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Zhou H, Zhang R, Li M, Wang F, Gao Y, Fang K, Zong J, Chang X. Methazolamide Can Treat Atherosclerosis by Increasing Immunosuppressive Cells and Decreasing Expressions of Genes Related to Proinflammation, Calcification, and Tissue Remodeling. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:5009637. [PMID: 39081633 PMCID: PMC11288698 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5009637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that carbonic anhydrase I (CA1) is a target for the diagnosis and therapy of atherosclerosis (AS) since CA1 can promote AS aortic calcification. We also found that methazolamide (MTZ), a drug for glaucoma treatment and an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrases, can treat AS by inhibiting calcification in aortic tissues. This study focused on the therapeutic mechanism of MTZ and the pathogenic mechanism of AS. In this study, a routine AS animal model was established in ApoE-/- mice, which were treated with MTZ. The aortic tissues were analyzed using single-cell sequencing. MTZ significantly increased the proportions of B-1/MZB B cells with high expressions of Nr4A1 and Ccr7, CD8+CD122+ Treg-like cells with high Nr4A1 expression, and smooth muscle cells with high Tpm2 expression. These cells or their marker genes were reported to exert immunosuppressive, anti-proinflammatory, and atheroprotective effects. MTZ also decreased the proportions of endothelial cells with high expressions of Retn, Apoc1, Lcn2, Mt1, Serpina3, Lpl, and Lgals3; nonclassical CD14+CD16++ monocytes with high expressions of Mt1, Tyrobp, Lgals3, and Cxcl2; and Spp1+ macrophages with high expressions of Mmp-12, Trem2, Mt1, Lgals3, Cxcl2, and Lpl. These cells or their marker genes have been reported to promote inflammation, calcification, tissue remodeling, and atherogenesis. A significant decrease in the proportion of CD8+CD183 (CXCR3)+ T cells, the counterpart of murine CD8+CD122+ T cells, was detected in the peripheral blood of newly diagnosed AS patients rather than in that of patients receiving anti-AS treatments. These results suggest that MTZ can treat AS by increasing immunosuppressive cells and decreasing expressions of genes related to inflammation, calcification, and tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongji Zhou
- Medical Research CenterThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Wutaishan Road 1677, Qingdao 266000, China
- Department of CardiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Wutaishan Road 1677, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of CardiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Wutaishan Road 1677, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Min Li
- Clinical Laboratory and Central LaboratoryQingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Road Renmin 4, Qingdao 266033, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fuyan Wang
- Clinical Laboratory and Central LaboratoryQingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Road Renmin 4, Qingdao 266033, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuxia Gao
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Bacterial Anti-tumor Drugs and Cell Therapy, Jingshi Road 7000, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kehua Fang
- Clinical LaboratoryThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Wutaishan Road 1677, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Jinbao Zong
- Clinical Laboratory and Central LaboratoryQingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Road Renmin 4, Qingdao 266033, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research CenterThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Wutaishan Road 1677, Qingdao 266000, China
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Kashimura M. Blood defense system - Proposal for a new concept of an immune system against blood borne pathogens comprising the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Scand J Immunol 2024; 99:e13363. [PMID: 38605529 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Blood-borne pathogen (BBP) infections can rapidly progress to life-threatening sepsis and must therefore be promptly eliminated by the host's immune system. Intravascular macrophages of the liver sinusoid, splenic marginal zone and red pulp and perisinusoidal macrophage protrusions in the bone marrow (BM) directly phagocytose BBPs in the blood as an innate immune response. The liver, spleen and BM thereby work together as the blood defence system (BDS) in response to BBPs by exerting their different immunological roles. The liver removes the vast majority of these invading organisms via innate immunity, but their complete elimination is not possible without the actions of antibodies. Splenic marginal zone B cells promptly produce IgM and IgG antibodies against BBPs. The splenic marginal zone transports antigenic information from the innate to the adaptive immune systems. The white pulp of the spleen functions as adaptive immune tissue and produces specific and high-affinity antibodies with an immune memory against BBPs. The BM works to maintain immune memory by supporting the survival of memory B cells, memory T cells and long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs), all of which have dedicated niches. Furthermore, BM perisinusoidal naïve follicular B cells promptly produce IgM antibodies against BBPs in the BM sinusoid and the IgG memory B cells residing in the BM rapidly transform to plasma cells which produce high-affinity IgG antibodies upon reinfection. This review describes the complete immune defence characteristics of the BDS against BBPs through the collaboration of the liver, spleen and BM with combined different immunological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kashimura
- Department of Hematology, Shinmatsudo Central General Hospital, Matsudo, Japan
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Gill RF, Mathieu PA, Lash LH, Rosenspire AJ. Naturally occurring autoimmune disease in (NZB X NZW) F1 mice is correlated with suppression of MZ B cell development due to aberrant B Cell Receptor (BCR) signaling, which is exacerbated by exposure to inorganic mercury. Toxicol Sci 2023; 197:kfad120. [PMID: 37952249 PMCID: PMC10823778 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are multifactorial and include environmental as well as genetic drivers. Although much progress has been made in understanding the nature of genetic underpinnings of autoimmune disease, by comparison much less is understood regarding how environmental factors interact with genetics in the development of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease. In this report, we utilize the (NZB X NZW) F1 mouse model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Mercury is a xenobiotic that is environmentally ubiquitous and is epidemiologically linked with the development of autoimmunity. Among other attributes of human SLE, (NZB X NZW) F1 mice spontaneously develop autoimmune-mediated kidney disease. It has been previously shown that if (NZB X NZW) F1 mice are exposed to inorganic mercury (Hg2+), the development of autoimmunity, including autoimmune kidney pathology, is accelerated. We now show that in these mice the development of kidney disease is correlated with a decreased percentage of marginal zone (MZ) B cells in the spleen. In Hg2+-intoxicated mice, kidney disease is significantly augmented, and matched by a greater decrease in MZ B cell splenic percentages than found in control mice. In Hg2+- intoxicated mice, the decrease in MZ B cells appears to be linked to aberrant B Cell Receptor (BCR) signal strength in transitory 2 (T2) B cells, developmental precursors of MZ B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall F Gill
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Patricia A Mathieu
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Lawrence H Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Allen J Rosenspire
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Oda A, Furukawa S, Kitabatake M, Ouji-Sageshima N, Sonobe S, Horiuchi K, Nakajima Y, Ogiwara K, Goitsuka R, Shima M, Ito T, Nogami K. The spleen is the major site for the development and expansion of inhibitor producing-cells in hemophilia A mice upon FVIII infusion developing high-titer inhibitor. Thromb Res 2023; 231:144-151. [PMID: 36948993 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemophilia A (HA) is a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by defects in endogenous factor (F)VIII. Approximately 30 % of patients with severe HA treated with FVIII develop neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors) against FVIII, which render the therapy ineffective. The managements of HA patients with high-titter inhibitors are especially challenging. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanism(s) of high-titer inhibitor development and dynamics of FVIII-specific plasma cells (FVIII-PCs). AIMS To identify the dynamics of FVIII-PCs and the lymphoid organs in which FVIII-PCs are localized during high-titer inhibitor formation. METHODS AND RESULTS When FVIII-KO mice were intravenously injected with recombinant (r)FVIII in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a marked enhancement of anti-FVIII antibody induction was observed with increasing FVIII-PCs, especially in the spleen. When splenectomized or congenitally asplenic FVIII-KO mice were treated with LPS + rFVIII, the serum inhibitor levels decreased by approximately 80 %. Furthermore, when splenocytes or bone marrow (BM) cells from inhibitor+ FVIII-KO mice treated with LPS + rFVIII were grafted into immune-deficient mice, anti-FVIII IgG was detected only in the serum of splenocyte-administered mice and FVIII-PCs were detected in the spleen but not in the BM. In addition, when splenocytes from inhibitor+ FVIII-KO mice were grafted into splenectomized immuno-deficient mice, inhibitor levels were significantly reduced in the serum. CONCLUSION The spleen is the major site responsible for the expansion and retention of FVIII-PCs in the presence of high-titer inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Oda
- Department of Pediatrics, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Shoko Furukawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | | | | | - Shota Sonobe
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Kaoru Horiuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yuto Nakajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan; The Course of Thrombosis and Hemostasis Molecular Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ogiwara
- Department of Pediatrics, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Ryo Goitsuka
- Division of Development and Aging, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Midori Shima
- Advanced Medical Science of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Immunology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Keiji Nogami
- Department of Pediatrics, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.
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Sayin I, Chong AS. Beyond Adaptive Alloreactivity: Contribution of Innate B Cells to Allograft Inflammation and Rejection. Transplantation 2023; 107:98-104. [PMID: 36404414 PMCID: PMC9772142 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Innate B cells are a heterogeneous group of cells that function in maintaining homeostatic levels of circulating natural antibodies and being the first line of defense against infections. Innate B-1 cells and marginal zone B cells may relocate to lymphoid follicles and differentiate into cytokine and antibody-secreting cells in T-independent and T-dependent manners. Although marginal zone B cells are widely described in humans, the presence of B-1 cells is more controversial. Here, we review the basic features of the innate B-cell subsets identified in mice and their equivalent in humans, as well as their potential roles in transplantation. We summarize the findings of Cascalho and colleagues on the unexpected protective role of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13B in regulating circulating levels of protective natural immunoglobulin M, and the studies by Zorn and colleagues on the potential pathogenic role for polyreactive innate B cells infiltrating allograft explants. Finally, we discuss our studies that took a transcriptomic approach to identify innate B cells infiltrating kidney allografts with antibody-mediated rejection and to demonstrate that local antigens within the allograft together with inflammation may induce a loss of B-cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Sayin
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Anita S. Chong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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Nazarian A, Loika Y, He L, Culminskaya I, Kulminski AM. Genome-wide analysis identified abundant genetic modulators of contributions of the apolipoprotein E alleles to Alzheimer's disease risk. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2067-2078. [PMID: 34978151 PMCID: PMC9250541 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε2 and ε4 alleles have beneficial and adverse impacts on Alzheimer's disease (AD), respectively, with incomplete penetrance, which may be modulated by other genetic variants. METHODS We examined whether the associations of the APOE alleles with other polymorphisms in the genome can be sensitive to AD-affection status. RESULTS We identified associations of the ε2 and ε4 alleles with 314 and 232 polymorphisms, respectively. Of them, 35 and 31 polymorphisms had significantly different effects in AD-affected and -unaffected groups, suggesting their potential involvement in the AD pathogenesis by modulating the effects of the ε2 and ε4 alleles, respectively. Our survival-type analysis of the AD risk supported modulating roles of multiple group-specific polymorphisms. Our functional analysis identified gene enrichment in multiple immune-related biological processes, for example, B cell function. DISCUSSION These findings suggest involvement of local and inter-chromosomal modulators of the effects of the APOE alleles on the AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Nazarian
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yury Loika
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Liang He
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Irina Culminskaya
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexander M. Kulminski
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Testa S, Haabeth OAW, Blake TR, Del Castillo TJ, Czerwinski DK, Rajapaksa R, Wender PA, Waymouth RM, Levy R. Fingolimod-Conjugated Charge-Altering Releasable Transporters Efficiently and Specifically Deliver mRNA to Lymphocytes In Vivo and In Vitro. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2976-2988. [PMID: 35748182 PMCID: PMC10199726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Charge-altering releasable transporters (CARTs) are a class of oligonucleotide delivery vehicles shown to be effective for delivery of messenger RNA (mRNA) both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we exploited the chemical versatility of the CART synthesis to generate CARTs containing the small-molecule drug fingolimod (FTY720) as a strategy to increase mRNA delivery and expression in lymphocytes through a specific ligand-receptor interaction. Fingolimod is an FDA-approved small-molecule drug that, upon in vivo phosphorylation, binds to the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1), which is highly expressed on lymphocytes. Compared to its non-fingolimod-conjugated analogue, the fingolimod-conjugated CART achieved superior transfection of activated human and murine T and B lymphocytes in vitro. The higher transfection of the fingolimod-conjugated CARTs was lost when cells were exposed to a free fingolimod before transfection. In vivo, the fingolimod-conjugated CART showed increased mRNA delivery to marginal zone B cells and NK cells in the spleen, relative to CARTs lacking fingolimod. Moreover, fingolimod-CART-mediated mRNA delivery induces peripheral blood T-cell depletion similar to free fingolimod. Thus, we show that functionalization of CARTs with a pharmacologically validated small molecule can increase transfection of a cellular population of interest while conferring some of the targeting properties of the conjugated small molecule to the CARTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Testa
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ole A W Haabeth
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Timothy R Blake
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Trevor J Del Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Debra K Czerwinski
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ranjani Rajapaksa
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ronald Levy
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Marginal Zone B-Cell Populations and Their Regulatory Potential in the Context of HIV and Other Chronic Inflammatory Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063372. [PMID: 35328792 PMCID: PMC8949885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in the context of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) establishes early and persists beyond antiretroviral therapy (ART). As such, we have shown excess B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in the blood of HIV-infected progressors, as soon as in the acute phase, and despite successful ART. Excess BAFF was associated with deregulation of the B-cell compartment; notably, with increased frequencies of a population sharing features of both transitional immature (TI) and marginal zone (MZ) B-cells, we termed Marginal Zone precursor-like (MZp). We have reported similar observations with HIV-transgenic mice, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected macaques, and more recently, with HIV-infected Beninese commercial sex workers, which suggests that excess BAFF and increased frequencies of MZp B-cells are reliable markers of inflammation in the context of HIV. Importantly, we have recently shown that in healthy individuals, MZps present an important regulatory B-cell (Breg) profile and function. Herein, we wish to review our current knowledge on MZ B-cell populations, especially their Breg status, and that of other B-cell populations sharing similar features. BAFF and its analog A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand (APRIL) are important in shaping the MZ B-cell pool; moreover, the impact that excess BAFF—encountered in the context of HIV and several chronic inflammatory conditions—may exert on MZ B-cell populations, Breg and antibody producing capacities is a threat to the self-integrity of their antibody responses and immune surveillance functions. As such, deregulations of MZ B-cell populations contribute to autoimmune manifestations and the development of MZ lymphomas (MZLs) in the context of HIV and other inflammatory diseases. Therefore, further comprehending the mechanisms regulating MZ B-cell populations and their functions could be beneficial to innovative therapeutic avenues that could be deployed to restore MZ B-cell immune competence in the context of chronic inflammation involving excess BAFF.
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