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Barzilai E, Miron N, D'Andrea W. Understanding Capacities for Interpersonal Distress Tolerance in Individuals with Suicide Ideation. Arch Suicide Res 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37812201 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2023.2265433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRO The relationship between suicide ideation (SI) and distress tolerance (DT) is characterized by inconclusive results. The current study aimed to test the association between tolerance for interpersonal distress and SI in light of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide. METHODS 194 participants ranging in SI severity were recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk and completed a cognitive distress task (Distress Tolerance Task) and an interpersonal distress task (CyberBall) to assess (1) the association between SI severity and persistence with the tasks, and (2) self-reported psychological distress associated with the tasks. RESULTS A series of multilevel model analyses showed that increased SI predicted greater persistence with the interpersonal-distress task versus the cognitive distress task. In addition, higher SI predicted more distress during the interpersonal task. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with higher SI levels demonstrated a greater capability to persist with the interpersonal distress, despite feeling psychologically worse. These findings further support the central role of interpersonal needs in SI by emphasizing the importance of operationalizing DT in a manner that is relevant to suicide desire.
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Hill RM, Hussain Z, Vieyra B, Gallagher A. Reporting Ethical Procedures in Suicide Prevention Research: Current Status and Recommendations. Arch Suicide Res 2023; 27:1373-1390. [PMID: 36415164 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2022.2131493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ethical concerns frequently arise in suicide prevention research regarding participant safety and confidentiality. Despite a substantial literature on managing and navigating ethical concerns in suicide research, little attention has been paid to the reporting of ethical procedures. Furthermore, standard procedures for reporting ethical risk management procedures have not been developed. METHOD A review of the current literature was performed to examine the current state of reporting of ethical procedures within suicide research. Articles published in 2020 (N = 263) from three suicide-focused publications were screened and then coded (n = 131) to identify reporting of procedures for the ethical conduct of research and suicide risk management steps taken by the research teams. RESULTS The majority of articles reported ethical review or approval (84.7%) and reported the use of an informed consent process (77.9%). Only 28.2% included risk mitigation procedures. Of those 29.7% of those articles reported conducting risk evaluation, 66.7% reported resource dissemination, and 51.4% reported an intervention. CONCLUSION As empirical support for brief interventions accrues, suicide prevention researchers should consider establishing standards for the reporting of procedures to ensure the safety of participants with suicidal risk.HighlightsReporting suicide safety protocols helps ensure high ethical standards in research.Fewer than 1/3 of articles reviewed reported risk mitigation procedures in 2020.Standard procedures for reporting safety protocols in suicide research are needed.
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Zhu Y, Rodebaugh T, Narine K, Brown LA. Idiographic Dynamics between Suicide Ideation and Depression, Anxiety and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Persons Living with HIV: A Pilot Study. J Pers Oriented Res 2022; 8:71-86. [PMID: 36589929 PMCID: PMC9773944 DOI: 10.17505/jpor.2022.24856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given that suicide ideation (SI) fluctuates drastically over short periods of time and is heterogenous across individuals, idiographic suicide research is warranted. In this pilot study, we used intensive ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine whether anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms on a given day predicted next-day SI on a person-to-person basis. METHODS PLWH (N = 10) with past-month SI completed daily randomly assessed ratings of suicidal urges using the Suicide-Visual Analogue Scale (S-VAS) and daily assessed ratings of anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms for 28 days. We used N = 1 Dynamic Structural Equation Modeling to test whether depression, anxiety or PTSD symptoms in the prior day predicted next-day S-VAS for each individual. RESULTS Across all participants, S-VAS on a given day was not predicted by prior-day anxiety, PTSD symptoms or S-VAS. In one participant, higher depression symptoms predicted lower next-day S-VAS. CONCLUSIONS Daily-level data may be insufficient to predict near-term increases in suicide risk based on anxiety, depression, or PTSD symptoms in PLWH. These findings suggest the importance of finer-grained assessments (e.g., assessing suicide risk and its correlates multiple times per day) to better understand changes in suicide risk over time among PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas Rodebaugh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Washington University at St. Louis
| | - Kevin Narine
- Department of Clinical Psychology, William James College
| | - Lily A. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania,Corresponding author: Lily A. Brown, Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 600N, Philadelphia, PA, 19104. , Tel: 215-746-3346; Fax: 215-746-3311
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Lin CC, Linscott RJ. Longitudinal mediation by perceived burden of the pathway from thwarted belonging to suicidal ideation. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2022; 52:1193-1204. [PMID: 36029099 PMCID: PMC10086865 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Whereas the interpersonal theory of suicide entails the assumption that thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are equally important, mutually moderating, proximal causes of active ideation, evidence suggests these may not be co-moderating processes. We tested an alternative perspective, hypothesizing that burden mediates the longitudinal relationship of thwarted belonging with active ideation. METHODS A 6-week, four-wave prospective online survey was completed by 298 undergraduates. We tested cross-sectional and cross-lagged panel models (CLPM, with and without random effects) with belonging, burden, and ideation at 2-week lags, and post hoc models with burden as a concurrent mediator of ideation. RESULTS Approximately 28% of undergraduates reported active ideation at baseline. Cross-sectionally, thwarted belonging had no direct influence on ideation but indirectly affected ideation via burden. This result was not confirmed in the 2-week CLPM analyses. In post hoc analyses, we found belonging operated indirectly via later burden to influence contemporaneous ideation. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest thwarted belonging influences active ideation indirectly via perceived burden. The effect of burden as a mediator appears to depend on its temporal proximity to ideation. Future research should delimit the period during which perceived burden is an active mediator, accommodate dual-process approaches, and explore other mediation alternatives to co-moderation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Cheng Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Li C, Wei Z, Wang Y, Sun L. Associations between Suicidal Ideation and Relatives' Physical and Mental Health among Community Residents: Differences between Family Members and Lineal Consanguinity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15997. [PMID: 36498070 PMCID: PMC9737015 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Despite the verified relationship between relatives’ characteristics and individual suicidal ideation, few studies have discussed the role of family members and lineal consanguinity independently according to whether they live together with the individuals or not. (2) Methods: The data in this study were collected in November 2019 and identified rural adults over 18 years old in Shandong as the survey objects, with a total of 879 valid cases included in this survey. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the risk factors affecting adults’ suicidal ideation and differentiate the effects of a family member and lineal consanguinity’s physical and mental health. Relatives’ physical and mental health were estimated by three aspects: whether they were suffering from chronic diseases, mental illness, or alcoholism. (3) Results: The study showed that a family member’s physical (OR = 2.303, p < 0.01) and mental health (OR = 5.877, p < 0.05) was related to suicidal ideation, but the association between lineal consanguinities’ physical and mental health and suicidal ideation were not supported. People over 40 years old (OR = 6.528, p < 0.05), from only-child families (OR = 4.335, p < 0.01), with household indebtedness (OR = 2.992, p < 0.001), or difficulty falling asleep (OR = 3.165, p < 0.001) had risk factors of suicidal ideation. (4) Conclusions: The physical and mental health of individuals’ family members are related to their suicidal ideation, and their lineal consanguinities’ physical and mental health are not related to suicidal ideation. These findings imply the different associations between family environment, genetic factors, and suicidal ideation. Family members’ health should be considered as a factor to prevent and control suicidal behaviors, including suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Li
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Long Sun
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- National Health Commission of China (NHC) Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Ahmadboukani S, Ghamari Kivi H, Kiani A, Rezaeisharif A. Structural validity of the Persian version of the Suicide Capacity Scale among Iranian college students. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:2190-2198. [PMID: 35141900 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was the first step in translating the Suicide Capacity scale (SCS-3) from English to Persian and then determining its structural validity in a sample of Iranian students. METHODS The sample consisted of 600 participants selected by the convenience sampling method and answered the questionnaires of the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) Depressive Symptom Index-Suicidality Subscale (DSI-SS), suicide attempt, and suicidal capacity(SCS-3). RESULTS The single-group factor analysis suggested that the three-factor model shows the goodness of fit with the data. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Suicide capacity is a psychometric tool that can be included in public health studies, health psychology, and empirical research to identify suicide-related behaviors in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soliman Ahmadboukani
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hosein Ghamari Kivi
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Kiani
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali Rezaeisharif
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
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Badcock AC, Carrington‐Jones P, Stritzke WGK, Page AC. An experimental investigation of the influence of loneliness on changes in belongingness and desire to escape. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2022; 52:705-715. [PMID: 35307857 PMCID: PMC9544291 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loneliness is a well-established risk factor for suicide in young adults, but the mechanisms involved are still unclear. Drawing on the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide, the Evolutionary Model of Loneliness, and Prospect Theory, we examined if high and low levels of loneliness are associated with different patterns of response to losses or gains of belongingness. METHODS A sample of 188 students completed the UCLA-Loneliness scale (version 3) and measures of suicide risk. Participants in the top and bottom tertiles of loneliness scores completed a computerized task designed to induce changes (gains, losses) or consistency in risk factors for suicide (belongingness, burdensomeness) over time, and examined the effect on desire to quit the task. RESULTS The results showed that the high loneliness group exhibited a larger magnitude of effect on desire to quit from gaining belongingness than for losing belongingness. In contrast, the low loneliness group showed a larger change in desire to quit from losing belongingness than gaining belongingness. CONCLUSION The findings provide preliminary experimental support for distinct profiles of suicide risk based on prevailing levels of loneliness. The findings are discussed in relation to a need for increased precision in theoretical models of suicide and loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Badcock
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Phoebe Carrington‐Jones
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Werner G. K. Stritzke
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Andrew C. Page
- School of Psychological ScienceUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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Bornheimer LA, Czyz E, Koo HJ, Li Verdugo J, Eisenberg D, Zheng K, Pistorello J, Albucher RC, Coryell W, Favorite T, King CA. Suicide risk profiles and barriers to professional help-seeking among college students with elevated risk for suicide. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 152:305-312. [PMID: 35772258 PMCID: PMC10653046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is the second leading cause of death among college students, yet many students with elevated suicide risk do not seek professional help. This study identified suicide risk profiles among college students and examined these in relation to students' perceived barriers to professional help-seeking. Data were obtained from college students (n = 1689) identified to be at elevated risk for suicide based at four US universities. Latent class analysis was performed to determine risk profiles, followed by examinations of differences in help-seeking barriers by profile groupings. Results revealed three student groupings: (1) moderate internalizing and externalizing symptoms (with low alcohol misuse), (2) highest internalizing and externalizing symptoms (with highest social disconnection), and (3) lowest internalizing symptoms and low externalizing (with highest social connection and alcohol misuse). Group 1 included the youngest and most racially and sexually diverse students, Group 2 endorsed the most help-seeking barriers, and Group 3 endorsed the fewest barriers. Group 2 is especially concerning, considering the severe clinical characteristics, high number of barriers, and low connectedness to others for potential support. Understanding these differences across risk and barrier profiles is an important step towards developing tailored approaches to increase mental health care in college populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Bornheimer
- University of Michigan, School of Social Work, USA; University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, USA; University of Michigan Depression Center, USA; University of Michigan, Injury Prevention Center, USA.
| | - Ewa Czyz
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, USA
| | - Hyun Jung Koo
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, USA
| | | | - Daniel Eisenberg
- University of California, Los Angeles, Fielding School of Public Health, USA
| | - Kai Zheng
- University of California, Irvine, Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, USA
| | | | - Ronald C Albucher
- Stanford University, Department of Psychiatry, Counseling and Psychological Services, USA
| | | | - Todd Favorite
- University of Michigan, Mary A. Rackham Institute, USA
| | - Cheryl A King
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, USA; University of Michigan Depression Center, USA; University of Michigan, Injury Prevention Center, USA; University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, USA
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Al-Dajani N, Czyz EK. Suicidal Desire in Adolescents: An Examination of the Interpersonal Psychological Theory Using Daily Diaries. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35476615 PMCID: PMC9606144 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2022.2051525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite decades of research, relatively little is known about short-term predictors of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Intensive longitudinal methods are increasingly applied to investigate near-term risk factors of suicidal thoughts in daily life. The aim of this study was to examine short-term predictors of daily-level suicidal thoughts in a high-risk adolescent sample using the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior (IPTS) as a guiding framework; the theory proposes that interpersonal experiences of thwarted belongingness in combination with perceived burdensomeness lead to suicidal desire. METHODS Seventy-eight adolescents hospitalized due to suicide risk responded to one survey/day for 28 days after discharge (n = 1621 unique observations). Multilevel models examined IPTS-informed predictors of same- and next-day suicidal urge intensity. RESULTS Partial and time-dependent support for the theory was found. The hypothesized two-way interaction between burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness (either family or peer) was significantly associated with increasing same-day, but not next-day, suicidal ideation; specifically, greater belongingness attenuated adverse impact of burdensomeness. The only significant predictor of next-day ideation was higher previous-day burdensomeness. Baseline burdensomeness also emerged as a predictor of day-to-day suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION Using a theoretically informed model, this study offers an in-depth examination of short-term predictors of suicidal ideation among high-risk adolescents. Findings underscore the importance of fostering peer and family relationships in reducing suicidal thoughts in the post-discharge period. Results additionally suggest that both state- and trait-level burdensomeness have lasting influence on suicidal thoughts during this high-risk period. These findings could inform intervention efforts for high-risk youth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewa K Czyz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan
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The relevance of the interpersonal theory of suicide for predicting past-year and lifetime suicidality in autistic adults. Mol Autism 2022; 13:14. [PMID: 35313974 PMCID: PMC8935684 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-022-00495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While there are known risk factors for suicidality in autistic adults, these are often unconnected from theoretical frameworks that might explain why risk is elevated and guide clinical interventions. The present study investigated the relevance of constructs from the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (ITS), including perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness and acquired capability for suicide, and explored mechanisms through which certain risk factors (relationship status, age at diagnosis) might elevate suicide risk. Methods Autistic adults (n = 314) completed an online study including measures of depression, anxiety and constructs from the ITS. Linear and multinomial regression analysis disentangled contributions of ITS variables from effects of depression and anxiety for past-year suicide ideation, past-year and lifetime suicide attempts. Mediation analyses examined associations between risk factors and these suicide outcomes via mechanisms proposed by the ITS. Results Past-year suicide ideation was associated with burdensomeness, mental rehearsal of suicide plans (a facet of acquired capability), and depression. Greater feelings of burdensomeness, and reduced fear of death, marked out participants who had attempted suicide in comparison to those who had experienced suicide ideation in the past year. Relationship status was indirectly associated with past-year suicide ideation via the mediators of depression and burdensomeness, and was associated with past-year attempts via its effect on ideation. Age at diagnosis was unrelated to any variables. Limitations Cross-sectional research is insensitive to causality and temporal dynamics, which is likely why interaction hypotheses from the ITS were unsupported. Normative measures may be invalid in autistic samples. There was no control group. The autistic sample was unrepresentative of the whole population, particularly autistic people with intellectual disabilities, ethnic/racial minorities, and gender minorities. Conclusions Perceived burdensomeness and acquired capability appear potentially important to suicide in autistic people, and may mediate the effects of some risk factors. Future research should explore the temporal dynamics of suicide trajectories in longitudinal, prospective designs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13229-022-00495-5.
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Crosby ES, Zuromski KL, Witte TK. Perceived burdensomeness is a curvilinear, short-term predictor of suicide ideation in a community sample of adults. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2020; 50:1205-1213. [PMID: 33098120 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our primary aim was to test the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide's synergy hypothesis (i.e., the interaction between perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness) in the proximal prediction of suicide ideation, while accounting for quadratic effects. METHOD We used MTurk to recruit participants (N = 478) with a lifetime history of suicidal thoughts and behaviors; they completed two batteries of self-report questionnaires three days apart. RESULTS Contrary to the synergy hypothesis, only suicide ideation and the quadratic effect of perceived burdensomeness at Time 1 were significant predictors of suicide ideation at Time 2. The quadratic effect of perceived burdensomeness indicated a u-shaped function, whereby scores at or above the 80th percentile on perceived burdensomeness at Time 1 had increasingly strong, positive associations with suicide ideation at Time 2, while scores under the 80th percentile were not predictive of suicide ideation at Time 2. Also, thwarted belongingness and suicide ideation at Time 1 were significant predictors of perceived burdensomeness at Time 2. CONCLUSIONS These findings add to a growing literature that does not support the synergy hypothesis and suggests the importance of including nonlinear terms when examining the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide's constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Crosby
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Kelly L Zuromski
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tracy K Witte
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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