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Ramsay E, Alizadeh S, Summers D, Hodder A, Behm DG. The Effect of a Mental Task Versus Unilateral Physical Fatigue on Non-Local Muscle Fatigue in Recreationally Active Young Adults. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:549-558. [PMID: 37711717 PMCID: PMC10499156 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-local muscle fatigue (NLMF) has been attributed to both physical and mental fatigue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of mental exertion versus unilateral physical fatigue on NLMF. Sixteen recreationally active participants completed a physical task (2-sets of 100-s unilateral knee extension (KE) maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) with the dominant leg with 40-s recovery between sets, mental task (4-minute Stroop task), and control condition. Before and after each condition, blood lactate was collected, and contralateral 5-s KE, flexion (KF) and bilateral lateral trunk flexors MVIC (measure of trunk stability strength) was performed. Following the post-test 5-s MVICs, participants performed 12 non-dominant KE MVICs with a work-to-rest ratio of 5/10-s. Electromyography was monitored during the MVICs. Neither the 4-minute Stroop test or the unilateral KE physical fatigue intervention adversely affected the non-dominant KE forces or EMG activity with a single MVIC or 12 repetition MVICs. Although the non-dominant KF fatigue index forces and hamstrings EMG were not impaired by the interventions, there was a significant interaction (p = 0.001) small magnitude (d = 0.42) decrease in the non-dominant KF single MVIC force following the contralateral fatigue intervention, albeit with no significant change in hamstrings EMG. This MVIC deficit may be related to the significant decrease in dominant (p = 0.046, d = 2.6) and non-dominant external obliques (p = 0.048, d = 0.57) activation adversely affecting trunk stability. In conclusion, a 4-minute Stroop test or unilateral KE physical fatigue intervention did not impair non-dominant KE single or repeated 12 repetition MVIC forces or EMG activity. The small magnitude deficit in the non-dominant KF single MVIC force following the contralateral fatigue intervention are in accord with the heterogenous findings common in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ramsay
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Summers
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Alexandra Hodder
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, Canada
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Anvar SH, Granacher U, Konrad A, Alizadeh S, Culleton R, Edwards C, Goudini R, Behm DG. Corticospinal excitability and reflex modulation in a contralateral non-stretched muscle following unilateral stretching. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1837-1850. [PMID: 37072505 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Muscle stretching effect on the range of motion (ROM) and force deficit in non-stretched muscle, and the underlying mechanisms, is an ongoing issue. This study aimed to investigate crossover stretching effects and mechanisms on the plantar flexor muscles. METHODS Fourteen recreationally active females (n = 5) and males (n = 9) performed six sets of 45-s static stretching (SS) (15-s recovery) to the point of discomfort of the dominant leg (DL) plantar flexors or control (345-s rest). Participants were tested for a single 5-s pre- and post-test maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) with each plantar flexor muscle and were tested for DL and non-DL ROM. They were tested pre- and post-test (immediate, 10-s, 30-s) for the Hoffman (H)-reflex and motor-evoked potentials (MEP) from transcranial magnetic stimulation in the contralateral, non-stretched muscle. RESULTS Both the DL and non-DL-MVIC force had large magnitude, significant (↓10.87%, p = 0.027, pƞ2 = 0.4) and non-significant (↓9.53%, p = 0.15, pƞ2 = 0.19) decreases respectively with SS. The SS also significantly improved the DL (6.5%, p < 0.001) and non-DL (5.35%, p = 0.002) ROM. The non-DL MEP/MMax and HMax/MMax ratio did not change significantly. CONCLUSION Prolonged static stretching improved the stretched muscle's ROM. However, the stretched limb's force was negatively affected following the stretching protocol. The ROM improvement and large magnitude force impairment (statistically non-significant) were transferred to the contralateral muscles. The lack of significant changes in spinal and corticospinal excitability confirms that the afferent excitability of the spinal motoneurons and corticospinal excitability may not play a substantial role in non-local muscle's ROM or force output responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Robyn Culleton
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Chris Edwards
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Reza Goudini
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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Andrushko JW, Levenstein JM, Zich C, Edmond EC, Campbell J, Clarke WT, Emir U, Farthing JP, Stagg CJ. Repeated unilateral handgrip contractions alter functional connectivity and improve contralateral limb response times. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6437. [PMID: 37081073 PMCID: PMC10119116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, motor learning is underpinned by changes in sensorimotor network functional connectivity (FC). Unilateral contractions increase FC in the ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA); areas involved in motor planning and execution of the contralateral hand. Therefore, unilateral contractions are a promising approach to augment motor performance in the contralateral hand. In a within-participant, randomized, cross-over design, 15 right-handed adults had two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sessions, where functional-MRI and MR-Spectroscopic Imaging were acquired before and after repeated right-hand contractions at either 5% or 50% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Before and after scanning, response times (RTs) were determined in both hands. Nine minutes of 50% MVC contractions resulted in decreased handgrip force in the contracting hand, and decreased RTs and increased handgrip force in the contralateral hand. This improved motor performance in the contralateral hand was supported by significant neural changes: increased FC between SMA-SMA and increased FC between right M1 and right Orbitofrontal Cortex. At a neurochemical level, the degree of GABA decline in left M1, left and right SMA correlated with subsequent behavioural improvements in the left-hand. These results support the use of repeated handgrip contractions as a potential modality for improving motor performance in the contralateral hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Andrushko
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
- FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Jacob M Levenstein
- FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Section on Functional Imaging Methods, National Institutes of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Catharina Zich
- FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Evan C Edmond
- FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jon Campbell
- FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William T Clarke
- FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uzay Emir
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | | | - Charlotte J Stagg
- FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Savoury RB, Kibele A, Power KE, Herat N, Alizadeh S, Behm DG. Reduced isometric knee extensor force following anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the ipsilateral motor cortex. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280129. [PMID: 36608054 PMCID: PMC9821721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to determine if 10-min of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) to the motor cortex (M1) is capable of modulating quadriceps isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force or fatigue endurance contralateral or ipsilateral to the stimulation site. METHODS In a randomized, cross-over design, 16 (8 females) individuals underwent two sessions of a-tDCS and two sham tDCS (s-tDCS) sessions targeting the left M1 (all participants were right limb dominant), with testing of either the left (ipsilateral) or right (contralateral) quadriceps. Knee extensor (KE) MVC force was recorded prior to and following the a-tDCS and s-tDCS protocols. Additionally, a repetitive MVC fatiguing protocol (12 MVCs with work-rest ratio of 5:10-s) was completed following each tDCS protocol. RESULTS There was a significant interaction effect for stimulation condition x leg tested x time [F(1,60) = 7.156, p = 0.010, ηp2 = 0.11], which revealed a significant absolute KE MVC force reduction in the contralateral leg following s-tDCS (p < 0.001, d = 1.2) and in the ipsilateral leg following a-tDCS (p < 0.001, d = 1.09). A significant interaction effect for condition x leg tested [F(1,56) = 8.12, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.13], showed a significantly lower ipsilateral quadriceps (to tDCS) relative MVC force with a-tDCS, versus s-tDCS [t(15) = -3.07, p = 0.016, d = -0.77]. There was no significant difference between the relative contralateral quadriceps (to tDCS) MVC force for a-tDCS and s-tDCS. Although there was an overall significant [F(1,56) = 8.36, p < 0.001] 12.1% force decrease between the first and twelfth MVC repetitions, there were no significant main or interaction effects for fatigue index force. CONCLUSION a-tDCS may be ineffective at increasing maximal force or endurance and instead may be detrimental to quadriceps force production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B. Savoury
- School of Human Kinetic and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Armin Kibele
- Institute for Sport and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Kevin E. Power
- School of Human Kinetic and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Nehara Herat
- School of Human Kinetic and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetic and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetic and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Hadjizadeh Anvar S, Kordi MR, Alizadeh S, Ramsay E, Shabkhiz F, Behm DG. Lack of Evidence for Crossover Fatigue with Plantar Flexor Muscles. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:214-223. [PMID: 35719232 PMCID: PMC9157513 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and mechanisms underlying non-local or crossover muscle fatigue is an ongoing issue. This study aimed to investigate crossover fatigue of the plantar flexor muscles. Sixteen recreationally active males (n = 6) and females (n = 10) visited the laboratory for four sessions and performed a single 5-s pre-test maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) with each plantar flexors muscle. Thereafter, the fatigue intervention involved two 100-s MVICs (60-s recovery) with their dominant plantar flexors or rested for 260-s (control). Subsequently, in two separate sessions, Hoffman reflexes (H-reflex) were evoked in the non-dominant, non-exercised, leg before and following the dominant leg fatigue or control intervention (Fatigue-Reflex and Control-Reflex conditions). MVIC forces and volitional (V)-waves were monitored in the non-dominant leg in the other two sessions (Fatigue-MVIC and Control-MVIC) before and after the intervention (fatigue or control) as well as during 12 repeated MVICs and immediately thereafter. Despite the force reduction in the dominant leg (42.4%, p = 0.002), no crossover force deficit with single (F(1,9) = 0.02, p = 0.88, pƞ2 = 0.003) or repeated (F(1,9) = 0.006, p = 0.93, pƞ2 = 0.001) MVIC testing were observed. The H-reflex did not change after the fatigue (F(1,7) = 0.51; p = 0.49; pƞ2 = 0.06) or repeated MVICs (F(1,8) = 0.27; p = 0.61; pƞ2 = 0.03). There were also no crossover effects of fatigue on the V-wave with single (F(1,8) = 3.71, p = 0.09, pƞ2 = 0.31) or repeated MVICs (F(1,6) = 1.45, p = 0.27, pƞ2 = 0.19). Crossover fatigue was not evident with the plantar flexors nor any significant changes in H-reflex and V-waves in the soleus muscle. This finding suggests that crossover fatigue may not necessarily occur in slow-twitch predominant muscle groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Hadjizadeh Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), Canada
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Kordi
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), Canada
| | - Emma Ramsay
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), Canada
| | - Fatemeh Shabkhiz
- Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), Canada
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Amiri E, Gharakhanlou R, Rajabi H, Giboin LS, Rezasoltani Z, Azma K. Non-local muscle fatigue is mediated at spinal and supraspinal levels. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1887-1897. [PMID: 35460346 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to measure the corticospinal excitability and motoneuron responsiveness of the right and left Biceps Brachii (BB), and left Abductor Digiti Minimi (ADM) muscles in response to submaximal isotonic fatiguing contractions performed by the right BB muscle. With the familiarization session, ten young moderately active male subjects came to the lab on seven occasions. Three sets of 3 min seated elbow curls at 25% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) separated by a 1-min rest performed by the right BB muscle were used as the fatiguing protocol. The motor evoked potential (MEP), cervicomedullary motor evoked potential (CMEP), and compound muscle action potential (Mmax) of the right BB muscle (baseline and after each set of the fatiguing task), the left BB and ADM muscles (baseline, post-fatigue, post-10, and post-20 min) were measured. MEP and CMEP were then normalized to Mmax for statistical analysis. The results showed that in the right BB muscle, there was a significant reduction in the MEP after performing the fatiguing task (p= 0.03), while no significant effect of time was seen in the CMEP (p= 0.07). In the left BB muscle, the MEP significantly decreased from pre-fatigue to post-fatigue (p= 0.01) and post-10 (p= 0.001), while there was a significant decline in the CMEP post-fatigue (p= 0.03). In the left ADM muscle, MEP significantly decreased post-fatigue (p= 0.03) and no changes were seen in the CMEP (p= 0.12). These results not only confirm the incidence of non-local muscle fatigue (NLMF) in response to performing submaximal isotonic fatiguing contractions but also as a new finding, imply that both spinal and supraspinal modulations account for the NLMF response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Amiri
- Exercise Metabolism and Performance Lab (EMPL), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Room. 73, University Avenue, Taq-E Bostan, Kermanshah, 674441497, Iran.
| | - Reza Gharakhanlou
- Department of Sports Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-111, Iran
| | - Hamid Rajabi
- Department of Sports Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 14911-15719, Iran
| | - Louis-Solal Giboin
- Sensorimotor Performance Lab, Human Performance Research Center, Konstanz University, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Kamran Azma
- Aja University of Medical Science, Tehran, 14117-18541, Iran
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Brandenberger KJ, Warren GL, Ingalls CP, Otis JS, Doyle JA. Downhill Running Impairs Activation and Strength of the Elbow Flexors. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2145-2150. [PMID: 30908371 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Brandenberger, KJ, Warren, GL, Ingalls, CP, Otis, JS, and Doyle, JA. Downhill running impairs activation and strength of the elbow flexors. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2145-2150, 2021-The purpose of this study was to determine if knee extensor injury induced by 1 hour of downhill running attenuated force production in the elbow flexors. Subjects completed either downhill running for 1 hour (injured group; n = 6) or sedentary behavior (control group; n = 6). Strength and voluntary activation (%VA) were measured by isometric twitch interpolation of the elbow flexor and knee extensor muscles at the following time points in relation to the injury: before injury (Pre), after injury (Post), 24 hours after injury (24Post), and 48 hours after injury (48Post). Mean (±SE) knee extensor strength was significantly reduced (53.5 ± 9.9%) Post and remained reduced at 24Post and 48Post in the injury group. Knee extensor muscle twitch strength was reduced Post and 24Post after the downhill run (p < 0.022). Elbow flexor muscle strength was significantly reduced Post (13.2 ± 3.9%) and 24Post (17.3 ± 4.0%). Elbow flexor muscle twitch strength was not significantly different at any time point. Elbow flexor muscle %VA was not significantly reduced compared with Pre, at Post (16.2 ± 5.1%), 24Post (20.9 ± 6.7%), or 48Post (12.9 ± 4.5%). A 1-hour downhill run significantly injured the knee extensors. The elbow flexor muscles remained uninjured, but strength of these muscles was impaired by reduced %VA. These data suggest muscle injury can lead to prolonged strength deficits in muscles distant from the injury and should be accounted for when scheduling training that may lead to delayed-onset muscle soreness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Brandenberger
- Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gordon L Warren
- Physical Therapy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | | | - Jeff S Otis
- Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J Andrew Doyle
- Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Impact of a Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Corticomotor Excitability after Mental Fatigue in Healthy College-Aged Subjects. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11080972. [PMID: 34439591 PMCID: PMC8391817 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11080972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental Fatigue (MF) has been associated with reduced physical performance but the mechanisms underlying this result are unclear. A reduction in excitability of the corticomotor system is a way mental fatigue could negatively impact physical performance. Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse (MR) has been shown to increase corticomotor excitability. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if CHO MR impacts corticomotor excitability after MF. METHODS: Fifteen subjects (nine females, six males; age = 23 ± 1 years; height = 171 ± 2 cm; body mass = 69 ± 3 kg; BMI = 23.8 ± 0.7) completed two sessions under different MR conditions (Placebo (PLAC), 6.4% glucose (CHO)) separated by at least 48 h and applied in a double-blinded randomized fashion. Motor-evoked potential (MEP) of the left first dorsal interosseous (FDI) was determined by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) before and after MF. Perceived MF was recorded before and after the MF task using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS). RESULTS: MF was greater following PLAC (+30.4 ± 4.0 mm) than CHO (+19.4 ± 3.9 mm) (p = 0.005). MEP was reduced more following PLAC (−16.6 ± 4.4%) than CHO (−3.7 ± 4.7%) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CHO MR was successful at attenuating the reduction in corticomotor excitability after MF. Carbohydrate mouth rinse may be a valuable tool at combating the negative consequences of mental fatigue.
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Carr JC, Bemben MG, Stock MS, DeFreitas JM. Ipsilateral and contralateral responses following unimanual fatigue with and without illusionary mirror visual feedback. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:2084-2093. [PMID: 33909484 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00077.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Illusionary mirror visual feedback alters interhemispheric communication and influences cross-limb interactions. Combining forceful unimanual contractions with the mirror illusion is a convenient way to provoke robust alterations within ipsilateral motor networks. It is unknown, however, if the mirror illusion affects cross-limb fatigability. We examine this concept by comparing the ipsilateral and contralateral handgrip force and electromyographic (EMG) responses following unimanual fatigue with and without illusionary mirror visual feedback. Participants underwent three experimental sessions (mirror, no-mirror, and control), performing a unimanual fatigue protocol with and without illusionary mirror visual feedback. Maximal handgrip force and EMG activity were measured before and after each session for both hands during maximal unimanual and bimanual contractions. The associated EMG activity from the inactive forearm during unimanual contraction was also examined. The novel findings demonstrate greater relative fatigability during bimanual versus unimanual contraction following unimanual fatigue (-31.8% vs. -23.4%, P < 0.01) and the mirror illusion attenuates this difference (-30.3% vs. -26.3%, P = 0.169). The results show no evidence for a cross-over effect of fatigue with (+0.62%, -2.72%) or without (+0.26%, -2.49%) the mirror illusion during unimanual or bimanual contraction. The mirror illusion resulted in significantly lower levels of associated EMG activity in the contralateral forearm. There were no sex differences for any of the measures of fatigability. These results demonstrate that the mirror illusion influences contraction-dependent fatigue during maximal handgrip contractions. Alterations in facilitatory and inhibitory transcallosal drive likely explain these findings.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Illusionary mirror visual feedback is a promising clinical tool for motor rehabilitation, yet many features of its influence on motor output are unknown. We show that maximal bimanual force output is compromised to a greater extent than unimanual force output following unimanual fatigue, yet illusionary mirror visual feedback attenuates this difference. The mirror illusion also reduces the unintended EMG activity of the inactive, contralateral forearm during unimanual contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Carr
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas.,Department of Medical Education, TCU and UNTHSC School of Medicine, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Michael G Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.,Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jason M DeFreitas
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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Behm DG, Alizadeh S, Hadjizedah Anvar S, Hanlon C, Ramsay E, Mahmoud MMI, Whitten J, Fisher JP, Prieske O, Chaabene H, Granacher U, Steele J. Non-local Muscle Fatigue Effects on Muscle Strength, Power, and Endurance in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:1893-1907. [PMID: 33818751 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fatigue of a muscle or muscle group can produce global responses to a variety of systems (i.e., cardiovascular, endocrine, and others). There are also reported strength and endurance impairments of non-exercised muscles following the fatigue of another muscle; however, the literature is inconsistent. OBJECTIVE To examine whether non-local muscle fatigue (NLMF) occurs following the performance of a fatiguing bout of exercise of a different muscle(s). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. SEARCH AND INCLUSION A systematic literature search using a Boolean search strategy was conducted with PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar in April 2020, and was supplemented with additional 'snowballing' searches up to September 2020. To be included in our analysis, studies had to include at least one intentional performance measure (i.e., strength, endurance, or power), which if reduced could be considered evidence of muscle fatigue, and also had to include the implementation of a fatiguing protocol to a location (i.e., limb or limbs) that differed to those for which performance was measured. We excluded studies that measured only mechanistic variables such as electromyographic activity, or spinal/supraspinal excitability. After search and screening, 52 studies were eligible for inclusion including 57 groups of participants (median sample = 11) and a total of 303 participants. RESULTS The main multilevel meta-analysis model including all effects sizes (278 across 50 clusters [median = 4, range = 1 to 18 effects per cluster) revealed a trivial point estimate with high precision for the interval estimate [- 0.02 (95% CIs = - 0.14 to 0.09)], yet with substantial heterogeneity (Q(277) = 642.3, p < 0.01), I2 = 67.4%). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses showed that NLMF effects were not moderated by study design (between vs. within-participant), homologous vs. heterologous effects, upper or lower body effects, participant training status, sex, age, the time of post-fatigue protocol measurement, or the severity of the fatigue protocol. However, there did appear to be an effect of type of outcome measure where both strength [0.11 (95% CIs = 0.01-0.21)] and power outcomes had trivial effects [- 0.01 (95% CIs = - 0.24 to 0.22)], whereas endurance outcomes showed moderate albeit imprecise effects [- 0.54 (95% CIs = - 0.95 to - 0.14)]. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the findings do not support the existence of a general NLMF effect; however, when examining specific types of performance outcomes, there may be an effect specifically upon endurance-based outcomes (i.e., time to task failure). However, there are relatively fewer studies that have examined endurance effects or mechanisms explaining this possible effect, in addition to fewer studies including women or younger and older participants, and considering causal effects of prior training history through the use of longitudinal intervention study designs. Thus, it seems pertinent that future research on NLMF effects should be redirected towards these still relatively unexplored areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Saman Hadjizedah Anvar
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.,University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Courtney Hanlon
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Emma Ramsay
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | | | - Joseph Whitten
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - James P Fisher
- School of Sport, Health and Social Science, Solent University, Southampton, UK
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Exercise and Movement, University of Applied Sciences for Sport and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - James Steele
- School of Sport, Health and Social Science, Solent University, Southampton, UK.,Ukactive Research Institute, London, UK
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11
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Whitten JHD, Hodgson DD, Drinkwater EJ, Prieske O, Aboodarda SJ, Behm DG. Unilateral Quadriceps Fatigue Induces Greater Impairments of Ipsilateral versus Contralateral Elbow Flexors and Plantar Flexors Performance in Physically Active Young Adults. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:300-309. [PMID: 34211323 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-local muscle fatigue (NLMF) studies have examined crossover impairments of maximal voluntary force output in non-exercised, contralateral muscles as well as comparing upper and lower limb muscles. Since prior studies primarily investigated contralateral muscles, the purpose of this study was to compare NLMF effects on elbow flexors (EF) and plantar flexors (PF) force and activation (electromyography: EMG). Secondly, possible differences when testing ipsilateral or contralateral muscles with a single or repeated isometric maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) were also investigated. Twelve participants (six males: (27.3 ± 2.5 years, 186.0 ± 2.2 cm, 91.0 ± 4.1 kg; six females: 23.0 ± 1.6 years, 168.2 ± 6.7 cm, 60.0 ± 4.3 kg) attended six randomized sessions where ipsilateral or contralateral PF or EF MVC force and EMG activity (root mean square) were tested following a dominant knee extensors (KE) fatigue intervention (2×100s MVC) or equivalent rest (control). Testing involving a single MVC (5s) was completed by the ipsilateral or contralateral PF or EF prior to and immediately post-interventions. One minute after the post-intervention single MVC, a 12×5s MVCs fatigue test was completed. Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs revealed that ipsilateral EF post-fatigue force was lower (-6.6%, p = 0.04, d = 0.18) than pre-fatigue with no significant changes in the contralateral or control conditions. EF demonstrated greater fatigue indexes for the ipsilateral (9.5%, p = 0.04, d = 0.75) and contralateral (20.3%, p < 0.01, d = 1.50) EF over the PF, respectively. There were no significant differences in PF force, EMG or EF EMG post-test or during the MVCs fatigue test. The results suggest that NLMF effects are side and muscle specific where prior KE fatigue could hinder subsequent ipsilateral upper body performance and thus is an important consideration for rehabilitation, recreation and athletic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H D Whitten
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Daniel D Hodgson
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Eric J Drinkwater
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.,Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olaf Prieske
- Division of Exercise and Movement, University of Applied Sciences for Sports and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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12
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Andrushko JW, Gould LA, Renshaw DW, Ekstrand C, Hortobágyi T, Borowsky R, Farthing JP. High Force Unimanual Handgrip Contractions Increase Ipsilateral Sensorimotor Activation and Functional Connectivity. Neuroscience 2020; 452:111-125. [PMID: 33197497 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Imaging and brain stimulation studies seem to correct the classical understanding of how brain networks, rather than contralateral focal areas, control the generation of unimanual voluntary force. However, the scaling and hemispheric-specificity of network activation remain less understood. Using fMRI, we examined the effects of parametrically increasing right-handgrip force on activation and functional connectivity among the sensorimotor network bilaterally with 25%, 50%, and 75% maximal voluntary contractions (MVC). High force (75% MVC) unimanual handgrip contractions resulted in greater ipsilateral motor activation and functional connectivity with the contralateral hemisphere compared to a low force 25% MVC condition. The ipsilateral motor cortex activation and network strength correlated with relative handgrip force (% MVC). Increases in unimanual handgrip force resulted in greater ipsilateral sensorimotor activation and greater functional connectivity between hemispheres within the sensorimotor network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Andrushko
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Layla A Gould
- College of Medicine, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Doug W Renshaw
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Chelsea Ekstrand
- The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Borowsky
- College of Medicine, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada; College of Arts and Science, Department of Psychology, Saskatchewan, Canada
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13
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Forman DA, Forman GN, Murphy BA, Holmes MWR. Sustained Isometric Wrist Flexion and Extension Maximal Voluntary Contractions on Corticospinal Excitability to Forearm Muscles during Low-Intensity Hand-Gripping. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E445. [PMID: 32668568 PMCID: PMC7408559 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The wrist extensors demonstrate an earlier fatigue onset than the wrist flexors. However, it is currently unclear whether fatigue induces unique changes in muscle activity or corticospinal excitability between these muscle groups. The purpose of this study was to examine how sustained isometric wrist extension/flexion maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) influence muscle activity and corticospinal excitability of the forearm. Corticospinal excitability to three wrist flexors and three wrist extensors were measured using motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited via transcranial magnetic stimulation. Responses were elicited while participants exerted 10% of their maximal handgrip force, before and after a sustained wrist flexion or extension MVC (performed on separate sessions). Post-fatigue measures were collected up to 10-min post-fatigue. Immediately post-fatigue, extensor muscle activity was significantly greater following the wrist flexion fatigue session, although corticospinal excitability (normalized to muscle activity) was greater on the wrist extension day. Responses were largely unchanged in the wrist flexors. However, for the flexor carpi ulnaris, normalized MEP amplitudes were significantly larger following wrist extension fatigue. These findings demonstrate that sustained isometric flexion/extension MVCs result in a complex reorganization of forearm muscle recruitment strategies during hand-gripping. Based on these findings, previously observed corticospinal behaviour following fatigue may not apply when the fatiguing task and measurement task are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis A. Forman
- Faculty of Science, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada;
| | - Garrick N. Forman
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
| | - Bernadette A. Murphy
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada;
| | - Michael W. R. Holmes
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
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14
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Effects of sustained unilateral handgrip on corticomotor excitability in both knee extensor muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1865-1879. [PMID: 32533244 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Repetitive or sustained simple muscle contractions have been shown to alter corticomotor excitability. The present study investigated the effects of a sustained handgrip contraction with the right hand on motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in task-unrelated knee extensor muscles and determined whether the effects are influenced by intensity of the handgrip contraction. METHODS Subjects performed a 120-s sustained handgrip contraction at 10% or 50% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) using the right hand. MEPs in vastus lateral (VL) muscles elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation were measured before, during, and after the handgrip contraction. RESULTS Both the handgrip contractions at 10 and 50% MVC induced significant greater MEPs in the left VL muscle (121.5 ± 25.7%) than in the right VL muscle (97.9 ± 17.4%) from 10 min after the handgrip contraction (P < 0.05). MEPs in both the right and left VL muscles were significantly increased by the handgrip contractions at 10% MVC (124.8 ± 45.2%, P < 0.05), but were not increased by the handgrip contractions at 50% MVC. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that a unilateral sustained handgrip contraction can differentially alter corticomotor excitability in knee extensor muscles ipsilateral and contralateral to the exercised hand after the handgrip and that the intensity of the handgrip contraction influences corticomotor excitability in both knee extensor muscles after the handgrip.
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15
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Koral J, Oranchuk DJ, Wrightson JG, Twomey R, Millet GY. Mechanisms of neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in unilateral versus bilateral maximal voluntary contractions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:785-794. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00651.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate differences in neuromuscular function and corticospinal excitability in response to sustained unilateral (UNIL) and bilateral (BIL) isometric maximal voluntary contraction (IMVC) of the knee extensors. Eleven men performed a 1-min sustained IMVC of the knee extensors with one or both legs. Central and peripheral measures of neuromuscular function and corticospinal excitability were assessed via surface electromyography (EMG), peripheral nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation before, immediately after, and during recovery from IMVC. IMVC force and root-mean-squared EMG decreased during the fatiguing 1-min IMVC, with a larger decrease in EMG during BIL. All neuromuscular function indexes decreased significantly after the IMVC ( P < 0.005), but the magnitude of these decreases did not differ between conditions. Changes in corticospinal excitability (motor evoked potential) and inhibition (silent period) did not differ between conditions. In contrast to previous studies utilizing submaximal exercise, no more peripheral fatigue was found after UNIL vs. BIL conditions, even though central drive was lower after BIL 1-min IMVC. Corticospinal excitability and inhibition were not found to be different between UNIL and BIL conditions, in line with maximal voluntary activation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present experiment used peripheral nerve stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulations during a sustained isometric maximal voluntary contraction to investigate the influence of muscle mass on neuromuscular fatigue. Contrary to previous studies that used submaximal exercise, peripheral fatigue was not found to be greater in unilateral vs. bilateral knee extensions even though central drive was lower during bilateral contractions. Corticospinal excitability and inhibition were not found to be different between unilateral and bilateral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Koral
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Dustin J. Oranchuk
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James G. Wrightson
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rosie Twomey
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Université de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet-Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, Saint-Etienne, France
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16
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Latella C, van der Groen O, Ruas CV, Taylor JL. Effect of fatigue-related group III/IV afferent firing on intracortical inhibition and facilitation in hand muscles. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 128:149-158. [PMID: 31725359 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00595.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatiguing exercise causes a reduction in motor drive to the muscle. Group III/IV muscle afferent firing is thought to contribute to this process; however, the effect on corticospinal and intracortical networks is poorly understood. In two experiments, participants performed sustained maximal isometric finger abductions of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle, with postexercise blood flow occlusion (OCC) to maintain the firing of group III/IV afferents or without occlusion (control; CON). Before and after exercise, single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) tested motor evoked potentials (MEPs), intracortical facilitation [ICF (12 ms)], and short-interval intracortical inhibition [SICI2 (2 ms), SICI3 (3 ms)]. Ulnar nerve stimulation elicited maximal M waves (MMAX). For experiment 1 (n = 16 participants), TMS intensities were 70% and 120% of resting motor threshold (RMT) for the conditioning and MEP stimuli, respectively. For experiment 2 (n = 16 participants), the MEP was maintained at 1 mV before and after exercise and the conditioning stimulus individualized. In experiment 1, MEP/MMAX was reduced after exercise (~48%, P = 0.007) but was not different between conditions. No changes occurred in ICF or SICI. In experiment 2, MEP/MMAX increased (~27%, P = 0.027) and less inhibition (SICI2: ~21%, P = 0.021) occurred after exercise for both conditions, whereas ICF decreased for CON only (~28%, P = 0.006). MEPs and SICI2 were modulated by fatiguing contractions but not by group III/IV afferent firing, whereas sustained afferent firing appeared to counteract postexercise reductions in ICF in FDI. The findings do not support the idea that actions of group III/IV afferents on motor cortical networks contribute to the reduction in voluntary activation observed in other studies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to investigate, in human hand muscles, the action of fatigue-related group III/IV muscle afferent firing on intracortical facilitation and inhibition. In fatigued and nonexercised hand muscles, intracortical inhibition is reduced after exercise but is not modulated differently by the firing of group III/IV afferents. However, facilitation is maintained for the fatigued muscle when group III/IV afferents fire, but these results are unlikely to explain the reduction in voluntary activation observed in other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Latella
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Onno van der Groen
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Neurorehabilitation and Robotics Laboratory, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cassio V Ruas
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Janet L Taylor
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation improves fatigue performance of the treated and contralateral knee extensors. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2745-2755. [PMID: 31696316 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) can reduce acute and chronic pain. Unilateral fatigue can produce discomfort in the affected limb and force and activation deficits in contralateral non-exercised muscles. TENS-induced local pain analgesia effects on non-local fatigue performance are unknown. Hence, the aim of the study was to determine if TENS-induced pain suppression would augment force output during a fatiguing protocol in the treated and contralateral muscles. METHODS Three experiments were integrated for this article. Following pre-tests, each experiment involved 20 min of TENS, sham, or a control condition on the dominant quadriceps. Then either the TENS-treated quadriceps (TENS_Treated) or the contralateral quadriceps (TENS_Contra) was tested. In a third experiment, the TENS and sham conditions involved two\; 100-s isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) (30-s recovery) followed by testing of the contralateral quadriceps (TENS_Contra-Fatigue). Testing involved single knee extensors (KE) MVCs (pre- and post-test) and a post-test 30% MVC to task failure. RESULTS The TENS-treated study induced greater (p = 0.03; 11.0%) time to KE (treated leg) failure versus control. The TENS_Contra-Fatigue induced significant (p = 0.04; 11.7%) and near-significant (p = 0.1; 7.1%) greater time to contralateral KE failure versus sham and control, respectively. There was a 14.5% (p = 0.02) higher fatigue index with the TENS (36.2 ± 10.1%) versus sham (31.6 ± 10.6%) conditions in the second fatigue intervention set (treated leg). There was no significant post-fatigue KE fatigue interaction with the TENS_Contra. CONCLUSIONS Unilateral TENS application to the dominant KE prolonged time to failure in the treated and contralateral KE suggesting a global pain modulatory response.
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18
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Aboodarda SJ, Zhang CXY, Sharara R, Cline M, Millet GY. Exercise-Induced Fatigue in One Leg Does Not Impair the Neuromuscular Performance in the Contralateral Leg but Improves the Excitability of the Ipsilateral Corticospinal Pathway. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9100250. [PMID: 31557879 PMCID: PMC6827080 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the influence of pre-induced fatigue in one leg on neuromuscular performance and corticospinal responses of the contralateral homologous muscles, three experiments were conducted with different exercise protocols; A (n = 12): a 60 s rest vs. time-matched sustained left leg knee extension maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), B (n = 12): a 60 s rest vs. time-matched left leg MVC immediately followed by 60 s right leg MVC, and C (n = 9): a similar protocol to experiment B, but with blood flow occluded in the left leg while the right leg was performing the 60 s MVC. The neuromuscular assessment included 5 s knee extensions at 100%, 75%, and 50% of MVC. At each force level, transcranial magnetic and peripheral nerve stimuli were elicited to investigate the influence of different protocols on the right (tested) knee extensors’ maximal force output, voluntary activation, corticospinal excitability, and inhibition. The pre-induced fatigue in the left leg did not alter the performance nor the neuromuscular responses recorded from the right leg in the three experiments (all p > 0.3). However, enhanced corticospinal pathway excitability was evident in the tested knee extensors (p = 0.002). These results suggest that the pre-induced fatigue and muscle ischemia in one leg did not compromise the central and peripheral components of the neuromuscular function in the tested contralateral leg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cindy Xin Yu Zhang
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Ruva Sharara
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Madeleine Cline
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University of Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, EA 7424, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
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19
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Li Y, Power KE, Marchetti PH, Behm DG. The effect of dominant first dorsal interosseous fatigue on the force production of a contralateral homologous and heterologous muscle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:704-712. [PMID: 30468626 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Crossover and nonlocal muscle fatigue (NLMF) has generally focused on large muscle groups. It is unclear if fatigue of a small muscle can result in NLMF of a larger muscle. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of small muscle (first dorsal interosseous; FDI) fatigue on the force and activation of contralateral homologous and larger heterologous muscles (biceps brachii; BB). Fifteen right-handed male subjects performed 3 pre-test index finger abduction or elbow flexion maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) on the nondominant side. Subsequently, they performed two 100-s index finger abduction MVICs on the dominant side (experimental (fatigue) group) or rested for 5 min (control group). Afterwards, a single MVIC and a 12-repetition MVIC fatiguing protocol were completed with index finger abduction or elbow flexion on the nondominant side. Force and electromyography (EMG) were measured from both sides. The force and EMG (median frequency; MDF) of nonexercised index finger abductors (IFA)/FDI and elbow flexors (EF)/BB significantly decreased after the fatiguing protocol. Compared with the control condition, the nonexercised IFA (12.5% and 5.7%) had significantly greater force and MDF fatigue indexes than the EF (5.2% and 1.7%). There were no significant force differences with the single MVIC test between conditions. The small muscle fatiguing protocol produced NLMF effects on both contralateral homologous and larger heterologous muscles, with the force decrements greater with the homologous muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Li
- a School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1M 3L8, Canada
| | - Kevin E Power
- a School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1M 3L8, Canada
| | - Paulo H Marchetti
- b College of Health and Human Development, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - David G Behm
- a School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1M 3L8, Canada
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20
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Neuromuscular fatigue during exercise: Methodological considerations, etiology and potential role in chronic fatigue. Neurophysiol Clin 2017; 47:95-110. [PMID: 28434551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The term fatigue is used to describe a distressing and persistent symptom of physical and/or mental tiredness in certain clinical populations, with distinct but ultimately complex, multifactorial and heterogenous pathophysiology. Chronic fatigue impacts on quality of life, reduces the capacity to perform activities of daily living, and is typically measured using subjective self-report tools. Fatigue also refers to an acute reduction in the ability to produce maximal force or power due to exercise. The classical measurement of exercise-induced fatigue involves neuromuscular assessments before and after a fatiguing task. The limitations and alternatives to this approach are reviewed in this paper in relation to the lower limb and whole-body exercise, given the functional relevance to locomotion, rehabilitation and activities of daily living. It is suggested that under some circumstances, alterations in the central and/or peripheral mechanisms of fatigue during exercise may be related to the sensations of chronic fatigue. As such, the neurophysiological correlates of exercise-induced fatigue are briefly examined in two clinical examples where chronic fatigue is common: cancer survivors and people with multiple sclerosis. This review highlights the relationship between objective measures of fatigability with whole-body exercise and perceptions of fatigue as a priority for future research, given the importance of exercise in relieving symptoms of chronic fatigue and/or overall disease management. As chronic fatigue is likely to be specific to the individual and unlikely to be due to a simple biological or psychosocial explanation, tailored exercise programmes are a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Hamilton AR, Behm DG. The effect of prior knowledge of test endpoint on non-local muscle fatigue. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:651-663. [PMID: 28243778 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION If the work duration or volume is known, it is common for individuals to anticipate this challenge by pursuing a strategy that may decrease the initial force output and maintain a force level that ensures a force reserve towards the end of the task. However, it is unknown whether this is a global strategy that is transferred to a non-exercised muscle following fatigue of a contralateral homologous muscle. METHODS To clarify if prior knowledge of task endpoint has an effect on non-local muscle fatigue (NLMF), 15 male participants (22.4 ± 3.8 years) completed four conditions: (1) KNtest > fatigue (known endpoint after fatigue), (2) UNKtest > fatigue (unknown endpoint after fatigue), (3) KNtest > control (known endpoint without fatigue), (4) UNKtest > control (unknown endpoint without fatigue). For fatigue conditions, a maximal intensity, unilateral knee extension protocol was completed (two sets of 100 s maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) with 60 s rest between), whereas the control condition involved rest (260 s). The participants were either informed (known (KN) conditions) or not informed (unknown (UNK) conditions) of the duration of a post-intervention strength-endurance test (contralateral knee extension MVIC, ≥30 s). RESULTS During the strength-endurance test, the UNKtest > fatigue displayed meaningful decreases in force (UNKtest > fatigue 10-12% over first 30 s), which was largest at the 25-30-s period (UNKtest > fatigue 7.4-41.1% from 25 to 1930s) compared to KNtest > fatigue and KNtest > control conditions, respectively. CONCLUSION Prior knowledge of task endpoint can modify NLMF and affect pacing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hamilton
- Kinesiology, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Ave., St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - David G Behm
- Kinesiology, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 230 Elizabeth Ave., St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
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Prieske O, Aboodarda SJ, Benitez Sierra JA, Behm DG, Granacher U. Slower but not faster unilateral fatiguing knee extensions alter contralateral limb performance without impairment of maximal torque output. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:323-334. [PMID: 28078451 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of unilateral fatigue of the knee extensors at different movement velocities on neuromuscular performance in the fatigued and non-fatigued leg. METHODS Unilateral fatigue of the knee extensors was induced in 11 healthy young men (23.7 ± 3.8 years) at slower (60°/s; FAT60) and faster movement velocities (240°/s; FAT240) using an isokinetic dynamometer. A resting control (CON) condition was included. The fatigue protocols consisted of five sets of 15 maximal concentric knee extensions using the dominant leg. Before and after fatigue, peak isokinetic torque (PIT) and time to PIT (TTP) of the knee extensors as well as electromyographic (EMG) activity of vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and biceps femoris muscles were assessed at 60 and 240°/s movement velocities in the fatigued and non-fatigued leg. RESULTS In the fatigued leg, significantly greater PIT decrements were observed following FAT60 and FAT240 (11-19%) compared to CON (3-4%, p = .002, d = 2.3). Further, EMG activity increased in vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscle following FAT240 only (8-28%, 0.018 ≤ p ≤ .024, d = 1.8). In the non-fatigued leg, shorter TTP values were found after the FAT60 protocol (11-15%, p = .023, d = 2.4). No significant changes were found for EMG data in the non-fatigued leg. CONCLUSION The present study revealed that both slower and faster velocity fatiguing contractions failed to show any evidence of cross-over fatigue on PIT. However, unilateral knee extensor fatigue protocols conducted at slower movement velocities (i.e., 60°/s) appear to modulate torque production on the non-fatigued side (evident in shorter TTP values).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Prieske
- Division of Training and Movement Science, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany.
| | | | - José A Benitez Sierra
- Division of Training and Movement Science, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NF, Canada
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Building 12, 14469, Potsdam, Germany
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Ben Othman A, Chaouachi A, Hammami R, Chaouachi MM, Kasmi S, Behm DG. Evidence of nonlocal muscle fatigue in male youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 42:229-237. [PMID: 28177751 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for nonlocal muscle fatigue (NLMF) has been inconsistent in adults, with no studies investigating youth. The objective was to examine NLMF in youth. Forty-two young males (age, 10-13 years) were tested for maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) force of the ipsilateral and contralateral knee extensors at 90° and 120° knee flexion, elbow flexors at 90°, handgrip, knee extensor isokinetic torque (300°·s-1 analyzed at 90° and 120° knee flexion), as well as a unilateral countermovement jump (CMJ) and Y Balance test (YBT). Isokinetic fatigue group (n = 15) had unilateral fatigue induced with 10 sets of 20 repetitions of maximal isokinetic knee extensor contractions at 300°·s-1. Isometric fatigue group (n = 15) used 10 repetitions of 6-s knee extensor MVIC whereas the control group (n = 12) were not fatigued. There was no significant difference in the response to the isometric- or isokinetic-fatigue intervention protocols. Main time effects indicated that NLMF was evident with the contralateral knee extensor MVIC at 90° (p = 0.008; 8.9%), knee extensor isokinetic torque at 90° (p < 0.001; 11.4%), and 120° (p = 0.05; 5.4%), CMJ (p = 0.02; 11.5%), handgrip (p = 0.06; 4.5%), elbow flexors (p < 0.001; 7.7%), and YBT (p = 0.001; 5.6%). Ipsilateral NLMF deficits occurred with handgrip (p < 0.001; 7.3%), elbow flexors MVICs (p < 0.001; 10.7%), CMJ (p = 0.02; 12.2%), and YBT (p = 0.002; 3.8%). NLMF with similar relative fatigue-induced deficits of fatigued and nonfatigued limbs suggest that youth fatigue is highly dependent upon the extent of activation or inhibition of the nervous system. Coaches of young athletes might consider developing technical motor skills before fatiguing exercise components, which might hinder the proficiency of their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymen Ben Othman
- a Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anis Chaouachi
- a Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia.,c Sports Performance Research Institute, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Raouf Hammami
- a Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi M Chaouachi
- a Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sofien Kasmi
- a Tunisian Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - David G Behm
- b Memorial University of Newfoundland, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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