persistent S. pneumoniae presence in the lower airways. Streptococcus pneumoniae enhanced CS-induced inflammatory cell infiltration at 12 to 20 weeks of exposure. Streptococcus pneumoniae also increased CS-induced release of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-12 (p70), and IL-5 at 20 weeks of exposure. Moreover, a combination of CS and S. pneumoniae caused alveolar epithelial injury, a decline in lung function, and an increased expression of platelet-activating factor receptor and bacterial load. Our results suggest that repeated exposure to S. pneumoniae in lower airways exacerbates CS-induced COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxu Gou
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma; Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Sunil More
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Gayan Bamunuarachchi
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Yurong Liang
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Faizan Haider Khan
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Rachel Maranville
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Emily Zuniga
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Changzheng Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Lundberg-Kienlen Lung Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma; Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma.
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30
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Higham A, Quinn AM, Cançado JED, Singh D. The pathology of small airways disease in COPD: historical aspects and future directions. Respir Res 2019; 20:49. [PMID: 30832670 PMCID: PMC6399904 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small airways disease (SAD) is a cardinal feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) first recognized in the nineteenth century. The diverse histopathological features associated with SAD underpin the heterogeneous nature of COPD. Our understanding of the key molecular mechanisms which drive the pathological changes are not complete. In this article we will provide a historical overview of key histopathological studies which have helped shape our understanding of SAD and discuss the hallmark features of airway remodelling, mucous plugging and inflammation. We focus on the relationship between SAD and emphysema, SAD in the early stages of COPD, and the mechanisms which cause SAD progression, including bacterial colonization and exacerbations. We discuss the need to specifically target SAD to attenuate the progression of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Higham
- The University of Manchester Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | - Anne Marie Quinn
- Department of Histopathology, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Dave Singh
- The University of Manchester Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.,Medicines Evaluation Unit, The Langley Building, Southmoor Road, Manchester, UK
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31
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Sun SW, Chen L, Zhou M, Wu JH, Meng ZJ, Han HL, Miao SY, Zhu CC, Xiong XZ. BAMBI regulates macrophages inducing the differentiation of Treg through the TGF-β pathway in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2019; 20:26. [PMID: 30728014 PMCID: PMC6364453 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-0988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by continuous flow limitation and the immune system including macrophages and regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) is involved in COPD pathogenesis. In our previous study, we investigated that TGF-β/BAMBI pathway was associated with COPD by regulating the balance of Th17/Treg. However, the role of bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI), a pseudoreceptor of TGF-β signalling pathway, in regulating the immune system of COPD patients has not been fully studied. Hence, we speculate that the pseudoreceptor BAMBI may play roles in the regulation of M2 macrophages to induce the differentiation of CD4+ naïve T cells into Tregs and influence the immune response in COPD. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from healthy nonsmokers (n = 12), healthy smokers (n = 10) and COPD patients (n = 20). Naïve CD4+ T cells and monocytes-induced macrophages were used for coculture assays. The phenotypic characteristics of macrophages and Tregs were determined by flow cytometry. The expression levels of BAMBI and the TGF-β/Smad pathway members in M2 macrophages were measured by a Western blot analysis. The monocyte-derived macrophages were stimulated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE, concentration of 0.02%) to simulate the smoking process in humans. pCMV-BAMBI was transfected into monocyte-derived M2 macrophages for subsequent co-culture assays and signalling pathway analysis. RESULTS Our results showed that M2 macrophages could induce the differentiation of Tregs through the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway. In addition, monocyte-derived macrophages from COPD patients highly expressed BAMBI, and had a low capacity to induce Tregs differentiation. The expression of BAMBI and the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%) were negatively correlated in COPD. Furthermore, overexpression of BAMBI promoted the conversion of M2 macrophages to M1 macrophages via the TGF-β/Smad pathway. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that BAMBI could promote the polarization process of M2 macrophages to M1 macrophages via the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway and that overexpression of BAMBI could decrease the ability of M2 macrophages to induce Treg differentiation. These findings may provide a potential mechanism by which blocking BAMBI could improve immune function to regulate COPD inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wen Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Jiang-Hua Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Zhao-Ji Meng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Hong-Li Han
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Shuai-Ying Miao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Chen-Chen Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
| | - Xian-Zhi Xiong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022 China
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32
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Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) drives EMT in patients with COPD: implications for disease pathogenesis and novel therapies. J Transl Med 2019; 99:150-157. [PMID: 30451982 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive and devastating chronic lung condition that has a significant global burden, both medically and financially. Currently there are no medications that can alter the course of disease. At best, the drugs in clinical practice provide symptomatic relief to suffering patients by alleviating acute exacerbations. Most of current clinical research activities are in late severe disease with lesser attention given to early disease manifestations. There is as yet, a lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms of disease progression and the molecular switches that are involved in their manifestation. Small airway fibrosis and obliteration are known to cause fixed airflow obstruction in COPD, and the consequential damage to the lung has an early onset. So far, there is little evidence of the mechanisms that underlie this aspect of pathology. However, emerging research confirms that airway epithelial reprogramming or epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key mechanism that drives fibrotic remodelling changes in smokers and patients with COPD. A recent study by Lai et al. further highlights the importance of EMT in smoking-related COPD pathology. The authors identify HB-EGF, an EGFR ligand, as a key driver of EMT and a potential new therapeutic target for the amelioration of EMT and airway remodelling. There are also wider implications in lung cancer prophylaxis, which is another major comorbidity associated with COPD. We consider that improved molecular understanding of the intricate pathways associated with epithelial cell plasticity in smokers and patients with COPD will have major therapeutic implications.
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33
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Benton MJ, Lim TK, Ko FWS, Kan-O K, Mak JCW. Year in review 2017: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Respirology 2018; 23:538-545. [PMID: 29502339 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Benton
- Helen and Arthur E. Johnson Beth-El College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Tow Keang Lim
- Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Fanny W S Ko
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Keiko Kan-O
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Judith C W Mak
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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34
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Understanding novel mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis in chronic lung disease: implications for new therapeutic targets. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:375-379. [PMID: 29439118 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Airway infections are considered as one of the vital factors driving the pathophysiology of chronic lung disease with significant influences on disease trajectory. Opportunistic lung microbes in diseased conditions induce excessive exacerbations and contribute to airflow limitation. Though there has been considerable amount of information that ascertains their links with airway inflammation, the intricate interaction in clinical conditions are poorly understood and requires further deciphering. Current therapeutic interventions for such pathologies are few and lack the ability to modulate underlying dysfunctional immunity as well as suppress the excessive infectious conditions. Thus, in this Commentary we provide a focused outlook on the mechanisms involved in microbial infestation in lung diseases and provides important information on new therapeutic interventions including the potential role of Resolvins and their derivatives as alternative therapeutic agents in combating such multifaceted pathological mechanisms.
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Sohal SS. Inhaled corticosteroids and increased microbial load in COPD: potential role of epithelial adhesion molecules. Eur Respir J 2018; 51:51/2/1702257. [PMID: 29386338 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02257-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Dept of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
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Eapen MS, Hansbro PM, McAlinden K, Kim RY, Ward C, Hackett TL, Walters EH, Sohal SS. Abnormal M1/M2 macrophage phenotype profiles in the small airway wall and lumen in smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Sci Rep 2017; 7:13392. [PMID: 29042607 PMCID: PMC5645352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13888-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We explore potential dysregulation of macrophage phenotypes in COPD pathogenesis through integrated study of human small airway tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and an experimental murine model of COPD. We evaluated human airway tissue and BAL from healthy controls, normal lung function smokers (NLFS), and COPD subjects. Both small airways and BAL cells were immunohistochemically stained with anti-CD68 for total macrophages and with anti-CD163 for M2, and anti-iNOS for M1 macrophages. Multiplex ELISA measured BAL cytokines. Comparable cigarette smoke-induced experimental COPD mouse model was assessed for relevant mRNA profiles. We found an increase in pro-inflammatory M1s in the small airways of NLFS and COPD compared to controls with a reciprocal decrease in M2 macrophages, which remained unchanged among pathological groups. However, luminal macrophages showed a dominant M2 phenotype in both NLFS and COPD subjects. BAL cytokine skewed towards an M2 profile with increase in CCL22, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10 in both NLFS and COPDs. The mouse-model of COPD showed similar increase in mRNA for M2 markers. Our finding suggests abnormal macrophage switching in both mucosal and luminal areas of COPD patients, that strongly associated with cytokine balance. There may be potential for beneficial therapeutic cytokine manipulation of macrophage phenotypes in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kielan McAlinden
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris Ward
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eugene H Walters
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. .,School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia.
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β-catenin, Twist and Snail: Transcriptional regulation of EMT in smokers and COPD, and relation to airflow obstruction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10832. [PMID: 28883453 PMCID: PMC5589881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
COPD is characterised by poorly reversible airflow obstruction usually due to cigarette smoking. The transcription factor clusters of β-catenin/Snail1/Twist has been implicated in the process of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), an intermediate between smoking and airway fibrosis, and indeed lung cancer. We have investigated expression of these transcription factors and their "cellular localization" in bronchoscopic airway biopsies from patients with COPD, and in smoking and non-smoking controls. An immune-histochemical study compared cellular protein expression of β-catenin, Snail1 and Twist, in these subject groups in 3 large airways compartment: epithelium (basal region), reticular basement membrane (Rbm) and underlying lamina propria (LP). β-catenin and Snail1 expression was generally high in all subjects throughout the airway wall with marked cytoplasmic to nuclear shift in COPD (P < 0.01). Twist expression was generalised in the epithelium in normal but become more basal and nuclear with smoking (P < 0.05). In addition, β-catenin and Snail1 expression, and to lesser extent of Twist, was related to airflow obstruction and to expression of a canonical EMT biomarker (S100A4). The β-catenin-Snail1-Twist transcription factor cluster is up-regulated and nuclear translocated in smokers and COPD, and their expression is closely related to both EMT activity and airway obstruction.
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Suzuki M, Sze MA, Campbell JD, Brothers JF, Lenburg ME, McDonough JE, Elliott WM, Cooper JD, Spira A, Hogg JC. The cellular and molecular determinants of emphysematous destruction in COPD. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9562. [PMID: 28842670 PMCID: PMC5573394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of microCT has made it possible to show that the terminal bronchioles are narrowed and destroyed before the onset of emphysematous destruction in COPD. This report extends those observations to the cellular and molecular level in the centrilobular phenotype of emphysematous destruction in lungs donated by persons with very severe COPD (n = 4) treated by lung transplantation with unused donor lungs (n = 4) serving as controls. These lung specimens provided companion samples to those previously examined by microCT (n = 61) that we examined using quantitative histology (n = 61) and gene expression profiling (n = 48). The histological analysis showed that remodeling and destruction of the bronchiolar and alveolar tissue is associated with macrophage, CD4, CD8, and B cell infiltration with increased formation of tertiary lymphoid organs. Moreover, gene set enrichment analysis showed that genes known to be expressed by natural killer (NK), lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi), and innate lymphoid cell 1 (ILC1) cells, but not ILC2 or ILC3 cells, were enriched in the expression profiles associated with CD4, CD8, and B cell infiltration. Based on these findings, we postulate that the centrilobular phenotype of emphysematous destruction COPD is driven by a Th1 response activated by infiltrating ILC1, NK, and LTi cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Suzuki
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Departments of Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Marc A Sze
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Departments of Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joshua D Campbell
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John F Brothers
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc E Lenburg
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John E McDonough
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Departments of Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - W Mark Elliott
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Departments of Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joel D Cooper
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Avrum Spira
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James C Hogg
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Departments of Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Eapen MS, Myers S, Walters EH, Sohal SS. Airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a true paradox. Expert Rev Respir Med 2017; 11:827-839. [PMID: 28743228 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2017.1360769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is primarily an airway condition, which mainly affects cigarette smokers and presents with shortness of breath that is progressive and poorly reversible. In COPD research, there has been a long held belief that airway disease progression is due to inflammation. Although this may be true in the airway lumen with innate immunity activated by the effect of smoke or secondary to infection, the accurate picture of inflammatory cells in the airway wall, where the pathophysiological COPD remodeling occurs, is uncertain and debatable. Areas covered: The current review provides a comprehensive literature survey of the changes in the main inflammatory cells in human COPD patients and focuses on contrarian views that affect the prevailing dogma on inflammation. The review also delves into the role of oxidative stress and inflammasomes in modulating the immune response in COPD. Further, the effects of inflammation in affecting the epithelium, fibroblasts, and airway remodeling are discussed. Expert commentary: Inflammation as a driving force for airway wall damage and remodelling in early COPD is at the very least 'oversimplified' and is likely to be misleading. This has serious implications for rational thinking about the illness, including pathogenesis and designing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- a Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia
| | - Stephen Myers
- b School of Health Sciences , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
| | - Eugene Haydn Walters
- a Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- a Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Australia.,b School of Health Sciences , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
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Sohal SS, Eapen MS, Ward C, Walters EH. Airway inflammation and inhaled corticosteroids in COPD. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/6/1700289. [PMID: 28619960 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00289-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia .,School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Chris Ward
- Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Eugene Haydn Walters
- Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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