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Tudor K, Baranasic J, Knezevic J, Serer Vicevic M, Sutic M, Dembic Z, Jotanovic Z. Indirect influence of microRNA-146a on the association of IL-6 and TNF-α genetic polymorphisms with the increased risk of hip osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:1482-1489. [PMID: 38341771 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Primary osteoarthritis (POA) is a complex hereditary disease that involves the interplay between genetics and epigenetics. MicroRNA molecules play important roles in epigenetic mechanisms. MicroRNA-146a (miR-146a) is a negative regulator of the immune response in osteoarthritis (OA). So, variations in the miR-146a gene could affect OA risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the miR-146a, interleukin-6 (IL-6), Toll-like receptor 10 (TLR10), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFA) genes and the risk for development of advanced-stage primary hip osteoarthritis (PHOA) and primary knee osteoarthritis (PKOA) in the Croatian population. A total of 609 POA patients and 656 healthy donors were genotyped for SNPs in the miR-146a (rs2910164, G>C). Since we used same patients and controls as two studies before us, we already had information about IL-6 (rs1800795, C>G), TLR10 (rs11096957, C>T), and TNFA (rs1800629, C>T) genotypes of our subjects. None of the differences were statistically significant comparing either allelic or genotypic frequencies of miR-146a SNP rs2910164 (G>C) between the PHOA and PKOA patients and controls. However, we found a significant association with risk to PHOA for the combination of genotypes (stratified miR-146a genotype with the IL-6, and stratified miR-146a genotype with the TNFA). In a multifactorial disease such as POA, we have shown the indirect relevance of a second modifying factor (miR-146a), which apparently contributes to the overall risk of PHOA. There was no risk association with the PKOA, indicating that these two localities (hip and knee) might have different risk-modifying factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlo Tudor
- Department for Orthopaedics and Physical medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital for Orthopaedics and Traumatology Lovran, Lovran, Croatia
| | - Jurica Baranasic
- Department for Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Knezevic
- Department for Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Serer Vicevic
- Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Clinical Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Maja Sutic
- Department for Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Dembic
- Faculty of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zdravko Jotanovic
- Department for Orthopaedics and Physical medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital for Orthopaedics and Traumatology Lovran, Lovran, Croatia
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2
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Kiełbowski K, Herian M, Bakinowska E, Banach B, Sroczyński T, Pawlik A. The Role of Genetics and Epigenetic Regulation in the Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11655. [PMID: 37511413 PMCID: PMC10381003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is progressive disease characterised by cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodelling and inflammation of the synovium. The disease is associated with obesity, mechanical load and age. However, multiple pro-inflammatory immune mediators regulate the expression of metalloproteinases, which take part in cartilage degradation. Furthermore, genetic factors also contribute to OA susceptibility. Recent studies have highlighted that epigenetic mechanisms may regulate the expression of OA-associated genes. This review aims to present the mechanisms of OA pathogenesis and summarise current evidence regarding the role of genetics and epigenetics in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.K.); (M.H.); (E.B.); (B.B.); (T.S.)
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3
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Budhiparama NC, Lumban-Gaol I, Sudoyo H, Magetsari R, Wibawa T. The role of genetic polymorphisms of interleukin-1 (IL-1R1 and IL-1RN) in primary knee osteoarthritis in Indonesia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7967. [PMID: 37198429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the association of SNPs of the IL-1 family with the clinical severity of knee OA. This case‒control study was performed among 100 healthy knees and 130 osteoarthritis (OA) knees of people aged ≥ 50 years with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. The possible correlations among clinical findings, radiographic evaluations, serum levels of IL-1R1 and IL-1Ra, and genotype analyses were evaluated. Three SNPs of IL-1R1, rs871659, rs3771202, and rs3917238, were associated with primary knee OA. Females with IL-1R1 SNP rs871659 allele A had a higher prevalence of primary knee OA. No correlation was found between SNPs of IL-1R1 and IL-1RN and clinical or radiologic severity or serum concentrations of IL-1R1 and IL-1Ra (p > 0.05). BMI and IL-1R1 rs3917238 genotype C/C were correlated with moderate-severe VAS scores. A correlation was also found between the EQ-5D-3L self-care dimension and obesity and between the EQ-5D-3L pain and usual activity dimensions and age ≥ 60 and obesity (p < 0.05). Radiologic severity was only associated with age ≥ 60 years (p < 0.05). We found the IL-1R1 SNPs rs871659, rs3771202, and rs3917238 to be predisposing factors for primary knee osteoarthritis. The clinical findings, radiographic severity, and serum concentrations of IL-1R1 and IL-1Ra were not correlated with these gene polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas C Budhiparama
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Unversitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
- Nicolaas Institute of Constructive Orthopaedics Research and Education Foundation for Arthroplaty and Sports Medicine, Jakarta, Indonesia.
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Imelda Lumban-Gaol
- Nicolaas Institute of Constructive Orthopaedics Research and Education Foundation for Arthroplaty and Sports Medicine, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Rahadyan Magetsari
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tri Wibawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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4
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Yigit S, Tekcan A, Inanir A, Nursal AF, Akkanat S, Tural E. Effect of IL-6 -174G/C and -572G/C variants on susceptibility to osteoarthritis in Turkish population. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 42:65-76. [PMID: 35924736 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2022.2107219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex disorder characterized by degenerative articular cartilage in which inflammatory mechanisms play a major role in the pathogenesis. Interleukin-6 (IL6), a multifunctional cytokine, can trigger osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Our purpose in this study was to evaluate the association of IL-6 -174 G/C (rs1800795) and -572 G/C (rs1800796) variants with the susceptibility to OA. One hundred fifty OA patients and 150 healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used for genotyping the IL-6 gene variants. The results of analyses were evaluated for statistical significance. The pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). There was a statistically significant difference in the genotype and allele frequencies of the IL-6 -174 G/C variant between patients with OA and control groups (p = 0.001, p = 0.002, respectively). IL-6 -174 G/C GG genotype and G allele were more prevalent in patients with OA. We found that the IL-6 -572 G/C variant was not different between patients and controls in either genotype distribution and allele frequency. IL-6 174 G/C and -572 G/C loci GG-GG combined genotype was significantly higher in OA patients (p = 0.00). Our study suggests that there was a strong association between the IL-6 -174 G/C variant and OA in the Turkish population. Further studies on populations of different ethnic background are necessary to prove the association of IL-6 variants with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serbulent Yigit
- Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Genetics, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Akin Tekcan
- Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Medical Biology, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Inanir
- Dr. Ahmet Inanir Clinic, Kecioren, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse Feyda Nursal
- Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Medical Genetics, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Songul Akkanat
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ercan Tural
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Stefik D, Vranic V, Ivkovic N, Abazovic D, Maric D, Vojvodic D, Supic G. An insight into osteoarthritis susceptibility: Integration of immunological and genetic background. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2021; 21:155-162. [PMID: 32937098 PMCID: PMC7982064 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.4735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative disease that affects all synovial joints, causing the disability of the main locomotor diarthrodial joints. OA pathogenesis is caused by a complex interplay between a number of genetic and environmental risk factors, involved in the early onset and progression of this chronic inflammatory joint disease. Uncovering the underlying immunological and genetic mechanisms will enable an insight into OA pathophysiology and lead to novel and integrative approaches in the treatment of OA patients, together with a reduction of the disease risk, or a delay of its onset in susceptible patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Stefik
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Vranic
- Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Ivkovic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Dusan Maric
- Institute for Child and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Danilo Vojvodic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Supic
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
- Medical Faculty of Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
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Perruccio AV, Badley EM, Power JD, Canizares M, Kapoor M, Rockel J, Chandran V, Gandhi R, Mahomed NM, Davey JR, Syed K, Veillette C, Rampersaud YR. Sex differences in the relationship between individual systemic markers of inflammation and pain in knee osteoarthritis. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2019; 1:100004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2019.100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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7
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Eftedal R, Vrgoc G, Jotanovic Z, Dembic Z. Alternative Interleukin 17A/F Locus Haplotypes are Associated With Increased Risk to Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1972-1978. [PMID: 31042000 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied the genetic epidemiology of primary large-joint (hip and knee) osteoarthritis (OA), in order to find disease risk factors by a candidate-gene approach. We used case-control study in the Croatian Caucasian population. We genotyped 500 OA patients (260 hip, 240 knee; both with total joint replacements) and 597 healthy individuals for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in interleukin 17A (IL17A) (rs2275913) and IL17F (rs763780 and rs1889570) genes. On the basis of our population and allelic and genotypic frequencies haplotypes were predicted by PHASE software and compared between patients and controls. The three-SNP haplotype (rs2275913-rs763780-rs1889570) G-C-A confers predisposition to hip (p < 0.005) but not knee OA. The three-SNP haplotype having opposed nucleotides A-T-G was found significantly associated with 2.6 times higher risk for developing knee (p < 0.02) but not hip OA. The haplotype G-T (IL17A-IL17F; rs2275913-rs763780) is associated with protection to the disease in hip OA (p < 0.01). Our analyses show that two disparate haplotypes within the IL17A-F gene locus are associated with higher risk to developing hip and knee OA in the Croatian population. The data might suggest a difference in the etiology of hip OA from that of the knee OA, perhaps due to an unknown dissimilarity in vulnerability of these joints to the actions of IL17. Alternatively, other differences in genetic factors like the long non-protein coding region LINCMD1 and/or microRNA species like miR133b and miR206 found in the vicinity of the IL17 locus might be involved in the observed risk. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1972-1978, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- RandiK Eftedal
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Goran Vrgoc
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital "Sveti Duh", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zdravko Jotanovic
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,School of Medicine, University Hospital for Orthopaedics and Traumatology Lovran, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Dembic
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Fernandes MTP, Fernandes KBP, Anibal FF, Shimoya-Bittencourt W, Santos VM, de Oliveira Perrucini PD, Poli-Frederico RC. Functional status and severity of osteoarthritis in elderly is associated to the polymorphism of TNFA gene. Adv Rheumatol 2019; 59:25. [DOI: 10.1186/s42358-019-0068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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9
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Jenei-Lanzl Z, Meurer A, Zaucke F. Interleukin-1β signaling in osteoarthritis - chondrocytes in focus. Cell Signal 2018; 53:212-223. [PMID: 30312659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) can be regarded as a chronic, painful and degenerative disease that affects all tissues of a joint and one of the major endpoints being loss of articular cartilage. In most cases, OA is associated with a variable degree of synovial inflammation. A variety of different cell types including chondrocytes, synovial fibroblasts, adipocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts as well as stem and immune cells are involved in catabolic and inflammatory processes but also in attempts to counteract the cartilage loss. At the molecular level, these changes are regulated by a complex network of proteolytic enzymes, chemokines and cytokines (for review: [1]). Here, interleukin-1 signaling (IL-1) plays a central role and its effects on the different cell types involved in OA are discussed in this review with a special focus on the chondrocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Jenei-Lanzl
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Andrea Meurer
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Frank Zaucke
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopaedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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10
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Vrgoc G, Vrbanec J, Eftedal RK, Dembic PL, Balen S, Dembic Z, Jotanovic Z. Interleukin-17 and Toll-like Receptor 10 genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to large joint osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1684-1693. [PMID: 29194748 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of a joint disease. It has a polygenic risk inheritance pattern and affects older people. The etiology of this disease is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between polymorphisms in pro-inflammatory interleukin-17 (IL17A and IL17F) and anti-inflammatory Toll-like Receptor 10 (TLR10) genes with the risk for development of advanced stage hip and knee primary OA in the Croatian population. A total of 500 OA patients and 597 controls were genotyped for IL17A SNP (rs2275913), IL17F SNPs (rs763780 and rs1889570), and TLR10 (rs11096957) genes. The allelic and genotypic frequencies of IL17F SNP (rs763780) showed statistically significant differences in comparisons of controls with hip-but not knee-OA patients. The major allele (T) of rs763780 was associated with the lower risk for developing hip OA (p = 7.9 × 10-4 , OR = 0.45, 95%CI = 0.27-0.74), whereas the minor allele (C) was associated with susceptibility to hip OA (p = 7.9 × 10-4 , OR = 2.24, 95%CI = 1.35-3.72). The genotype T/T was associated with the protection to hip OA (p = 3.9 × 10-4 , OR = 0.41, 95%CI = 0.24-0.70), and, lastly, the genotype T/C was associated with the higher risk to acquiring hip OA (p = 2.6 × 10-4 , OR = 2.50, 95%CI = 1.47-4.25). TLR10 SNP rs11096957 was found significantly associated with predisposition to hip OA (p = 0.04, OR = 1.41, 95%CI = 1.02-1.94) but not knee OA. Our findings suggest that hip OA in Croatian population might have a different genetic risk regarding the IL17 and TLR10 gene locus than knee OA. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1684-1693, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Vrgoc
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Dental, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital "Sveti Duh,", Sveti Duh 64, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jurica Vrbanec
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Dental, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Randi K Eftedal
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Dental, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Petra L Dembic
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Dental, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Centre "Rebro,", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Balen
- School of Medicine, Clinical Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Rijeka, Universal Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Dembic
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Dental, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zdravko Jotanovic
- School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, University Hospital for Orthopaedics and Traumatology Lovran, Rijeka, Croatia
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Gari MA, AlKaff M, Alsehli HS, Dallol A, Gari A, Abu-Elmagd M, Kadam R, Abuzinadah MF, Gari M, Abuzenadah AM, Gauthaman K, Alkhatabi H, Abbas MM. Identification of novel genetic variations affecting osteoarthritis patients. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 17:68. [PMID: 27766954 PMCID: PMC5073985 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-016-0330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive joint disease characterized by gradual degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the cartilage and bone. The ECM of cartilage is a highly specified structure that is mainly composed of type II collagen and provides tensile strength to the tissue via aggrecan and proteoglycans. However, changes in the ECM composition and structure can lead to loss of collagen type II and network integrity. Several risk factors have been correlated with OA including age, genetic predisposition, hereditary factors, obesity, mechanical injuries, and joint trauma. Certain genetic association studies have identified several genes associated with OA using genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Results We identified several novel genetic variants affecting genes that function in several candidate causative pathways including immune responses, inflammatory and cartilage degradation such as SELP, SPN, and COL6A6. Conclusions The approach of whole-exome sequencing can be a promising method to identify genetic mutations that can influence the OA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdooh Abdullah Gari
- Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed AlKaff
- Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Haneen S Alsehli
- Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Dallol
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Gari
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Abu-Elmagd
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Roaa Kadam
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F Abuzinadah
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazin Gari
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel M Abuzenadah
- Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kalamegam Gauthaman
- Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Alkhatabi
- Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Abbas
- Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Stem Cells, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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12
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Luo SX, Li S, Zhang XH, Zhang JJ, Long GH, Dong GF, Su W, Deng Y, Liu Y, Zhao JM, Qin X. Genetic polymorphisms of interleukin-16 and risk of knee osteoarthritis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123442. [PMID: 25954818 PMCID: PMC4425433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-16 (IL-16), a pleiotropic cytokine, plays a fundamental role in inflammatory diseases. This study investigates the association between IL-16 polymorphisms and the risk of knee osteoarthritis (OA) in a Chinese population. METHODS The IL-16 rs11556218, rs4072111, and rs4778889 polymorphisms were determined in 150 knee OA cases and 147 healthy controls through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS The results suggested that the variants in IL-16 gene rs11556218 site were associated with a decreased knee OA risk after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and smoking and drinking status (TG vs. TT: OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.53-0.89; P = 0.006; GG vs. TT: OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.45-0.90; P = 0.042; dominant model: OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.29-0.87; P = 0.002; G vs. T allele: OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.66-0.90; P = 0.003). Similarly, subjects bearing the rs4072111 variant genotypes and alleles also had a lower susceptibility to knee OA compared with those bearing the wild-type (CT vs. CC: OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53-0.83; P = 0.002; TT vs. CC: OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.40-0.82; P = 0.027; dominant model: OR, 0.65; 95%, CI 0.52-0.80; P <0.001; T vs. C allele: OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.58-0.81; P <0.001). Further, the C allele and the combined genotype (CC+CT) of rs4778889 were associated with a slightly decreased risk of knee OA. In addition, we found two high-risk haplotypes: TTT (OR, 3.70) and GCC (OR, 6.22). Finally, serum IL-16 levels of knee OA patients were significantly higher than those of controls (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Despite the small sample size, this is the first study suggesting IL-16 gene polymorphisms to be associated with the risk of knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xing Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Beihai, Guangxi, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xue-Hui Zhang
- Department of Nuclear medicine, Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Beihai, Guangxi, China
- Graduate school of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jun-Jing Zhang
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Beihai, Guangxi, China
| | - Guang-Hua Long
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Beihai, Guangxi, China
| | - Gui-Fu Dong
- Department of Trauma Orthopedics, Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Beihai, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanqiong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jin-Min Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail: (JMZ) (XQ)
| | - Xue Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail: (JMZ) (XQ)
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13
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Etokebe GE, Zienolddiny S, Kupanovac Z, Enersen M, Balen S, Flego V, Bulat-Kardum L, Radojčić-Badovinac A, Skaug V, Bakke P, Haugen A, Dembic Z. Association of the FAM46A gene VNTRs and BAG6 rs3117582 SNP with non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Croatian and Norwegian populations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122651. [PMID: 25884493 PMCID: PMC4401550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed for associations between a variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the Family with sequence similarity 46, member A (FAM46A) gene and a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs3117582) in the BCL2-Associated Athanogene 6 (BAG6) with non small cell lung cancer in Croatian and Norwegian subjects. A total of 503 (262 Croatian and 241Norwegian) non small cell lung cancer patients and 897 controls (568 Croatian and 329 Norwegian) were analyzed. We found that the frequency of allele b (three VNTR repeats) of FAM46A gene was significantly increased in the patients compared to the healthy controls in the Croatian and the combined Croatian and Norwegian subjects. Genotype frequencies of cd (four and five VNTR repeats) and cc (four VNTR repeats homozygote) of the FAM46A gene were significantly decreased in the patients compared to the healthy controls in the Croatian and Norwegian subjects, respectively. Logistic regression analyses revealed FAM46A genotype cc to be an independent predictive factor for non small cell lung cancer risk in the Norwegian subjects after adjustment for age, gender and smoking status. This is the first study to suggest an association between the FAM46A gene VNTR polymorphisms and non small cell lung cancer. We found also that BAG6 rs3117582 SNP was associated with non small cell lung cancer in the Norwegian subjects and the combined Croatian-Norwegian subjects corroborating the earlier finding that BAG6 rs3117582 SNP was associated with lung cancer in Europeans. Logistic regression analyses revealed that genotypes and alleles of BAG6 were independent predictive factor for non small cell lung cancer risk in the Norwegian and combined Croatian-Norwegian subjects, after adjustment for age and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Essien Etokebe
- Institute for Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Shanbeh Zienolddiny
- Department of Chemical and Biological Working Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zeljko Kupanovac
- Institute for Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Pulmology, Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Morten Enersen
- Institute for Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sanja Balen
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Veljko Flego
- Section of Pulmology, Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Bulat-Kardum
- Section of Pulmology, Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Vidar Skaug
- Department of Chemical and Biological Working Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Bakke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aage Haugen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Working Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zlatko Dembic
- Institute for Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Armingohar Z, Jørgensen JJ, Kristoffersen AK, Schenck K, Dembic Z. Polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 gene and chronic periodontitis in patients with atherosclerotic and aortic aneurysmal vascular diseases. J Oral Microbiol 2015; 7:26051. [PMID: 25700628 PMCID: PMC4336353 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v7.26051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic periodontitis (CP), atherosclerotic and aortic aneurysmal vascular diseases (VD) are chronic inflammatory conditions with multifactorial etiologies, including involvement of predisposing genetic factors. In a previous study, polymorphisms in the gene for the anti-inflammatory interleukin-1 receptor antagonist were associated with CP in patients with VD. Objective This study investigates whether polymorphisms in the gene for the anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL10) could be related to CP in the same manner. Methods Seventy-two patients with VD of whom 35 had CP were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL10 −592 (rs1800872), −819 (rs1800871), and −1,082 (rs1800896) gene by Taqman rtPCR method and by DNA sequencing. Results The C alleles and C/C genotypes of IL10 −592 and IL10 −819 frequencies were significantly higher, while the frequencies of the IL10 −592 (C/A) and IL10 −819 (C/T) heterozygote genotypes were significantly lower in the VD group with CP compared to those without CP. The IL10 haplotype ATA frequency (−1,082, −819, −592) showed a trend to a significant difference between the two groups indicating protection against CP. Conclusions Taken together, our findings suggest an independent association of genetic polymorphisms in the IL-10 gene locus with CP in patients with VD. Development of CP and the implications on vascular disease emphasize the importance of early detection and adequate treatment of periodontitis among these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Armingohar
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;
| | | | - Anne K Kristoffersen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl Schenck
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zlatko Dembic
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Etokebe GE, Jotanovic Z, Mihelic R, Mulac-Jericevic B, Nikolic T, Balen S, Sestan B, Dembic Z. Susceptibility to large-joint osteoarthritis (hip and knee) is associated with BAG6 rs3117582 SNP and the VNTR polymorphism in the second exon of the FAM46A gene on chromosome 6. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:56-62. [PMID: 25231575 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 46, member A (FAM46A) gene VNTR and BCL2-Associated Athanogene 6 (BAG6) gene rs3117582 polymorphisms were genotyped in a case-control study with 474 large-joint (hip and knee) osteoarthritis (OA) patients and 568 controls in Croatian population by candidate-gene approach for association with OA. We found that BAG6 rs3117582 SNP genotypes were associated with protection (major allele homozygote) and susceptibility (major-minor allele heterozygote) to OA. BAG6 rs3117582 major allele (A) was associated with reduced risk to OA while the minor allele (C) was associated with increased risk to OA. We identified 6 alleles harboring 2 to 7 repeats making 20 genotypes for FAM46A. A rare FAM46A VNTR genotype comprising VNTR alleles with four and seven repeats (c/f) was associated with increased OA risk in both genders. The genotype with four and six repeats (c/e) was also associated with increased risk to OA in males. A polymorphic FAM46A allele with six repeats (e) was associated with reduced risk to OA in females. Our results suggest association between the FAM46A gene, BAG6 gene and OA in Croatian population, respectively. This is the first study to show associations between these genetic loci and OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey E Etokebe
- Department of Oral Biology, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
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16
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Association between interleukin 8 -251 A/T and +781 C/T polymorphisms and osteoarthritis risk. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:207-11. [PMID: 25194757 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interleukin 8 (IL-8), as a member of the CXC chemokine family, has a regulatory role in joint inflammation and cartilage degradation, and contribute to the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. The aim of the current study was to examine the influence of the IL-8 gene polymorphisms at positions -251 (rs4073) and +781 (rs2227306) on the risk of osteoarthritis. METHODS This hospital-based case-control study comprised 150 patients with osteoarthritis and 150 age- and gender-matched controls. IL-8 251 A/T and +781 C/T polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS Patients with osteoarthritis had a significantly higher frequency of IL-8 -251 TT genotype [odds ratio (OR)=2.16, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.09, 4.26; P=0.03], IL-8 -251 T allele (OR=1.41, 95% CI=1.02, 1.94; P=0.04), IL-8 +781 TT genotype (OR=2.79, 95% CI=1.10, 7.08; P=0.03) and IL-8 +781 T allele (OR=1.48, 95% CI=1.02, 2.14; P=0.04) than controls. But the findings are less emphatic by the Bonferroni correction. When stratifying by body mass index, type, articular involvement, and Kellgren-Lawrence grade, no significant differences were found in any groups. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the current data suggested that the TT genotype and T allele of the IL-8 gene polymorphisms at positions -251 and +781 might confer a high risk of osteoarthritis. In the future, additional well-designed large studies were required for the validation of our results.
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17
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Cai H, Sun HJ, Wang YH, Zhang Z. Relationships of common polymorphisms in IL-6, IL-1A, and IL-1B genes with susceptibility to osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol 2014; 34:1443-53. [PMID: 24952309 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-014-2708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Observational and experimental studies have arrived at inconsistent conclusions about whether common polymorphisms in IL-6, IL-1A, and IL-1B genes are associated with an increased risk of osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, we undertook a comprehensive meta-analysis to more systematically summarize the relationships of IL-6, IL-1A, and IL-1B genetic polymorphisms with susceptibility to OA. We screened the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CISCOM, CINAHL, Google Scholar, China BioMedicine (CBM), and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases up to 31 March 2014. We used STATA software to analyze statistical data. Odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) were calculated. Seventeen independent case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis with a total number of 7,491 subjects, comprised of 3,293 OA patients and 4,729 healthy controls. Our results indicate that IL-6, IL-1A, and IL-1B genetic polymorphisms are statistically correlated with an increased risk of OA under the allele and dominant models. According to a subgroup analysis based on disease, a higher frequency of IL-6 genetic polymorphisms was observed among knee OA and hand OA patients, but not among hip OA and DIP OA patients. A higher frequency of IL-1A genetic polymorphisms were found among hip OA patients, hand OA, hip OA and DIP OA patients. Furthermore, we observed a higher IL-1B polymorphism frequency among knee OA and hip OA patients, but not among hand OA patients. Our findings provide evidence that IL-6, IL-1A, and IL-1B genetic polymorphisms may be correlated with susceptibility to OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Third People's Hospital of Yancheng, Xindu Road No.606, Yancheng, 224000, People's Republic of China,
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18
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Armingohar Z, Jørgensen JJ, Kristoffersen AK, Schenck K, Dembic Z. Polymorphisms in the Interleukin-1 Gene Locus and Chronic Periodontitis in Patients with Atherosclerotic and Aortic Aneurysmal Vascular Diseases. Scand J Immunol 2014; 79:338-45. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Armingohar
- Department of Oral Biology; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - J. J. Jørgensen
- Department of Vascular Surgery; Oslo University Hospital; Aker and University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - A. K. Kristoffersen
- Department of Oral Biology; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - K. Schenck
- Department of Oral Biology; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Z. Dembic
- Department of Oral Biology; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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19
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Karsdal MA, Christiansen C, Ladel C, Henriksen K, Kraus VB, Bay-Jensen AC. Osteoarthritis--a case for personalized health care? Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:7-16. [PMID: 24216058 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
For both economic and ethical reasons, identification of the optimal treatment for each individual patient is a pressing concern, not only for the patients and their physician, but also health care payers and the pharmaceutical industry. In the field of osteoarthritis (OA) this is of particular relevance, due to the heterogeneity of the disease and the very large number of affected individuals. There is a need to pair the right patients with the right therapeutic modes of action. At present, the clinical trial failures in OA may be a consequence of both bona fide treatment failures and trial failures due to clinical design deficiencies. Tools are needed for characterization and segregation of patients with OA. Key lessons may be learned from advances with another form of arthritis, namely rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Personalized health care (PHC) may be more advantageous for a number of specific indications which are characterized by costly therapy, low response rates and significant problems associated with trial and error prescription, including the risk of serious side effects. We discuss the use of diagnostic practices guiding RA treatment, which may serve as a source of key insights for diagnostic practices in OA. We discuss the emerging concept of PHC, and outline the opportunities and current successes and failures across the RA field, as the OA field collects further data to support the hypothesis. We attempt to outline a possible path forward to assist patients, physicians, payers and the pharmaceutical industry in assuring the 'right' patients are treated with the 'right drug' in OA. Finally we highlight methods for possible segregation of OA patients that would allow identification of patient subtypes, such as OA driven by inflammation that may be ideally suited for PHC and for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - C Christiansen
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - C Ladel
- Merck-Serono Research, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - V B Kraus
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A C Bay-Jensen
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev Hovedgade, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
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