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Ishiwata M, Hata U, Hashimoto Y, Okamoto T. Effects of pre-exercise intake of plant- and animal-based foods on arterial function and aerobic exercise capacity in healthy young men: a randomized cross-over trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024. [PMID: 38394648 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of plant- versus animal-based food intake before exercise on arterial function and subsequent aerobic exercise capacity. Eleven healthy adult males (mean age, 22.6 ± 1.8 years) participated in this study. A plant- or animal-based randomized meal type crossover comparison was conducted on separate days with a uniform protein, fat, and carbohydrate balance. Both carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), femoral-ankle pulse wave velocity (faPWV), and brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) were measured as indexes of aortic and peripheral arterial stiffness and vascular endothelial function, respectively, before and at 120 min after the meal. After these measurements, maximal oxygen uptake was assessed using a graded power test on an electronically braked cycle ergometer. The results revealed that cfPWV was significantly lower, whereas FMD was significantly higher, at 120 min after compared with before the plant-based meal (p = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively). By contrast, cfPWV and FMD did not change at 120 min after compared with before the animal-based meal. In addition, faPWV did not change at 120 min after compared with before the meal for either meal type. Maximal oxygen uptake was higher in the plant- than in the animal-based meal type (p = 0.02). These results suggest that pre-exercise plant-based food intake may improve central arterial stiffness and vascular endothelial function, which may have favorable implications for aerobic exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Ishiwata
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Urara Hata
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuto Hashimoto
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanobu Okamoto
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Abbariki F, Roy M, Labrecque L, Drapeau A, Imhoff S, Smirl JD, Brassard P. Influence of high-intensity interval training to exhaustion on the directional sensitivity of the cerebral pressure-flow relationship in young endurance-trained men. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15384. [PMID: 35822439 PMCID: PMC9277516 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported subtle dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA) alterations following 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to exhaustion using transfer function analysis (TFA) on forced mean arterial pressure (MAP) oscillations in young endurance-trained men. However, accumulating evidence suggests the cerebrovasculature better buffers cerebral blood flow changes when MAP acutely increases compared to when MAP acutely decreases. Whether HIIT affects the directional sensitivity of the cerebral pressure-flow relationship in these athletes is unknown. In 18 endurance-trained men (age: 27 ± 6 years, VO2 max: 55.5 ± 4.7 ml·kg-1 ·min-1 ), we evaluated the impact of 6 weeks of HIIT to exhaustion on dCA directionality using induced MAP oscillations during 5-min 0.05 and 0.10 Hz repeated squat-stands. We calculated time-adjusted changes in middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCAv) per change in MAP (ΔMCAvT /ΔMAPT ) for each squat transition. Then, we compared averaged ΔMCAvT /ΔMAPT during MAP increases and decreases. Before HIIT, ΔMCAvT /ΔMAPT was comparable between MAP increases and decreases during 0.05 Hz repeated squat-stands (p = 0.518). During 0.10 Hz repeated squat-stands, ΔMCAvT /ΔMAPT was lower during MAP increases versus decreases (0.87 ± 0.17 vs. 0.99 ± 0.23 cm·s-1 ·mmHg-1 , p = 0.030). Following HIIT, ΔMCAvT /ΔMAPT was superior during MAP increases over decreases during 0.05 Hz repeated squat-stands (0.97 ± 0.38 vs. 0.77 ± 0.35 cm·s-1 ·mmHg-1 , p = 0.002). During 0.10 Hz repeated squat-stands, dCA directional sensitivity disappeared (p = 0.359). These results suggest the potential for HIIT to influence the directional sensitivity of the cerebral pressure-flow relationship in young endurance-trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Abbariki
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuébec CityQuébecCanada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuébec CityQuébecCanada
| | - Marc‐Antoine Roy
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuébec CityQuébecCanada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuébec CityQuébecCanada
| | - Lawrence Labrecque
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuébec CityQuébecCanada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuébec CityQuébecCanada
| | - Audrey Drapeau
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuébec CityQuébecCanada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuébec CityQuébecCanada
| | - Sarah Imhoff
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuébec CityQuébecCanada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuébec CityQuébecCanada
| | - Jonathan D. Smirl
- Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Integrated Concussion Research ProgramUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research InstituteUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of AlbertaUniversity of CalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Concussion Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Exercise ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Patrice Brassard
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuébec CityQuébecCanada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuébec CityQuébecCanada
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3
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Chen CY, Chou CC, Lin KX, Mündel T, Chen MT, Liao YH, Tsai SC. A Sports Nutrition Perspective on the Impacts of Hypoxic High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Appetite Regulatory Mechanisms: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031736. [PMID: 35162760 PMCID: PMC8835478 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and low-oxygen exposure may inhibit the secretion of appetite-stimulating hormones, suppress appetite, and inhibit dietary intake. Physiological changes affecting appetite are frequent and include appetite hormone (ghrelin, leptin, PYY, and GLP-1) effects and the subjective loss of appetite, resulting in nutritional deficiencies. This paper is a narrative review of the literature to verify the HIIT effect on appetite regulation mechanisms and discusses the possible relationship between appetite effects and the need for high-intensity exercise training in a hypoxic environment. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed and the Web of Science databases, as well as English articles (gray literature by Google Scholar for English articles) through Google Scholar, and the searched studies primarily focused on the acute effects of exercise and hypoxic environmental factors on appetite, related hormones, and energy intake. In a general normoxic environment, regular exercise habits may have accustomed the athlete to intense training and, therefore, no changes occurred in their subjective appetite, but there is a significant effect on the appetite hormones. The higher the exercise intensity and the longer the duration, the more likely exercise is to cause exercise-induced appetite loss and changes in appetite hormones. It has not been clear whether performing HIIT in a hypoxic environment may interfere with the exerciser’s diet or the nutritional supplement intake as it suppresses appetite, which, in turn, affects and interferes with the recovery efficiency after exercise. Although appetite-regulatory hormones, the subjective appetite, and energy intake may be affected by exercise, such as hypoxia or hypoxic exercise, we believe that energy intake should be the main observable indicator in future studies on environmental and exercise interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yu Chen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei City 111, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Chung Chou
- Physical Education Office, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan;
| | - Ke-Xun Lin
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City 112, Taiwan;
| | - Toby Mündel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Mu-Tsung Chen
- Department of Food and Beverage Management, Shih Chien University, Taipei City 104, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Hung Liao
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City 112, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.L.); (S.-C.T.)
| | - Shiow-Chwen Tsai
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei City 111, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.L.); (S.-C.T.)
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Hirsch A, Bieleke M, Bertschinger R, Schüler J, Wolff W. Struggles and strategies in anaerobic and aerobic cycling tests: A mixed-method approach with a focus on tailored self-regulation strategies. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259088. [PMID: 34705866 PMCID: PMC8550367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance sports pose a plethora of mental demands that exercisers have to deal with. Unfortunately, investigations of exercise-specific demands and strategies to deal with them are insufficiently researched, leading to a gap in knowledge about athletic requirements and strategies used to deal with them. Here, we investigated which obstacles exercisers experience during an anaerobic (Wingate test) and an aerobic cycling test (incremental exercise test), as well as the strategies they considered helpful for dealing with these obstacles (qualitative analysis). In addition, we examined whether thinking of these obstacles and strategies in terms of if-then plans (or implementation intentions; i.e., "If I encounter obstacle O, then I will apply strategy S!") improves performance over merely setting performance goals (i.e., goal intentions; quantitative analysis). N = 59 participants (age: M = 23.9 ± 6.5 years) performed both tests twice in a 2-within (Experimental session: 1 vs. 2) × 2-between (Condition: goal vs. implementation intention) design. Exercisers' obstacles and strategies were assessed using structured interviews in Session 1 and subjected to thematic analysis. In both tests, feelings of exertion were the most frequently stated obstacle. Motivation to do well, self-encouragement, and focus on the body and on cycling were frequently stated strategies in both tests. There were also test-specific obstacles, such as boredom reported in the aerobic test. For session 2, the obstacles and strategies elicited in Session 1 were used to specify if-then plans. Bayesian mixed-factor ANOVA suggests, however, that if-then plans did not help exercisers to improve their performance. These findings shed novel light into the mental processes accompanying endurance exercise and the limits they pose on performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hirsch
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Maik Bieleke
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Raphael Bertschinger
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Julia Schüler
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Wanja Wolff
- Department of Sport Science, Sport Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Educational Psychology, Institute of Educational Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Sandford GN, Laursen PB, Buchheit M. Anaerobic Speed/Power Reserve and Sport Performance: Scientific Basis, Current Applications and Future Directions. Sports Med 2021; 51:2017-2028. [PMID: 34398445 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Many individual and team sport events require extended periods of exercise above the speed or power associated with maximal oxygen uptake (i.e., maximal aerobic speed/power, MAS/MAP). In the absence of valid and reliable measures of anaerobic metabolism, the anaerobic speed/power reserve (ASR/APR) concept, defined as the difference between an athlete's MAS/MAP and their maximal sprinting speed (MSS)/peak power (MPP), advances our understanding of athlete tolerance to high speed/power efforts in this range. When exercising at speeds above MAS/MAP, what likely matters most, irrespective of athlete profile or locomotor mode, is the proportion of the ASR/APR used, rather than the more commonly used reference to percent MAS/MAP. The locomotor construct of ASR/APR offers numerous underexplored opportunities. In particular, how differences in underlying athlete profiles (e.g., fiber typology) impact the training response for different 'speed', 'endurance' or 'hybrid' profiles is now emerging. Such an individualized approach to athlete training may be necessary to avoid 'maladaptive' or 'non-responses'. As a starting point for coaches and practitioners, we recommend upfront locomotor profiling to guide training content at both the macro (understanding athlete profile variability and training model selection, e.g., annual periodization) and micro levels (weekly daily planning of individual workouts, e.g., short vs long intervals vs repeated sprint training and recovery time between workouts). More specifically, we argue that high-intensity interval training formats should be tailored to the locomotor profile accordingly. New focus and appreciation for the ASR/APR is required to individualize training appropriately so as to maximize athlete preparation for elite competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth N Sandford
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, 4371 Interurban Road, Victoria, BC, V9E 2C5, Canada. .,Athletics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Paul B Laursen
- Sports Performance Research Institute NZ, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,HIIT Science, Revelstoke, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Buchheit
- HIIT Science, Revelstoke, BC, Canada.,Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Versus Sprint Interval Training on Time-Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 50:1145-1161. [PMID: 32034701 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two forms of interval training commonly discussed in the literature are high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT). HIIT consists of repeated bouts of exercise that occur at a power output or velocity between the second ventilatory threshold and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). SIT is performed at a power output or velocity above those associated with VO2max. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study is to systematically review published randomized and pair-matched trials to determine which mode of interval training, HIIT versus SIT, leads to a greater improvement in TT performance in active and trained individuals. The second objective of this review is to perform a subgroup analysis to determine if there is a distinction between HIIT programs that differ in work-bout duration. DATA SOURCES SPORTDiscus (1800-present) and Medline with Full Text (1946-present) were used to conduct a systematic literature search. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected for the review if they met the following criteria: (1) individuals (males and females) who were considered at least moderately trained (~ 3-h per week of activity) as specified by the authors of the included studies; (2) between the ages of 18 and 45 years; (3) randomized or pair-matched trials that included a HIIT and a SIT group; (4) provided detailed information about the interval training program; (5) were at least 2 weeks in duration; (6) included a TT test that required participants to complete a set distance. RESULTS A total of 6 articles met the inclusion criteria for the subjective and objective analysis. The pooled analysis was based on a random-effects model. There was no difference in the change in TT performance when comparing all HIIT versus SIT (0.9%; 90% CI - 1.2-1.9%, p = 0.18). However, subgroup analysis based on duration of work interval indicated a 2% greater improvement in TT performance following long-HIIT (≥ 4 min) when compared to SIT. There was no difference in change in VO2max/peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) between groups. There was a moderate effect (ES = 0.70) in favor of HIIT over SIT in maximal aerobic power (MAP) or maximal aerobic velocity (MAV). CONCLUSION The results of the meta-analysis indicate that long-HIIT may be the optimal form of interval training to augment TT performance. Additional research that directly compares HIIT exercise differing in work-bout duration would strengthen these results and provide further insight into the mechanisms behind the observed benefits of long-HIIT.
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7
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Okamoto T, Kobayashi R, Hashimoto Y, Kikuchi N, Ogoh S. Is individual day-to-day variation of arterial stiffness associated with variation of maximal aerobic performance? BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33422135 PMCID: PMC7797097 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Maximal aerobic capacity, e.g. maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), is not constant, and it has a time-dependent variation based on the condition of individual. On the other hand, arterial properties play an important role in determining aerobic performance, and lower arterial stiffness is associated with higher cardiorespiratory fitness levels. This study examined whether individual variations in maximal aerobic performance are associated with arterial stiffness. Methods Twenty-four (mean age, 19.8 ± 0.2 y) and 10 (mean age, 21.2 ± 0.2 y) recreationally active young men and women participated in Experiment 1 (Ex1) and in Experiment 2 (Ex2), respectively. Aerobic performance was assessed using a graded power test (Ex1) or a 1500-m time trial (Ex2). Simultaneously, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was measured as an index of arterial stiffness in both Ex1 and Ex2 before the exercise trials. In both experiments, subjects returned for measurement of baPWV and V̇O2max or 1500-m time trial at 1 month after first measurements. Results No significant differences in mean baPWV, V̇O2max or 1500-m run time were seen between first and second visits. Mean baPWV was significantly lower on days when participants showed higher V̇O2max or better 1500-m run time (P = 0.001 each) than on days when participants showed lower V̇O2max or worse 1500-m run time. In addition, a significant relationship was seen between individual changes in baPWV from first to second visits and changes in V̇O2max (P=0.0001) or 1500-m run time (P=0.04). Conclusion These findings suggest that individual day-to-day variations in maximal aerobic performance are associated with variations in arterial stiffness. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13102-021-00231-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Okamoto
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8508, Japan.
| | - Ryota Kobayashi
- Center for Fundamental Education, Teikyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuto Hashimoto
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1, Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8508, Japan
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Department of Training Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Ogoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan
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8
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Hsu MJ, Chan HL, Huang YZ, Lin JH, Hsu HH, Chang YJ. Mechanism of Fatigue Induced by Different Cycling Paradigms With Equivalent Dosage. Front Physiol 2020; 11:545. [PMID: 32547418 PMCID: PMC7273923 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leg cycling is one of the most common modes of exercise used in athletics and rehabilitation. This study used a novel cycling setting to elucidate the mechanisms, central vs. peripheral fatigue induced by different resistance with equivalent works (watt∗min). Twelve male adults received low and relatively high resistance cycling fatigue tests until exhausted (RPE > 18) in 2 weeks. The maximal voluntary contraction, voluntary activation level, and twitch forces were measured immediately before and after cycling to calculate General (GFI), central (CFI), and peripheral (PFI) fatigue indices of knee extensors, respectively. The results showed that the CFI (high: 92.26 ± 8.67%, low: 78.32 ± 11.77%, p = 0.004) and PFI (high: 73.76 ± 17.32%, low: 89.63 ± 11.01%, p < 0.017) were specific to the resistance of fatigue protocol. The GFI is influenced by the resistance of cycling to support the equivalent dosage. This study concluded that the mechanism of fatigue would be influenced by the resistance of fatigue protocol although the total works had been controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Ju Hsu
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Lung Chan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Zu Huang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Hong Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Hsiang Hsu
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, and Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ju Chang
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, and Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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9
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Myrkos A, Smilios I, Zafeiridis A, Iliopoulos S, Kokkinou EM, Douda H, Tokmakidis SP. Effects of Work and Recovery Duration and Their Ratio on Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Responses During Aerobic Interval Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2169-2175. [PMID: 32379235 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Myrkos, A, Smilios, I, Zafeiridis, A, Iliopoulos, S, Kokkinou, EM, Douda, H, and Tokmakidis, SP. Effects of work and recovery duration and their ratio on cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses during aerobic interval exercise. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study examined the effect of work and recovery durations and of work-to-rest ratio (WRR) on total exercise time and oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max), on exercise time above 80, 90, and 95% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and HRmax, and on blood lactate concentrations during aerobic interval exercise. Twelve men (22.1 ± 1 year) executed, until exhaustion, 4 interval protocols at an intensity corresponding to 100% of maximal aerobic velocity. Two protocols were performed with work bout duration of 120 seconds and recovery durations of 120 (WRR: 1:1) or 60 seconds (WRR: 2:1), and 2 protocols with work bout duration of 60 seconds and recovery durations of 60 (WRR: 1:1) or 30 seconds (WRR: 2:1). When compared at equal exercise time, total V[Combining Dot Above]O2 and exercise time at V[Combining Dot Above]O2 above 80, 90, and 95% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max were longer (p < 0.05) in 120:120, 120:60 and 60:30 vs. the 60:60 protocol. When analyzed for total exercise time (until exhaustion), total V[Combining Dot Above]O2 was higher (p < 0.01) in the 60:60 compared with all other protocols, and in the 120:120 compared with 120:60. Exercise time >95% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and HRmax was higher (p < 0.05) in the 120:120 vs. the 60:60 protocol; there were no differences among protocols for exercise time >90% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max and HRmax. Blood lactate was lower (p < 0.05) in the 60:60 compared with all other protocols and in the 60:30 vs. the 120:60. In conclusion, when interval exercise protocols are executed at similar effort (until exhaustion), work and recovery durations do not, in general, affect exercise time at high oxygen consumption and HR rates. However, as work duration decreases, a higher work-to-recovery ratio (e.g., 2:1) should be used to achieve and maintain high (>95% of maximum) cardiorespiratory stimulus. Longer work bouts and higher work-to-recovery ratio seem to activate anaerobic glycolysis to a greater extent, as suggested by greater blood lactate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristides Myrkos
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Ilias Smilios
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Andreas Zafeiridis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, Serres, Greece
| | - Stilianos Iliopoulos
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Eleni M Kokkinou
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Helen Douda
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Savvas P Tokmakidis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
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10
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Drapeau A, Labrecque L, Imhoff S, Paquette M, Le Blanc O, Malenfant S, Brassard P. Six weeks of high-intensity interval training to exhaustion attenuates dynamic cerebral autoregulation without influencing resting cerebral blood velocity in young fit men. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14185. [PMID: 31373166 PMCID: PMC6675921 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with reduced dynamic cerebral autoregulation (dCA), but the impact of exercise training per se on dCA remains equivocal. In addition, resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) and dCA after high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in individuals with already high CRF remains unknown. We examined to what extent 6 weeks of HIIT affect resting CBF and dCA in cardiorespiratory fit men and explored if potential changes are intensity-dependent. Endurance-trained men were assigned to group HIIT85 (85% of maximal aerobic power, 1-7 min effort bouts, n = 8) and HIIT115 (115% of maximal aerobic power, 30 sec to 1 min effort bouts, n = 9). Training sessions were completed until exhaustion 3 times/week over 6 weeks. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCAvmean ) were measured continuously at rest and during repeated squat-stands (0.05 and 0.10 Hz). Transfer function analysis (TFA) was used to characterize dCA on driven blood pressure oscillations during repeated squat-stands. Neither training nor intensity had an effect on resting MAP and MCAvmean (both P > 0.05). TFA phase during 0.10 Hz squat-stands decreased after HIIT irrespective of intensity (HIIT85 : 0.77 ± 0.22 vs. 0.67 ± 0.18 radians; HIIT115 : pre: 0.62 ± 0.19 vs. post: 0.59 ± 0.13 radians, time effect P = 0.048). These results suggest that HIIT over 6 weeks have no apparent benefits on resting CBF, but a subtle attenuation in dCA is seen posttraining irrespective of intensity training in endurance-trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Drapeau
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuébecCanada
| | - Lawrence Labrecque
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuébecCanada
| | - Sarah Imhoff
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuébecCanada
| | - Myriam Paquette
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuébecCanada
| | - Olivier Le Blanc
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuébecCanada
| | - Simon Malenfant
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuébecCanada
| | - Patrice Brassard
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversité LavalQuébecCanada
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecQuébecCanada
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11
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Mahjoub H, Le Blanc O, Paquette M, Imhoff S, Labrecque L, Drapeau A, Poirier P, Bédard É, Pibarot P, Brassard P. Cardiac remodeling after six weeks of high-intensity interval training to exhaustion in endurance-trained men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H685-H694. [PMID: 31347913 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00196.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) improves physical performance of endurance athletes, although studies examining its cardiovascular effects are sparse. We evaluated the impact of HIIT on blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac cavities' size and function in endurance-trained adults. Seventeen endurance-trained men underwent 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and Doppler echocardiography at baseline and after 6 wk of HIIT. Participants were divided into 2 groups [85% maximal aerobic power (HIIT85), n = 8 and 115% maximal aerobic power (HIIT115), n = 9] to compare the impact of different HIIT intensities. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and cardiac chambers' size and function were similar between groups at baseline. HIIT reduced heart rate (55 ± 8 vs. 51 ± 7 beats/min; P = 0.003), systolic blood pressure (121 ± 11 vs. 118 ± 9 mmHg; P = 0.01), mean arterial pressure (90 ± 8 vs. 89 ± 6 mmHg; P = 0.03), and pulse pressure (52 ± 6 vs. 49 ± 5 mmHg; P = 0.01) irrespective of training intensity. Left atrium volumes increased after HIIT (maximal: 50 ± 14 vs. 54 ± 14 mL; P = 0.02; minimal: 15 ± 5 vs. 20 ± 8 mL; P = 0.01) in both groups. Right ventricle global longitudinal strain lowered after training in the HIIT85 group only (20 ± 4 vs. 17 ± 3%, P = 0.04). In endurance-trained men, 6 wk of HIIT reduced systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure and increased left atrium volumes irrespective of training intensity, whereas submaximal HIIT deteriorated right ventricle systolic function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The novel findings of this study are that 6 wk of high-intensity interval training increases left atrial volumes irrespective of training intensity (85 or 115% maximal aerobic power), whereas the submaximal training decreases right ventricular systolic function in endurance-trained men. These results may help identify the exercise threshold for potential toxicity of intense exercise training for at-risk individuals and ideal exercise training regimens conferring optimal cardiovascular protection and adapted endurance training for athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haïfa Mahjoub
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Le Blanc
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Myriam Paquette
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah Imhoff
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Lawrence Labrecque
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Audrey Drapeau
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Élisabeth Bédard
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Pibarot
- Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrice Brassard
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Research Center of the Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
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12
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Three weeks of sprint interval training improved high-intensity cycling performance and limited ryanodine receptor modifications in recreationally active human subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1951-1958. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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13
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Labrecque L, Rahimaly K, Imhoff S, Paquette M, Le Blanc O, Malenfant S, Lucas SJE, Bailey DM, Smirl JD, Brassard P. Diminished dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity with forced oscillations in mean arterial pressure with elevated cardiorespiratory fitness. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/21/e13486. [PMID: 29122957 PMCID: PMC5688778 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect that cardiorespiratory fitness has on the dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity during changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) remains equivocal. Using a multiple‐metrics approach, challenging MAP across the spectrum of physiological extremes (i.e., spontaneous through forced MAP oscillations), we characterized dynamic cerebral autoregulatory capacity in 19 male endurance athletes and eight controls via three methods: (1) onset of regulation (i.e., time delay before an increase in middle cerebral artery (MCA) conductance [MCA blood velocity (MCAv)/MAP] and rate of regulation, after transient hypotension induced by sit‐to‐stand, and transfer function analysis (TFA) of MAP and MCAv responses during (2) spontaneous and (3) forced oscillations (5‐min of squat‐stand maneuvers performed at 0.05 and 0.10 Hz). Reductions in MAP and mean MCAv (MCAVmean) during initial orthostatic stress (0‐30 sec after sit‐to‐stand) and the prevalence of orthostatic hypotension were also determined. Onset of regulation was delayed after sit‐to‐stand in athletes (3.1 ± 1.7 vs. 1.5 ± 1.0 sec; P = 0.03), but rate of regulation was not different between groups (0.24 ± 0.05 vs. 0.21 ± 0.09 sec−1; P = 0.82). While both groups had comparable TFA metrics during spontaneous oscillations, athletes had higher TFA gain during 0.10 Hz squat‐stand versus recreational controls (P = 0.01). Reductions in MAP (P = 0.15) and MCAVmean (P = 0.11) during orthostatic stress and the prevalence of initial orthostatic hypotension (P = 0.65) were comparable between groups. These results indicate an intact ability of the cerebral vasculature to react to spontaneous oscillations but an attenuated capability to counter rapid and large changes in MAP in individuals with elevated cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Labrecque
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Research center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Kevan Rahimaly
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Research center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah Imhoff
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Research center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Myriam Paquette
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Research center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Le Blanc
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Research center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon Malenfant
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Research center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Samuel J E Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Damian M Bailey
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory Faculty of Life Sciences and Education University of South Wales, South Wales, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine, Reichwald Health Sciences Centre University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan D Smirl
- Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrice Brassard
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada .,Research center of the Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
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14
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Zafeiridis A, Chatziioannou AC, Sarivasiliou H, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG, Vrabas IS, Pechlivanis A, Zoumpoulakis P, Baskakis C, Dipla K, Theodoridis GA. Global Metabolic Stress of Isoeffort Continuous and High Intensity Interval Aerobic Exercise: A Comparative 1H NMR Metabonomic Study. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4452-4463. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zafeiridis
- Exercise
Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education
and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres 62121, Greece
| | | | - Haralambos Sarivasiliou
- Exercise
Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education
and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres 62121, Greece
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Exercise
Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education
and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres 62121, Greece
| | - Michalis G. Nikolaidis
- Exercise
Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education
and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres 62121, Greece
| | - Ioannis S. Vrabas
- Exercise
Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education
and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres 62121, Greece
| | - Alexandros Pechlivanis
- Biomolecular
Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens, 11635 Greece
| | - Constantinos Baskakis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens, 11635 Greece
| | - Konstantina Dipla
- Exercise
Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education
and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres 62121, Greece
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