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Iosifidou E, Varsamis P. Goal Contents, State Empathy and Instructional Goals in a Physical Disability Vignette. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024; 39:717-728. [PMID: 36823037 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2181679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Setting and recommending instructional goals represents an important communication process in educational and health domains, which are intersected in many cases. However, little is known about the antecedents of instructional goals. The aim of the present study was to examine how the contents of participants' personal goals in life (i.e. goal contents) and state empathy during message processing affected the processes of prioritizing instructional goals in the case of an adolescent who presented physical disability and impaired cognitive functioning, as presented in a video vignette. Health and care practitioners who were members of the educational system, in-service teachers and university students of disciplines related to health, rehabilitation or education, participated in a cross-sectional study. The findings showed that the participants proposed instructional goals according to their current goal contents and state empathy. In particular, state empathy demonstrated both main effects and mediations in influencing intrinsic instructional goals. However, state empathy, in fact its associative component, influenced an extrinsic goal domain as well. Interpretations of this phenomenon are presented, and the limitations of some tools are demonstrated. In addition, suggestions are put forward regarding implications and future research for a proximal causation of the instructional goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Iosifidou
- Department of Educational and Social Policy, University of Macedonia
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2
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Xin W, Xu D, Dou Z, Jacques A, Umbella J, Hill AM. Effectiveness of Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) Centers for Improving Physical Fitness for Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Rehabil Med 2024; 48:5-21. [PMID: 38433005 PMCID: PMC10915308 DOI: 10.5535/arm.23148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
To synthesise the best available evidence for the effectiveness of interventions delivered in community-based rehabilitation (CBR) centers on physical fitness, for community-dwelling older adults living in Asian countries. This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. Seven English and two Chinese electronic databases were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies that were conducted by centers providing CBR. Independent reviewers screened, quality-appraised and extracted data. The primary outcome was physical fitness measured by validated assessment tools, including the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), gait speed, hand grip strength, Functional Reach Test (FRT), and one-leg standing test. Assessments of activity of daily living and quality of life using tools including the Barthel Index, Short Form (SF)-12, and SF-36 were secondary outcomes. After screening 5,272 studies, 29 studies were included (16 RCTs, 13 quasi-experimental studies) from four countries. Meta-analyses found that CBR programs significantly decreased TUG time (mean difference [MD], -1.89 seconds; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], -2.84 to -0.94; I2=0%; Z=3.90, p<0.0001), improved gait speed (MD, 0.10 m/s; 95% CI, 0.01-0.18; I2=0%; Z=2.26, p=0.02), and increased one-leg standing time (MD, 2.81 seconds; 95% CI, 0.41-5.22; I2=0%; Z=2.29, p=0.02). Handgrip strength and FRT showed no statistically significant improvement in the meta-analyses. CBR may improve aspects of physical fitness for older adults in Asian countries. However, variability in intervention components and measurement tools reduced the ability to pool individual studies. Further trials are required with robust designs including standardised measures of physical fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xin
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Curtin School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Department of General Family Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zulin Dou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Angela Jacques
- Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Josephine Umbella
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Anne-Marie Hill
- School of Allied Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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3
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Shannon S, Prentice G, Brick N, Leavey G, Breslin G. Longitudinal Associations Between Athletes' Psychological Needs and Burnout Across a Competitive Season: A Latent Difference Score Analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 44:240-250. [PMID: 35512740 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2021-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Participation in sport can paradoxically be a source of psychological needs satisfaction and psychological needs frustration. Self-determination theory was applied to explain temporal relationships of athletes' psychological needs satisfactions and psychological needs frustrations with burnout through a two-wave longitudinal study. Participants included 184 athletes (Mage = 24.04 years, SD = 5.56, 67.9% male) representing a range of competitive levels. A latent difference score model specifying longitudinal relationships between burnout and needs satisfactions and needs frustrations was tested. Significant within-variable changes were observed for all needs-satisfaction and needs-frustration variables. Longitudinal associations were found in Models 3 (autonomy frustration) and 6 (relatedness satisfaction). Higher burnout at baseline predicted an increase in autonomy frustration (β = 0.13, p < .05), whereas higher relatedness satisfaction at baseline reduced burnout levels later in the season (β = -0.22, p < .001). To conclude, continuous tracking of athlete burnout levels and fostering of needs-supportive climates that minimize autonomy-controlling behaviors are recommended for the burnout prevention in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Shannon
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster UniversityJordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey,Northern Ireland
- Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, Ulster University,Magee Campus, Derry,Northern Ireland
| | | | - Noel Brick
- School of Psychology, Ulster University,Coleraine Campus, Derry,Northern Ireland
| | - Gerard Leavey
- Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, Ulster University,Magee Campus, Derry,Northern Ireland
| | - Gavin Breslin
- Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Well-Being, Ulster University,Magee Campus, Derry,Northern Ireland
- School of Psychology, Ulster University,Coleraine Campus, Derry,Northern Ireland
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4
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Rodrigues F, Macedo R, Mallett CJ, Kawabata M, Monteiro D. Examining the Coach Motivation Questionnaire in Fitness Professionals (CMQ-FP): Factor Structure, Invariance, and Predictive Analysis. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:379-390. [PMID: 33297869 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1846674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To date, most research on the assessment of motivation has been exerciser-focused and has not considered how fitness professionals' motivations impact their behaviors toward exercisers during training sessions. The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of the Coach Motivation Questionnaire in a sample of fitness professionals (CMQ-FP) to ascertain its usefulness for this vocational grouping. Measurement invariance analysis was conducted between female and male fitness professionals, and predictive validity was tested considering need-supportive and need-thwarting behaviors as outcomes. Methods: Participants were 799 fitness professionals (female = 412) aged between 20 and 56 years (M = 28.71, SD = 3.24), who completed a multi-section survey assessing their motivation toward work and their interpersonal behaviors when engaging with exercisers. Results: The results of this research supported all three hypotheses. First, the hypothesized 6-factor measurement model showed acceptable fit to the data. Second, the factor structure of the CMQ-FP was invariant across gender (male and female fitness professionals). Third, fitness professionals' (autonomous or controlled) motivation was a valid predictor of need-supportive or need-thwarting behaviors. Conclusion: This study supported the factor structure of the CMQ-FP, presenting as a valid measure of motivation in fitness professionals. Understanding fitness professionals' perceptions of their coaching motivation can inform professional development activities to assist fitness professionals to increase understanding of what motivates these professionals and how they might be more need-supportive and less need-thwarting in their pedagogical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rodrigues
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPsantarém)
- Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV)
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD)
| | - R Macedo
- Center for Organizational and Social Studies of P. PORTO, (CEOS P.PORTO)
| | - C J Mallett
- The University of Queensland
- Technical University of Munich
| | - M Kawabata
- The University of Queensland
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - D Monteiro
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD)
- ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria
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5
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Stevens M, Rees T, Cruwys T, Olive L. Equipping Physical Activity Leaders to Facilitate Behaviour Change: An Overview, Call to Action, and Roadmap for Future Research. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:33. [PMID: 35244799 PMCID: PMC8894570 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Addressing high and stagnant physical inactivity rates remains a pervasive challenge for researchers, and a priority for health organisations, governments, and physical activity practitioners. Leaders are a prevailing feature of numerous physical activity contexts and can fundamentally influence people’s physical activity behaviours and experiences. In line with this, fitness companies and organisations commonly claim that the leaders of their classes, groups, or sessions will motivate, inspire, and ensure exercisers achieve their goals. We argue, however, that there is insufficient evidence regarding how leaders can best facilitate positive behaviours among, and outcomes for, group members to be confident that these claims are translating into strong physical activity leadership on the ground. In this article, we therefore call for research that equips leaders with greater knowledge and practical guidelines for how to maximise their effectiveness. To facilitate such research, we provide an overview of research that has examined the most effective ways for physical activity leaders to promote health-enhancing behaviours (e.g. greater participation) and positive experiences that may lead to such behaviours (e.g. greater exercise enjoyment) among those they lead. Then, with the shortcomings of this extant research in mind, we outline four broad recommendations for future research: (a) conduct research in novel and varied contexts, (b) focus on insufficiently active populations, (c) utilise qualitative methods, and (d) focus on translation and implementation. Such research would, we believe, generate knowledge that enables physical activity leaders to capitalise on their potential to be powerful agents of behaviour change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stevens
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Tim Rees
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Tegan Cruwys
- Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Lisa Olive
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia.,IMPACT Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
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Shore CB, Galloway SDR, Gorely T, Hunter AM, Hubbard G. Exercise Referral Instructors' Perspectives on Supporting and Motivating Participants to Uptake, Attend and Adhere to Exercise Prescription: A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:203. [PMID: 35010462 PMCID: PMC8750611 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exercise referral schemes are designed to support people with non-communicable diseases to increase their levels of exercise to improve health. However, uptake and attendance are low. This exploratory qualitative study aims to understand uptake and attendance from the perspectives of exercise referral instructors using semi-structured interviews. Six exercise referral instructors from one exercise referral scheme across four exercise referral sites were interviewed. Four themes emerged: (i) the role that instructors perceive they have and approaches instructors take to motivate participants to take-up, attend exercise referral and adhere to their exercise prescription; (ii) instructors' use of different techniques, which could help elicit behaviour change; (iii) instructors' perceptions of participants' views of exercise referral schemes; and (iv) barriers towards providing an exercise referral scheme. Exercise referral instructors play an important, multifaceted role in the uptake, attendance and adherence to exercise referral. On-going education and peer support for instructors may be useful. Instructors' perspectives help us to further understand how health and leisure services can design successful exercise referral schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin B. Shore
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7YH, UK
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (S.D.R.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Stuart D. R. Galloway
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (S.D.R.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Trish Gorely
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI), Inverness IV2 3JH, UK; (T.G.); (G.H.)
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK; (S.D.R.G.); (A.M.H.)
- Department of Sports Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Gill Hubbard
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI), Inverness IV2 3JH, UK; (T.G.); (G.H.)
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Wang X, Lai IKW, Liu X. The Effect of Place Attachment on Overseas Students' Tourism Ambassador Behavior: A Mediation Role of Life Satisfactionrdrd. Front Psychol 2021; 12:766997. [PMID: 34966327 PMCID: PMC8710566 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Life satisfaction is a research hotspot in positive psychology in recent years. This study uses overseas students as subjects and attempts to examine the effect of place attachment and student life satisfaction on Mainland Chinese students' word-of-mouth (WOM) recommendations and their Ambassador Behavioral (AB) intention. A survey was systematically conducted in six institutions in Macao. The results of 312 valid data indicate that place dependence has a positive influence on place identity; place identity and place dependence have a positive influence on student life satisfaction; student life satisfaction mediates the influence of the two dimensions of place attachment on WOM and AB intention. Recommendations are provided to improve overseas students' life satisfaction in the study places. It helps to improve their sense of ownership and actively participate in the construction of the study places.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinyu Liu
- Faculty of International Tourism and Management, City University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
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8
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Kritz M, Thøgersen-Ntoumani C, Mullan B, Stathi A, Ntoumanis N. How can older peer leaders best support motivation for walking in physically inactive older adults? A self-determination theory perspective. Psychol Health 2021:1-22. [PMID: 34726967 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2021.1994968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine what older adults perceive to be need-supportive behaviours of peer walk leaders, drawing primarily from Self-Determination Theory (SDT). DESIGN Experienced peer leaders (n = 13; Mage = 73.23, SD = 6.55) and walkers (n = 17; Mage = 72.88, SD = 5.79) were recruited from existing walking groups. Individuals who expressed an interest in becoming a peer leader (n = 18; Mage = 72.72, SD = 4.99) or walker (n = 20; Mage = 78.90, SD = 10.45) were recruited from retirement villages. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We conducted semi-structured interviews to identify leader behaviours that support autonomy, competence, and relatedness and analysed the data using framework analysis. RESULTS We identified eight main themes: eliciting walker interest, acknowledging and adapting to walkers' requirements, ensuring walkers feel comfortable, cared for, and socially integrated, supporting walker confidence, and promoting success experiences. Inexperienced leaders differed from other sub-groups in what they perceived to be supportive behaviours. CONCLUSION Future peer leaders could use the identified behaviours to help older adults feel motivated during group walks. New peer leaders can be educated about potential differences between what they describe as supportive and what walkers and experienced leaders perceive as need-supportive behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Kritz
- Physical Activity and Wellbeing Research Group, Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Thøgersen-Ntoumani
- Physical Activity and Wellbeing Research Group, Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Enable Institute, Curtin University, Australia
| | - Barbara Mullan
- Enable Institute, Curtin University, Australia.,WACPRU, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Afroditi Stathi
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nikos Ntoumanis
- Physical Activity and Wellbeing Research Group, Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Enable Institute, Curtin University, Australia.,School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
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Hesketh KL, Church H, Kinnafick F, Shepherd SO, Wagenmakers AJM, Cocks M, Strauss JA. Evidence-based vs. social media based high-intensity interval training protocols: Physiological and perceptual responses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257685. [PMID: 34587217 PMCID: PMC8480907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient exercise modality to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, and has recently been popularised by social media influencers. However, little is known regarding acute physiological and perceptual responses to these online protocols compared to HIIT protocols used within research. The aim was to investigate acute physiological, perceptual and motivational responses to two HIIT protocols popular on social media, and compare these to two evidence-based protocols. METHODS Twenty-seven recreationally active (>1 exercise session /week) participants (Age: 22±3y, BMI: 24.3±2.4) completed a randomised cross-over study, whereby each participant completed four HIIT protocols, two already established in research (Ergo-60:60 (cycling 10x60s at 100%Wmaxwith 60s rest), BW-60:60 (body-weight exercises 10x60swith 60s rest)) and two promoted on social media (SM-20:10 (body-weight exercises 20x20swith 10s rest) and SM-40:20 (body-weight exercises 15x40s with 20s rest)). Blood lactate, heart rate (HR), feeling scale (FS), felt arousal scale (FSA), enjoyment and perceived competence were measured in response to each protocol. RESULTS Significant differences were observed between BW-60:60 and SM-20:10 for the proportion of intervals meeting the ACSM high-intensity exercise criterion (>80% of HRmax) (BW-60:60 93±10%, SM-20:10 74±20%, P = 0.039) and change in lactate (BW-60:60 +7.8±3.7mmol/L, SM-20:10 +5.5±2.6mmol/L, P = 0.001). The percentage of time spent above the criterion HR was also significantly lower in SM-20:10 compared to all other protocols (Ergo-60:60 13.9±4.9min, BW-60:60 13.5±3.5min, SM-40:20 12.1±2.4min, SM-20:10 7.7±3.1, P<0.05). No differences were observed in lowest reported FS between protocols (P = 0.268), but FS decreased linearly throughout Ergo-60:60 and BW-60:60 (first vs. last interval P<0.05), but not in SM-20:10 or SM-40:20 (P>0.05). Enjoyment was higher upon completion of BW-60:60 compared to Ergo-60:60 and SM-40:20 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that HIIT protocols available on social media offer an interesting real-world alternative for promoting exercise participation. Future studies should continue to investigate these highly popular and practical HIIT protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Hesketh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Church
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Florence Kinnafick
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Sam O. Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anton J. M. Wagenmakers
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Juliette A. Strauss
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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10
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Motivational Strategies Used by Exercise Professionals: A Latent Profile Analysis. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:895-903. [PMID: 34172590 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using self-determination theory as a framework, the aim of this study was 2-fold: (1) identify different profiles of motivational strategies used by exercise professionals and (2) examine associations of these motivational profiles with work-related variables: measures, perceived job pressures, need satisfaction/frustration, and perceived exercisers' motivation. METHODS Participants were 366 exercise professionals (193 males; experience = 7.7 [5.8] y) currently working in health and fitness settings. RESULTS Latent profile analysis identified a 3-profile model: (1) most need-supportive and least controlling (NS+; n = 225), (2) less need-supportive and slightly controlling (NS-; n = 42), and (3) most controlling and slightly need-supportive (mixed; n = 99). Professionals working less than 20 hours per week, more experienced, and female were more likely to integrate NS+, which was also associated with higher levels of work-related need satisfaction and clients' perceived self-determination, and lower levels of job pressures and need-frustration. Conversely, NS- displayed the most maladaptive pattern of associations. CONCLUSIONS The present findings highlight the importance of analyzing the correlates of different professional profiles, namely to help health and fitness organizations to provide high-quality motivational practices within an appropriate environment both for professionals and clients.
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11
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Rodrigues F, Cid L, Teixeira D, Monteiro D. Re-Applying the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale to Various Portuguese Exercise Groups: An Analysis of Bifactor Models and Contextual Invariance. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:1660-1683. [PMID: 34000895 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211016803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research explored the nature of basic psychological needs in physical activity settings by applying relatively advanced methodological procedures for psychometric assessment. We first re-examined the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) by reviewing its applicability for physical activity domains among Portuguese respondents. We demonstrated the use of Bifactor Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) and discussed the practical implications of these models. Next, we tested contextual measurement invariance in order to examine needs universality. Our participants were gym exercisers (n = 1935), physical education students (n = 1449), and athletes (n = 1631), all of whom completed the adapted and validated version of the scale in their respective practice physical activity domains. All models under analysis displayed acceptable to excellent fit; the bifactor ESEM model displayed the best fit. We conducted ancillary bifactor measures to assess scale dimensionality and found that the BPNES is best interpreted as a multidimensional instrument. Through testing for multigroup analysis, the bifactor ESEM did not show contextual invariance. In conclusion, the BPNES should be predominantly used as a multidimensional instrument when assessing basic needs in separate physical activity domains. Basic psychological needs are perceived differently between seemingly similar physical activity contexts. Researchers should measure basic needs as a global factor and use context validated sub-scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Rodrigues
- Sport Science School of (ESDRM-IPSantarém), Rio Maior, Portugal.,Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), Santarém, Portugal
| | - Luis Cid
- Sport Science School of (ESDRM-IPSantarém), Rio Maior, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Diogo Monteiro
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal.,ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
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12
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Rodrigues F, Macedo R, Teixeira DS, Cid L, Travassos B, Neiva H, Monteiro D. The Co-Occurrence of Satisfaction and Frustration of Basic Psychological Needs and Its Relationship with Exercisers' Motivation. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 155:165-185. [PMID: 33539232 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2020.1862738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the relationship between both need frustration and, particularly, need satisfaction and different motivational regulations for exercise has been widely examined in the literature, little is known about the co-occurrence of both need satisfaction and need frustration in the exercise context. Grounded in self-determination theory, the present study aimed to examine the effects of both need satisfaction and frustration on motivational regulations for exercise, by applying a response surface analysis approach. In total, 477 regular exercisers aged 18-54 years participated in this study. The interaction between needs (high on both need satisfaction and frustration) displayed a positive and significant association with amotivation, integrated regulation, and intrinsic motivation. Considering the direction of the discrepancy (high vs. low levels of need satisfaction and frustration) related to the behavioral regulations, results showed that higher need satisfaction relative to need frustration was associated with more self-determined regulations of motivation. Contrarily, higher need satisfaction relative to need frustration was associated with lower scores on amotivation, external, introjected, and identified regulation. Overall, these findings extend previous literature, suggesting that need satisfaction and frustration are distinct factors that can be experienced simultaneously in individuals during exercise and that different degrees of both needs have different associations with behavioral regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Rodrigues
- University of Beira Interior (UBI).,Polytechnic Institute of Santarém Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior.,Research Center in Sports Sciences Health and Human Development.,Life Quality Research Centre
| | | | - Diogo Santos Teixeira
- Lusófona University of Humanities and Technology (ULHT).,Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER)
| | - Luis Cid
- Polytechnic Institute of Santarém Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior.,Research Center in Sports Sciences Health and Human Development
| | - Bruno Travassos
- University of Beira Interior (UBI).,Research Center in Sports Sciences Health and Human Development
| | - Henrique Neiva
- University of Beira Interior (UBI).,Research Center in Sports Sciences Health and Human Development
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- Research Center in Sports Sciences Health and Human Development.,ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria
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13
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Nicholas JC, Ntoumanis N, Smith BJ, Quested E, Stamatakis E, Thøgersen-Ntoumani C. Development and feasibility of a mobile phone application designed to support physically inactive employees to increase walking. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2021; 21:23. [PMID: 33478495 PMCID: PMC7819207 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-021-01391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Physical inactivity is a global health concern. mHealth interventions have become increasingly popular, but to date, principles of effective communication from Self-Determination Theory have not been integrated with behavior change techniques to optimize app effectiveness. We outline the development of the START app, an app combining SDT principles and 17 purposefully chosen BCTs to support inactive office employees to increase their walking during a 16-week randomized controlled trial. We also explored acceptability, engagement with, associations between app usage and behavioral engagement, and perceived impact of the app in supporting behavior change.
Methods Following development, fifty insufficiently physically active employees (M age = 44.21 ± 10.95 years; BMI = 29.02 ± 5.65) were provided access and instructions on use of the app. A mixed methods design was used to examine feasibility of the app, including the User Mobile App Rating Scale, app engagement data, step counts, and individual interviews. Linear mixed modeling and inductive thematic analysis were used to analyze quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. Results Walkers rated the app quality favorably (M = 3.68 out of 5). Frequency of entering step counts (i.e., frequency of self-monitoring) on a weekly basis positively predicted weekly step counts measured via Fitbits at both the between-and within-individual levels. App features (entering daily step counts, reminders, and motivational messages) were perceived to assist walkers in fostering goal achievement by building competence and via self-monitoring. Conclusions The START app may be a useful component of walking interventions designed to increase walking in the workplace. Apps designed to promote walking behavior may be effective if they target users’ competence and integrate BCTs. Trial Registration: This study was part of a pilot larger randomized controlled trial, in which a component of the intervention involved the use of the mobile app. The trial was retrospectively registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618000807257) on 11 May 2018 https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=375049&isReview=true.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Catherine Nicholas
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Research Group, School of Psychology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.,Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts, Edith Cowan University, Mount Lawley, Perth, WA, 6050, Australia
| | - Nikos Ntoumanis
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Research Group, School of Psychology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Brendan John Smith
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Research Group, School of Psychology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Eleanor Quested
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Research Group, School of Psychology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Stamatakis
- Charles Perkins Centre L6 West, Hub D17, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Cecilie Thøgersen-Ntoumani
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Research Group, School of Psychology, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
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14
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Shannon S, Prentice G, Breslin G. Athletes' Psychological Needs and Coaches' Interpersonal Behaviors: A Within-Person Latent Profile Analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 43:71-82. [PMID: 33401242 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2019-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Basic psychological needs theory is limited by variable-centered studies focused on linear relationships between perceived needs-supportive/controlling coach behaviors. Therefore, latent profile analysis was used to determine if heterogenous profiles emerged from the interactive effects of needs-supportive and -controlling coach behaviors and the subsequent association with sport-specific mental health outcomes (i.e., burnout and subjective vitality). A total of 685 athletes took part (age = 23.39 years, male = 71%), and the latent profile analysis revealed five novel, diverse profiles, labeled as "supportive-developmental," "needs-indifferent," "overly critical," "harsh-controlling," and "distant-controlling" coaches. The profiles predicted significant mental health variance (adjusted R2 = .15-.24), wherein the "supportive-developmental" profile scored most favorably on 90% of the outcomes. The largest mean differences were observed against the "harsh-controlling" (n = 5), "overly critical" (n = 3), and "distant controlling" (n = 2) profiles. Overall, latent profile analysis revealed substantial nuance in athletes' social contexts, predicting variance in mental health. Needs-supportive interventions are needed for "overly critical," "harsh controlling," and "distant controlling" athlete profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Shannon
- Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus
- Ulster University, Magee Campus
| | | | - Gavin Breslin
- Ulster University, Jordanstown Campus
- Ulster University, Magee Campus
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15
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Rodrigues F, Macedo R. Exercise Promotion: Reviewing the Importance of Health Professionals' Interpersonal Behaviors on Exercisers' Basic Psychological Needs. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 128:800-812. [PMID: 33357091 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520983078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have investigated the impact of exercisers' perceptions of health professionals' interpersonal behaviors on exercisers' exercise adherence. From these studies, there is increased interest in developing and evaluating programs to improve health professionals' communication skills and interpersonal behavior. In this narrative review, we provide examples of self-determination theory and newer modifications to it, discuss the empirical conditions that foster optimal exerciser motivation, consider the antecedent factors influencing health professionals' behaviors, and offer practical suggestions to health professionals seeking to promote regular exercise practice. Since exercisers perceive and differentiate health professionals' need-supportive, need-thwarting, and need-passive behaviors, health professionals who can critically and consciously distinguish these different types of behavior are more likely to foster supportive climates and suppress the use of need-thwarting and need-indifferent behaviors. The interpersonal interaction between health professionals and exercisers strongly influences how exercisers will regulate their behavior toward persistent exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Rodrigues
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém), Rio Maior, Portugal.,Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), Santarém, Portugal
| | - Rita Macedo
- Center for Organizational and Social Studies of P. PORTO, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Rodrigues F, Pelletier LG, Rocchi M, Neiva HP, Teixeira DS, Cid L, Silva L, Monteiro D. Trainer-exerciser relationship: The congruency effect on exerciser psychological needs using response surface analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:226-241. [PMID: 32929776 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Perceptions of fitness trainers' need-supportive and need-thwarting behaviors have been shown to impact exercisers' psychological need satisfaction and frustration. Currently, it is unknown whether an agreement or disagreement between exercisers' and fitness trainers' reported perceptions of these behaviors leads to the satisfaction and/or frustration of psychological needs. Based on self-determination theory, the present study examined the effect of congruency between fitness trainers' and exercisers' perceptions of need-supportive and need-thwarting interpersonal behaviors on basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration. A sample of 130 fitness trainers (43 females; Mage = 31.58 ± 7.65) and a total of 640 gym exercisers (350 females; Mage = 34.23 ± 11.59) participated in this study. Findings suggested that the majority of fitness trainers tended to over-report their use of need-supportive behavior and under-report their need-thwarting behaviors. Results showed that when there was congruency between fitness trainers' reported use and exercisers' perception of interpersonal behaviors, basic need satisfaction tended to increase. This effect was greater for exercisers that rated their respective fitness trainer high on relatedness support. Fitness trainers should be self-aware of their interpersonal behaviors when engaging with exercisers and interventions based on self-determination theory could serve as a promising avenue to improve the quality of exercisers' experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Rodrigues
- Department of Sports Science, University of Beira Interior (UBI), Covilhã, Portugal.,Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém), Rio Maior, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Luc G Pelletier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Meredith Rocchi
- Department of Communication, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Henrique P Neiva
- Department of Sports Science, University of Beira Interior (UBI), Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo S Teixeira
- Lusófona University of Humanities and Technology (ULHT), Lisbon, Portugal.,Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luis Cid
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém), Rio Maior, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luis Silva
- Kinesiolab, Instituto Piaget, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA.,Neuromuscular Research Lab, University of Lisbon Faculty of Human Kinetics, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro Lusíada de Investigação em Serviço Social e Intervenção Social, Lusíada University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- Research Center in Sport, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Human Kinetics, ESECS, Polytechnique of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
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17
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Moreno-Murcia JA, Borges-Silva F. Interpersonal motivating style, basic psychological needs and reasons for fitness practice. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:310-316. [PMID: 32975392 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to check the relationship between the teacher's interpersonal style with the basic psychological needs and the reasons for practice in fitness. METHODS We use a sample of 701 people (250 men and 451 women) fitness people (M=32.80, DT=10.97). The instructor's interpersonal style (support autonomy and controller style), the satisfaction of basic psychological needs and the reasons for practice were measured. RESULTS The interpersonal style of autonomy support was much more valued than the controller style. The most valued practice reasons were health, ability, and image. After the linear regression analysis, it was observed that the basic psychological needs positively predicted the interpersonal style of autonomy support and negatively the controller style. In the same way, the reason for practicing health and ability predicted the interpersonal style of support autonomy, and social recognition in a negative way. While the reason for practicing social recognition was the only factor that predicted the controller interpersonal style. CONCLUSIONS The results support that the most self-determined practices are associated with support autonomy in fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Borges-Silva
- Faculty of Sports, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain -
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18
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The Dark Side of Motivational Practices in Exercise Professionals: Mediators of Controlling Strategies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155377. [PMID: 32722573 PMCID: PMC7432316 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
According to the Self-Determination Theory, perceived job pressures can coerce professionals to develop more controlled motivations towards their work, and consequently increase the probability of using controlling motivational strategies. This study sought to analyze work-related motivations as mediators between two types of perceived job pressures: organizational constraints and perceptions of clients' controlled motivation and the use of controlling motivational strategies by exercise professionals. Using a cross-sectional design, involving 366 exercise professionals (172 women), mediation paths were assessed following Preacher and Hayes statistical procedures. Models were adjusted for gender, work experience (years), and the internal tendency to feel events as pressuring. Organizational constraints were associated with lower autonomous motivation for work and the use of controlling strategies. Perceptions of clients' controlled motivation were associated with work-related amotivation and the use of controlling strategies. Amotivation mediated the association between organizational constraints and controlling strategies. Overall, results support theoretical predictions and previous research, extending it to the exercise domain, highlighting the interplay between job pressures, work-related motivations, and the use of controlling strategies. The understanding of what influences exercise professionals' motivation, and consequently the motivational strategies they use, is of paramount importance for exercise promotion and the benefit of those who seek their expert guidance.
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19
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Diotaiuti P, Valente G, Mancone S, Grambone A. Psychometric Properties and a Preliminary Validation Study of the Italian Brief Version of the Communication Styles Inventory (CSI-B/I). Front Psychol 2020; 11:1421. [PMID: 32655460 PMCID: PMC7323508 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People will typically develop a communication style that tends to be coherent with their own fundamental personality traits. The current debate on communication style acknowledges the construct of adaptive behavior as an appropriate area where to include both the strictly personal aspects and social learning and cultural assimilation, which translate into communicative style as a specific form of adaptation integrating the behavioral and personality perspectives. Due to the lack of instruments in the Italian psychometric scenario to assess communication styles, the present study included the translation and validation of the Italian short version of the Communication Styles Inventory (CSI-B/I). Methods. The CSI-B/I was administered to a sample of 1,044 participants, while the concurrent validity was tested through a second administration to 518 participants along with the MPP (Multidimensional Personality Profile). Results. Confirmatory factor analysis bore out a three-factor solution (including 18 items) with good indices of adaptation to data, e.g., χ2/df = 1.251, RMSEA = 0.027, RMSEA 90% CI = 0.008–0.040, GFI = 0.958, AGFI = 0.937, CFI = 0.983 and NFI = 0.922. The CSI-B/I allows to measure three main dimensions of the communication style: impression manipulativeness; emotionality; expressiveness. Internal consistency reliability and significant correlations with the MPP supported the concurrent validity of the tool. Conclusion. By virtue of its good psychometric properties, CSI-B/I represents an important addition to the assessment in multiple contexts: companies, institutions, staff selection, individual and group profile analysis, coaching, psychotherapy, counseling, career guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Diotaiuti
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valente
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Stefania Mancone
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Angela Grambone
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
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20
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Fishleder S, Petrescu-Prahova M, Harris JR, Leroux B, Bennett K, Helfrich CD, Kohn M, Hannon P. Predictors of Improvement in Physical Function in Older Adults in an Evidence-Based Physical Activity Program (EnhanceFitness). J Geriatr Phys Ther 2020; 42:230-242. [PMID: 29979352 PMCID: PMC6318072 DOI: 10.1519/jpt.0000000000000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Declines in strength, flexibility, and balance in older adults can lead to injuries and loss of independence and are particularly common in those of greater age and in worse health. EnhanceFitness (EF) is a nationally disseminated, evidence-based group exercise program for older adults that has been shown to improve function through cardiovascular, strength, flexibility, and balance exercises. This article examines changes in, and predictors of, participant physical function from baseline through 2 program cycles of EF as measured by 3 physical function tests: arm curls, chair stands, and 8-foot up-and-go. METHODS We analyzed data on participants who attended at least 2 consecutive 16-week program cycles between January 2005 and June 2016. We ran 3 random-effects linear regression models, 1 for each physical function test, and accounted for missing data and clustering by class site. Independent variables included attendance, demographics, and health status. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 7483 participants completed baseline and 2 sets of follow-up physical function tests. For all 3 physical function tests, participants showed some degree of improved physical function at each follow-up, and greater program attendance predicted clinically significant improvements. Some participants had less improvement: females, those less active at baseline, older than 75 years, not married or partnered, or in fair or poor health, those who had experienced at least 1 fall, and those with a disability. CONCLUSION EnhanceFitness program providers may need to implement additional measures to support the participants who could benefit most from EF, such as targeting messaging, coordinating with referring providers to emphasize attendance and general activity in specific participants, and offering additional support to groups who show less improvement during classes. The evidence presented here may inform clinical decision making for older adult patients and increase health care provider confidence in EF and similar exercise programs, thereby providing a mechanism to maintain and continue functional gains made in clinical or rehabilitation settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fishleder
- Health Promotion Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Miruna Petrescu-Prahova
- Health Promotion Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jeffrey R. Harris
- Health Promotion Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Brian Leroux
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Kimberly Bennett
- Department of Rehabilitative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Marlana Kohn
- Health Promotion Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Peggy Hannon
- Health Promotion Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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21
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Kasim NF, Veldhuijzen van Zanten J, Aldred S. Tai Chi is an effective form of exercise to reduce markers of frailty in older age. Exp Gerontol 2020; 135:110925. [PMID: 32184194 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Frailty affects the quality of life of older age adults by limiting mobility, reducing physiological reserve and reducing independence. The frailty phenotype is typically characterised by exhaustion, loss or lack of physical activity, weight loss and weakness, although more recently there have been proposals to extend the frailty criteria to include physiological characteristics such as inflammation, oxidative stress and vascular function. Exercise has the potential to prevent, delay or even reverse frailty, but not all exercise is perceived as suitable for an older age population. The purpose of this study was to test Tai Chi and Zumba Gold® as exercise interventions in older age adults (65 to 75 years old) to improve characteristics related to the frailty phenotype. Muscle strength and flexibility (functional fitness as a measure of weakness), cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure, vascular function (FMD), markers of oxidative stress (total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, 8-isoprostane, protein carbonyl), inflammation (CRP) and aspects of wellbeing related to exhaustion were assessed at baseline (pre-), 6 weeks (mid-) and 12 weeks (post-intervention). Both Tai Chi and Zumba Gold® improved systolic blood pressure, vascular function, and functional fitness following the 12 week intervention to a similar extent. Furthermore Antioxidant capacity was significantly increased (303 ± 15.56 vs. 336 ± 18.82 μm; p = 0.0028) and lipid oxidation significantly reduced (36.41 ± 6.4 vs 13.49 ± 2.5 pg/ml; p = 0.0042) after 12 weeks of Tai Chi compared to baseline. Anxiety, physical and mental fatigue decreased in both groups, with a greater decrease in mental fatigue in the Tai Chi group. Taken together, these changes suggest that Tai Chi has the potential to reduce outcomes related to the extended frailty phenotype in older age adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Fadila Kasim
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Faculty of Sport Science and Coaching, Sultan Idris Education University Malaysia
| | - Jet Veldhuijzen van Zanten
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sarah Aldred
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
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22
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Thøgersen-Ntoumani C, Quested E, Smith BS, Nicholas J, McVeigh J, Fenton SAM, Stamatakis E, Parker S, Pereira G, Gucciardi DF, Ntoumanis N. Feasibility and preliminary effects of a peer-led motivationally-embellished workplace walking intervention: A pilot cluster randomized trial (the START trial). Contemp Clin Trials 2020; 91:105969. [PMID: 32114186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.105969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Walking interventions can be effective in increasing physical activity amongst physically inactive employees. However, despite their promising potential regarding sustainability and scalability, peer-led workplace walking interventions have not been tested. We evaluated a peer-led workplace group walking intervention designed to engage physically inactive employees. A 16-week pilot cluster randomized controlled trial consisted of enhanced (5 worksites; n = 50 participants) and minimal treatment (3 worksites; n = 47) conditions. All participants were provided with a Fitbit Zip and information on health benefits of walking. Enhanced treatment participants had access to a mobile phone app incorporating behavior change techniques, were trained on principles of autonomous motivation, and had a peer leader trained in a motivationally supportive communication style. Feasibility assessments included recruitment and drop-out rates, assessment completion rates, training acceptability (walkers and peer leaders), and intervention acceptability (walkers only). Outcomes assessed included movement-related behaviors (assessed via activPAL devices), cardio-metabolic risk factors, motivation to walk, and well-being, and these measures were taken at baseline and post-intervention. The results supported intervention feasibility. Preliminary efficacy evidence was mixed. Markers of cardio-metabolic risk improved in the enhanced treatment only. Autonomous motivation increased in both conditions. There were no changes in step counts, standing, and sitting time, or well-being. Further fine tuning is needed before a definitive RCT. Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12618000807257.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thøgersen-Ntoumani
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Research Group, School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | - E Quested
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Research Group, School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - B S Smith
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Research Group, School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - J Nicholas
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Research Group, School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - J McVeigh
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - S A M Fenton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, England
| | - E Stamatakis
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - S Parker
- Centre for Transformative Work Design, Future of Work Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - G Pereira
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - D F Gucciardi
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - N Ntoumanis
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Research Group, School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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23
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Understanding Exercise Adherence: The Predictability of Past Experience and Motivational Determinants. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10020098. [PMID: 32059352 PMCID: PMC7071831 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An unresolved debate lingers over the effect of past behavior on motivational patterns and future behavior stability in the exercise context. Theorists argue that past behavior has a residual effect on future behavior; however, empirical studies have shown that past behavior displays significant power in predicting behavior recurrence in the future. The present research aimed to examine the effect of past behavior and motivational determinants on future exercise adherence. METHODS Data from 437 Portuguese gym exercisers (female = 235; male = 202) aged between 18 and 53 years (M = 31.14; SD = 9.47), with exercise experience ranging from 6 to 12 months (M = 9.41; SD = 1.33) were considered for research. Participants completed a multi-section survey measuring interpersonal behaviors, basic psychological needs, behavioral regulations, and intentions. Data from past behavior and future exercise adherence were collected using computerized records of their attendance at the gym. RESULTS Positive and significant correlations paths were evidenced among perceived supportive behaviors, needs satisfaction, autonomous motivation, intentions and future exercise adherence. Similar results were presented among perceived thwarting behaviors, needs frustration, and controlled motivation. Regression paths showed that perceived supportive behavior, basic needs satisfaction, and autonomous motivation displayed positive and significant effects on future behaviors; thus, past behavior displayed the highest coefficient on future exercise adherence. Fitness professionals should aim at creating supportive environments, thus, improving the likelihood of being perceived by exercisers as need-supportive individuals. By doing so, as a result, exercisers would experience increased levels of autonomous motivation and higher rates of future exercise attendance at the gym. Hence, exercisers will gradually form their positive past exercise experience, increasing the probability of engaging in an exercise in the future.
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24
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Solstad BE, Stenling A, Ommundsen Y, Wold B, Heuzé JP, Sarrazin P, Castillo I, Cruz J, Hall H, Papaioannou A, Duda JL. Initial psychometric testing of the coach-adapted version of the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire: A Bayesian approach. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:626-643. [PMID: 32019419 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1722575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the psychometric properties of the coach-adapted version of the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ) using Bayesian structural equation modelling (BSEM). The sample included 780 (Mage = 36.4; SD = 10.8; males n = 698; females n = 54; 28 participants did not report sex) youth sport coaches representing five European countries (i.e., England, France, Greece, Norway, and Spain). The results did not support a 34-item five-factor, hierarchical, a two-factor BSEM, or a bifactor BSEM model across the participating countries. However, the results supported a reduced 19-item first-order, two-factor BSEM model that largely showed approximate metric invariance, but not approximate scalar invariance across the five countries. The pool of items constituting empowering and disempowering motivational climates should be refined to further enhance the empirical operationalisation of the coach-adapted version of the EDMCQ. Advancing the quality of translation-back-translation procedures across cultures and conducting multi-national pilot testing seems warranted as well. These recommendations may help to identify the distinctive aspects of each underlying sub-dimension of the EDMCQ, where coaches are the respondents, and pave the way for further examination of the proposed hierarchical multidimensional factor structure and the cross-cultural equivalence of the EDMCQ for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bård Erlend Solstad
- Department of Coaching and Psychology, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Stenling
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yngvar Ommundsen
- Department of Coaching and Psychology, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Wold
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jean-Philippe Heuzé
- Laboratoire Sport Et Environnement Social, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Sarrazin
- Laboratoire Sport Et Environnement Social, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabel Castillo
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaume Cruz
- Department of Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Howard Hall
- Professor emeritus, Sutton on the Forest, UK
| | | | - Joan L Duda
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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25
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Ntoumanis N, Ng JY, Prestwich A, Quested E, Hancox JE, Thøgersen-Ntoumani C, Deci EL, Ryan RM, Lonsdale C, Williams GC. A meta-analysis of self-determination theory-informed intervention studies in the health domain: effects on motivation, health behavior, physical, and psychological health. Health Psychol Rev 2020; 15:214-244. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2020.1718529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Ntoumanis
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Group, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Johan Y.Y. Ng
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Eleanor Quested
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Group, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Jennie E. Hancox
- Division of Primary Care, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Cecilie Thøgersen-Ntoumani
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Group, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Edward L. Deci
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, USA
- School of Management, University of South-east Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard M. Ryan
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Lonsdale
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Geoffrey C. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Psychology, and Psychiatry, Center for Community Health and Prevention, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA
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Dimmock J, Simich D, Budden T, Podlog L, Beauchamp M, Jackson B. Not All Promotion Is Good Promotion: The Pitfalls of Overexaggerated Claims and Controlling Language in Exercise Messaging. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 42:1-14. [PMID: 31896074 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2019-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Across 2 studies, the authors explored reactance effects to overexaggerated claims and controlling language in exercise messaging. In Study 1, participants received either a message exaggerating the benefits of an upcoming exercise session or no message. They subsequently undertook a mundane exercise session led by an instructor, which was either need supportive or "realistically controlling." Relative to no-message participants, those who had read the message reported less positive evaluations of the session. These results were observed despite participants in the message condition holding more positive presession expectations, and the effect was apparent even for those who received need-supportive instruction. In Study 2, participants read an advertisement that was written in either autonomy-supportive language or controlling language. Despite reporting comparable expectations, participants who received a controlling-language message reported significantly greater anger and freedom threat-factors commonly linked to contrast effects. These studies highlight the operation of message-driven contrast effects in exercise.
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27
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Rodrigues F, Teixeira DS, Neiva HP, Cid L, Monteiro D. The bright and dark sides of motivation as predictors of enjoyment, intention, and exercise persistence. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:787-800. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Rodrigues
- Department of Sports Science Beira Interior University Covilhã Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD) Vila Real Portugal
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM‐IPSantarém) Rio Maior Portugal
| | | | - Henrique Pereira Neiva
- Department of Sports Science Beira Interior University Covilhã Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD) Vila Real Portugal
| | - Luís Cid
- Research Center in Sport Sciences Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD) Vila Real Portugal
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM‐IPSantarém) Rio Maior Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- Research Center in Sport Sciences Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD) Vila Real Portugal
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM‐IPSantarém) Rio Maior Portugal
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28
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Differences in Psychoneuroendocrine Stress Responses of High-Level Swimmers Depending on Autocratic and Democratic Coaching Style. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16245089. [PMID: 31847099 PMCID: PMC6950605 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyse differences in the psychoneuroendocrine stress responses of high-level, young swimmers depending on whether an autocratic and democratic coaching style was applied. Modifications in cortisol and the motivational climate of 18 young swimmers (15.3 ± 1.86 years, 10 females and 8 males) were analysed before and after two training sessions with equivalent training loads but directed by two coaches applying different approaches, i.e., autocratic (A) and democratic (D). The basal testosterone levels of the coaches were also assessed. The basal testosterone concentration was higher in coach A than in coach D; the athletes perceived them as autocratic and democratic, respectively. Swimmers under coach A’s instructions showed higher cortisol levels, suggesting higher cortisol production related to coaching style. Furthermore, differences in the motivational climate concerning ego (i.e., athletes comparing their ability with that of other athletes) were observed with coach A, whereas differences in motivational climate concerning the task (i.e., athletes comparing their ability with their own past performance) were observed with coach D. Cognitive variables showed negative perceptions affecting athletes’ training experience and performance when they were screamed at or insulted by coach A. There were no gender or age differences in cortisol production or motivational climate. In conclusion, this study suggests that an autocratic coaching style modulates cortisol release in both genders, affecting young elite swimmers’ motivational climate and training experience.
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29
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Entwicklung und Validierung eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung des Verhaltens von Trainerinnen und Trainern im Gesundheitssport. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-019-00606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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Rodrigues F, Teixeira DS, Cid L, Machado S, Monteiro D. The role of dark‐side of motivation and intention to continue in exercise: A self‐determination theory approach. Scand J Psychol 2019; 60:585-595. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Rodrigues
- Department of Sport Sciences University of Beira Interior Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development CIDESD Portugal
| | | | - Luis Cid
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development CIDESD Portugal
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior Polytechnique Institute of Santarém Rio Maior Portugal
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience (LABNAF) Physical Activity Sciences Post‐Graduate Program Salgado de Oliveira University Brazil
- Laboratory of Panic and Respiration (LABPR) Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ) Brazil
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group Brazil
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development CIDESD Portugal
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior Polytechnique Institute of Santarém Rio Maior Portugal
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31
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Rodrigues F, Teixeira DS, Cid L, Monteiro D. Have you been exercising lately? Testing the role of past behavior on exercise adherence. J Health Psychol 2019; 26:1482-1493. [PMID: 31552769 DOI: 10.1177/1359105319878243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the effect of past behavior on future behavior, considering the motivational sequence proposed by the self-determination theory. The total sample was formed by 293 exercisers aged between 18 and 65 (M = 36.57 ± SD = 11.25) years. Participants completed a multi-section survey of motivational, emotional and cognitive-related variables, and exercise adherence was measured using computer records. Past behavior was found to offset the direct effect of intention on future behavior and the indirect effect of all other variables under analysis on intention, acting as a "buffer" variable for experienced gym members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Rodrigues
- University of Beira Interior, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Portugal
| | | | - Luís Cid
- Research Center in Sports, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Portugal.,Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém), Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- Research Center in Sports, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Portugal.,Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém), Portugal
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32
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Tafvelin S, von Thiele Schwarz U, Stenling A. Leadership Training to Increase Need Satisfaction at Work: A Quasi-Experimental Mixed Method Study. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2175. [PMID: 31607994 PMCID: PMC6773884 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
With a growing number of studies showing the applicability of the self-determination theory for various work and organizational outcomes, the next logical step is to investigate if and how employee need satisfaction at work can be purposefully increased through an intervention. The purpose of the present study was to test whether we could train managers' display of autonomy, competence, and relatedness support toward employees and whether this resulted in improved employee need satisfaction, well-being, and job performance. Data were obtained from 37 managers (rated by N = 538 subordinates) assigned to either an experimental or control condition at three time points: before, during, and after the training. We also used focus group interviews to evaluate the experience of the training. The quantitative analyses showed no statistically significant improvement in managers' display of needs support or employee need satisfaction. However, the qualitative data pointed toward important factors related to the implementation of need supportive leadership training that should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrica von Thiele Schwarz
- Medical Management Centre, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
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33
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Graupensperger S, Gottschall JS, Benson AJ, Eys M, Hastings B, Evans MB. Perceptions of groupness during fitness classes positively predict recalled perceptions of exertion, enjoyment, and affective valence: An intensive longitudinal investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 8:290-304. [PMID: 31548915 DOI: 10.1037/spy0000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Group contexts such as fitness classes are popular forms of physical activity, and studying them can uncover new ways to promote exercise adherence. Focusing on the potential for group fitness experiences to vary from class-to-class, we examined how exercisers' dynamic perceptions of groupness relate to recalled perceptions of exercise enjoyment, affective valence, and exertion. These outcome variables are in focus because they are theoretically construed to be determinants of physical activity. Using an intensive sampling methodology across a two-week period, 97 adult exercisers (M age = 42.35 years) completed surveys following each fitness class attended (695 unique responses). Using multilevel confirmatory factor analysis, we confirmed a theorized two-factor structure of groupness at both the within-and between-person levels. Multilevel modeling revealed that class-to-class fluctuations in exercisers' perceptions of groupness explained a considerable portion of variance in recalled perceptions of exertion, enjoyment, and affective valence. Specifically, during classes in which exercisers' perceptions of groupness were relatively higher, exercisers reported more recalled enjoyment, affective valence, and exertion. Focusing on how variability in groupness perceptions may influence exercise adherence, these findings demonstrate the value in fitness classes feeling like authentic groups. In studying the dynamic aspects of group evaluations, the current study makes novel advancements to group theories applied to exercise settings. Perhaps most notably, individuals' variations in their cognitive evaluations of fitness groups were closely linked to their affective responses to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex J Benson
- University of Western Ontario Department of Psychology ,
| | - Mark Eys
- Wilfrid Laurier University Departments of Kinesiology/Physical Education and Psychology,
| | - Bryce Hastings
- Auckland University of Technology Health and Environmental Sciences
| | - M Blair Evans
- Pennsylvania State University Department of Kinesiology, (Senior Author)
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34
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Stevens M, Rees T, Steffens NK, Haslam SA, Coffee P, Polman R. Leaders' creation of shared identity impacts group members' effort and performance: Evidence from an exercise task. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218984. [PMID: 31295265 PMCID: PMC6622477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that leaders' effectiveness derives in part from their creation of a sense of identity that is shared by members of a group they are attempting to lead (i.e., their identity entrepreneurship). Little is known, however, about the impact of identity entrepreneurship in sport and exercise settings, particularly in relation to its effect on group members' effort and performance. Using a pre-post between subjects experimental design, we examined the effect of leaders' identity entrepreneurship on group members' effort and performance during 5km cycling time trials. Following a baseline session (in which time trials were completed individually), participants (N = 72) were randomly allocated to either a high or low identity entrepreneurship condition, and further randomly divided into groups of five (including a leader who was a confederate). In the subsequent test sessions (which participants attended with their fellow group members), leaders displayed either high or low identity entrepreneurship behaviors. Results indicated that, compared to participants in the low identity entrepreneurship condition, those in the high identity entrepreneurship condition maintained greater effort (maximum heart rate), and demonstrated improved (rather than poorer) performance (average power output in the first 60 seconds of time trials). Examination of pacing showed that the largest increases in participants' average power output occurred in the early stages of their second time trials for those in the high identity entrepreneurship condition only. Results provide causal evidence that leaders who create a shared sense of identity among team members are able to inspire greater participant effort and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Stevens
- Bournemouth University, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Management, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Rees
- Bournemouth University, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Management, Poole, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pete Coffee
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Remco Polman
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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35
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Rodrigues F, Teixeira DS, Cid L, Monteiro D. Promoting Physical Exercise Participation: The Role of Interpersonal Behaviors for Practical Implications. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4020040. [PMID: 33467355 PMCID: PMC7739331 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of people engaging in physical exercise has been decreasing every year. These behaviors are known to be related with non-communicable chronic diseases and to drastically increase premature morbidity and mortality. Since "the lack of motivation" has been pointed out as one of the main reasons for not engaging in physical exercise, several theoretical and empirical studies have been conducted aimed at understanding what influences behavior regulation. According to literature, gym exercisers who perceive exercise instructors as supportive are more likely to maintain physical exercise participation over the long-run. Supporting autonomy, competence, and relatedness should be carefully considered when interacting with health club clients as a way to promote more autonomous motivation. Overall, it seems that exercise instructors should foster a supportive environment for gym exercisers, in order to encourage exercise as a habitual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Rodrigues
- Department of Sports Science, University da Beira Interior (UBI), 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Diogo S. Teixeira
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport (ULHT), Lusófona University, Lisboa 1749-024, Portugal
| | - Luís Cid
- Research Center in Sports, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- Research Center in Sports, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém), 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
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36
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Thøgersen-Ntoumani C, Quested E, Biddle SJH, Kritz M, Olson J, Burton E, Cerin E, Hill KD, McVeigh J, Ntoumanis N. Trial feasibility and process evaluation of a motivationally-embellished group peer led walking intervention in retirement villages using the RE-AIM framework: the residents in action trial (RiAT). Health Psychol Behav Med 2019; 7:202-233. [PMID: 34040848 PMCID: PMC8114369 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2019.1629934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The Residents in Action Trial (RiAT; ACTRN12616001177448) was a 16-week motivationally-embellished peer-led walking intervention designed to increase walking, reduce sitting, and improve mental health and well-being in insufficiently active residents in retirement villages. In this paper we report on 1) trial feasibility and acceptability, and 2) evaluate the processes involved in the implementation of the intervention using the RE-AIM framework. Method: A mixed methods design was employed, consisting of data from accelerometers, surveys, (individual, pair-based and focus group) interviews, and participant logbooks. Participants included 116 walkers (M(SD) age = 78.37(8.30); 92% female), 8 peer leaders (i.e. ambassadors) and 3 retirement village managers from 14 retirement villages. Descriptives and linear mixed modelling were used to analyse the quantitative data and inductive thematic analyses were employed to analyse the interview data. Results: The intended cluster randomised controlled design became quasi-experimental due to insufficient numbers of recruited ambassadors. The perceived burden of the number and frequency of research assessments was a frequently mentioned reason for a poor recruitment. Facilitators to walking maintenance were the use of self-monitoring, goal setting, social support, and having a routine. Reach was modest (about 14% of eligible participants were recruited from each village), but retention was excellent (92%). The motivational strategies taught appeared to have been implemented, at least in part, by the ambassadors. The walkers in the main experimental condition increased marginally their step counts, but there were no group differences on mental health and well-being outcomes, partly because of low statistical power. Conclusions: Walkers and ambassadors who did take part in the study suggested that they enjoyed the programme and found it useful in terms of becoming more active and making social connections. However, the group format was not appealing to some participants, hence, other delivery options should be explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eleanor Quested
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Lab, School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Stuart J H Biddle
- Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Australia
| | - Marlene Kritz
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Lab, School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Jenny Olson
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Lab, School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Physically Active Lifestyles Research Group, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Australia
| | - Elissa Burton
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ester Cerin
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Keith D Hill
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Joanne McVeigh
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Movement Physiology Laboratory, School of Physiology, University of Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Nikos Ntoumanis
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Lab, School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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37
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Ginoux C, Isoard-Gautheur S, Sarrazin P. "Workplace Physical Activity Program" (WOPAP) study protocol: a four-arm randomized controlled trial on preventing burnout and promoting vigor. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:289. [PMID: 30866886 PMCID: PMC6416923 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background WOPAP is a theoretically-grounded workplace physical activity intervention that aims to reduce work-related burnout and to improve vigor at work and other work-related outcomes. Using a randomized controlled trial, we investigate whether a 10-week program including two Nordic walking sessions per week is effective in improving employee well-being at work, in comparison with another attractive leisure activity (Theatre condition) or a waiting list control condition. The design of the study makes it possible to test the effect on burnout and vigor of the instructor’s style during physical activity (i.e., traditional vs. need-supportive style). Finally, this study is also interested in several possible psychological (i.e., detachment, relaxation, mastery, control, relatedness, and positive affects experiences) and physiological (i.e., cardiorespiratory fitness) mechanisms through which the practice of physical activity in the intervention could influence burnout and vigor. Methods Employees of the authors’ University (N = 140) will be recruited via email, leaflets, and posters. Participants will be randomized to one of the four arms of the trial: (1) Physical Activity Traditional Style, (2) Physical Activity Need-Supportive Style, (3) Theatre condition, and (4) Waiting List Control. The experimental phase will last 10 weeks, followed by a six-month follow-up. During the ten weeks of the intervention, all groups – except the waiting list control – will carry out two activity sessions per week. Primary outcomes are burnout and vigor, secondary outcomes are work motivation, job satisfaction, work performance and work ability. These variables will be assessed before and after the intervention, and at three and six months after the end of the intervention. Moreover, burnout, vigor, needs satisfaction at work and psychological mediators will be assessed weekly throughout the intervention period. Discussion If effective, this study will provide evidence for the promotion of workplace physical activity interventions including a need-supportive climate to improve employee well-being. Results could be used to design new research protocols, but also to implement more efficient programs in the workplace. Trial registration ISRCTN12725337. Registered 21 March 2018. Registered retrospectively.
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38
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Krause AE, North AC, Davidson JW. Using Self-Determination Theory to Examine Musical Participation and Well-Being. Front Psychol 2019; 10:405. [PMID: 30881330 PMCID: PMC6407371 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent surge of research has begun to examine music participation and well-being; however, a particular challenge with this work concerns theorizing around the associated well-being benefits of musical participation. Thus, the current research used Self-Determination Theory to consider the potential associations between basic psychological needs (competence, relatedness, and autonomy), self-determined autonomous motivation, and the perceived benefits to well-being controlling for demographic variables and the musical activity parameters. A sample of 192 Australian residents (17-85, M age = 36.95), who were currently participating in a musical activity at the time, completed an online questionnaire. Results indicated that females were more likely to perceive benefits to their well-being; and that how important an individual considers music in their life was positively related to perceived well-being. Importantly, the analyses also revealed that the basic needs of competency and relatedness were related to overall perceived well-being as well as specifically social, cognitive, and esteem dimensions of well-being. Autonomous motivation demonstrated significant associations with both an overall well-being score as well as four of five specific well-being subscales measured. Collectively, the findings indicate that Self-Determination Theory offers a useful theoretical framework to understanding the relationship between musical participation and well-being. Further, the pattern of findings reiterates the positive associations between musical participation and one's psychosocial well-being, with broad implications for people involved in the facilitation of musical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Krause
- The Melbourne Conservatorium of Music, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Adrian C. North
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jane W. Davidson
- The Melbourne Conservatorium of Music, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Evans MB, Graupensperger S, Benson AJ, Eys M, Hastings B, Gottschall JS. Group structure and entitativity in group fitness: considering groupness at within- and between-group levels. Psychol Health 2019; 34:715-732. [PMID: 30693798 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1566548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE How can we distinguish between a collection of individuals exercising alongside one another from group that is exercising 'together'? This question is central to research on the extent that individuals perceive their fitness settings to entail core features of groups. To advance understanding of the nature of groupness and its implications in exercise, the current study (a) evaluated a brief measure of groupness and (b) examined the extent that groupness predicted perceptions of exertion and affect. DESIGN Participants included 633 exercisers (Mage = 33.92, SD = 11.05, 74% female) who completed surveys after group fitness classes (k = 34). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Groupness, affect, exertion, and group cohesion. RESULTS Exploratory structural equation modelling provided support for a two-factor solution reflecting entitativity and group structure as subdimensions of groupness. The groupness factors were differentially associated with theoretically relevant aspects of classes (e.g. synchronised movement), the individual (e.g. number of members interacted with), as well as group cohesion. Groupness also predicted perceived exertion and affect. CONCLUSION Our research provides support for a brief measure of groupness, advances theory related to how individuals perceive exercise groups, and provides evidence regarding how broader experiences during exercise may relate to exercisers' perceptions of groupness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Blair Evans
- a Department of Kinesiology , Penn State University , University Park , PA , USA
| | - Scott Graupensperger
- a Department of Kinesiology , Penn State University , University Park , PA , USA
| | - Alex J Benson
- b Department of Psychology , University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Mark Eys
- c Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education , Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada.,d Department of Psychology , Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada
| | | | - Jinger S Gottschall
- a Department of Kinesiology , Penn State University , University Park , PA , USA
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40
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Rodrigues F, Bento T, Cid L, Pereira Neiva H, Teixeira D, Moutão J, Almeida Marinho D, Monteiro D. Can Interpersonal Behavior Influence the Persistence and Adherence to Physical Exercise Practice in Adults? A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2141. [PMID: 30459690 PMCID: PMC6232376 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Motivation seems to be a fundamental indicator of long-term physical exercise adherence. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) argues that social environment plays a central role in the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, which might directly affect the quality of one's motivation. Individuals who appear to be more self-determined tend to persist longer at certain behaviors. Therefore, this body of work intends to analyze the relationship between motivational variables and behavioral outcomes in the exercise context, having as theoretical background the Self-Determination Theory. Methods: This systematic review was conducted through an electronic search on Web of Science, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and PsycINFO. Data such as instruments, main predictors and results were collected from studies published between 1985 and 2018. A total of 35 empirical studies were considered for a detailed analysis. Results: Results showed the relevance of autonomy support performed by exercise professionals, as well as the major contribution that these behaviors have toward the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, besides the inherent benefits of developing more autonomous regulations. According to the literature, few studies have analyzed interpersonal thwarting behavior and the way this relates to basic psychological needs' frustration. Nether less, there seems to be a negative relationship between less self-determined regulations and exercise practice. Conclusion: Despite the existence of numerous cross-sectional studies that demonstrate positive correlations between SDT and behavioral outcomes in the exercise context, longitudinal research that analyzes all six dimensions of interpersonal behaviors and their relationship with persistence and adherence to exercise proves to be crucial. However, according to this review, interventions based on SDT appear to be fundamental when it comes to promote the maintenance of a long-term exercise practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Rodrigues
- Department of Sports Sciences, Beira-Interior University, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Teresa Bento
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal.,Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém), Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Luís Cid
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal.,Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém), Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Henrique Pereira Neiva
- Department of Sports Sciences, Beira-Interior University, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo Teixeira
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport (ULHT), Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Moutão
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal.,Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém), Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Daniel Almeida Marinho
- Department of Sports Sciences, Beira-Interior University, Covilhã, Portugal.,Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal.,Sport Science School of Rio Maior (ESDRM-IPSantarém), Rio Maior, Portugal
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41
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Quested E, Ntoumanis N, Stenling A, Thogersen-Ntoumani C, Hancox JE. The Need-Relevant Instructor Behaviors Scale: Development and Initial Validation. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 40:259-268. [PMID: 30404573 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2018-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article outlines the development and validation of the Need-Relevant Instructor Behaviors Scale (NIBS). Drawing from self-determination theory, the NIBS is the first observation tool designed to code the frequency and the intensity of autonomy-, competence-, and relatedness-relevant behaviors of exercise instructors. The scale also captures the frequency of need-indifferent behaviors. METHODS The behaviors of 27 exercise instructors were coded by trained raters on two occasions, before and after they received training in adaptive motivational communication. RESULTS Findings supported the structural validity and reliability of the scale. The scale's sensitivity to detect changes in frequency and intensity of need-relevant behaviors was also evidenced. CONCLUSIONS The NIBS is a new tool that offers a unique, tripartite assessment of need-relevant behaviors of leaders in the physical activity domain.
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42
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Do exerciser weight status and perceived motivation predict instructors' motivation and beliefs about the exerciser? A test of motivation contagion effects. Body Image 2018; 26:10-18. [PMID: 29804007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined how fitness professionals' perceptions of a hypothetical exerciser's motivation and weight status impacted the professionals' motivation to instruct, perceived effectiveness of different interpersonal behaviors toward the exerciser, and beliefs about the exerciser's efficacy to overcome barriers to exercise. Results of a 2 (autonomous vs. controlled exerciser motivation) x 2 (normal weight vs. overweight exerciser) between-subjects experimental design showed that fitness professionals (N = 134) were more autonomously motivated to instruct, perceived autonomy-supportive behaviors as more effective, and had stronger beliefs regarding the exerciser's efficacy when the exerciser was portrayed as having autonomous motivation, compared to controlled motivation. Fitness professionals reported higher levels of controlled motivation to instruct and perceived controlling behaviors as more effective when presented with the overweight exerciser, compared to the normal weight exerciser. Our findings suggest that perceptions of exercisers' motivation and body weight can influence fitness professionals' interactions with and beliefs about their clients.
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43
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Stevens M, Rees T, Coffee P, Haslam SA, Steffens NK, Polman R. Leaders promote attendance in sport and exercise sessions by fostering social identity. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2100-2108. [PMID: 29772093 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sport and exercise participation exert a positive effect on numerous aspects of individuals' health. Although sport and exercise leaders have generally been observed to play a key role in shaping group members' behavior, our understanding of their impact on group members' attendance in sport and exercise sessions is limited. To address this, and building on promising findings in other domains, we examined the associations between perceptions of sport and exercise leaders' engagement in social identity leadership, group identification, and attendance. A sample of 583 participants from sports teams (n = 307) and exercise groups (n = 276) completed questionnaires measuring identity leadership, group identification, and attendance. Analyses demonstrated that perceptions of leader engagement in social identity leadership were positively associated with members' group identification, and that this in turn was positively associated with their attendance in either a sports group or an exercise group. Moreover, there was a significant indirect effect for perceptions of leader engagement in identity leadership on group members' attendance through their greater identification with these groups. Findings highlight the importance of considering the impact sport and exercise leaders have on group members' attendance and suggest that leaders who represent, advance, create, and embed a shared sense of identity (ie, a shared sense of "us") among attendees can promote participation in sport and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stevens
- Bournemouth University, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Management, Bournemouth, Poole, UK
| | - T Rees
- Bournemouth University, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Management, Bournemouth, Poole, UK
| | - P Coffee
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - S A Haslam
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N K Steffens
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - R Polman
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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44
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45
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Silva MN, Sánchez-Oliva D, Brunet J, Williams GC, Teixeira PJ, Palmeira AL. "What Goes Around Comes Around": Antecedents, Mediators, and Consequences of Controlling vs. Need-Supportive Motivational Strategies Used by Exercise Professionals. Ann Behav Med 2018; 51:707-717. [PMID: 28349326 DOI: 10.1007/s12160-017-9894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research into the factors associated with the use of different motivational strategies by exercise professionals is of empirical and practical utility. PURPOSE Grounded in self-determination theory, this study sought to analyze putative antecedents, mediators, and work-related well- and ill-being consequences of two types of motivational strategies reported by exercise professionals. METHODS Participants were 366 exercise professionals (193 males; experience = 7.7 ± 5.8 years). Questionnaires assessing psychological need satisfaction frustration, self-determined work motivation, motivational strategies (need-supportive vs. controlling), emotional exhaustion, and personal accomplishment were completed online. Path analysis was used to test the hypothesized model. RESULTS Model with good fit [χ 2 (5) = 9.174, p> .05; CFI = .984; TLI = .936; RMSEA = .048; SRMR = .022] showed need satisfaction as positively associated with supportive strategies and personal accomplishment (β between .267 and .399) and negatively with emotional exhaustion (β = -.145). Need frustration was negatively associated with work motivation and personal accomplishment (β = -.315; -.176), and positively with controlling strategies and emotional exhaustion (β = .195; .226). Furthermore, supportive strategies and work motivation were positively associated with personal accomplishment (β = .134; .184), whereas controlling strategies were positively associated with emotional exhaustion (β = .178). CONCLUSIONS Findings have theoretical implications, providing evidence of need satisfaction and frustration as being differently associated with work-related motivation, type of strategies used, and work-related emotional outcomes. Practical implications convey the importance of these variables in relation to the standard of motivational strategies provided and their role on work-related well- and ill-being indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene N Silva
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, ULHT, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - David Sánchez-Oliva
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jennifer Brunet
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Institut de Recherche de l'Hôpital Montfort (IRHM), Hôpital Montfort, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Pedro J Teixeira
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Antonio L Palmeira
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, ULHT, Lisbon, Portugal
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46
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Marcos-Pardo PJ, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Gil-Arias A. Impact of a motivational resistance-training programme on adherence and body composition in the elderly. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1370. [PMID: 29358716 PMCID: PMC5778069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of physical activity is one of the major causes for obesity and functional disability in the elderly. Including regular exercise in the elderly's lifestyle is not an easy task. The main objective was to analyse the effect of a motivational resistance-training programme on satisfying the individual's psychological needs, level of self-determination and body composition. A quasi-experimental study was performed with 47 volunteers (29 females, 18 males) of 67-75 years of age, divided into two groups: experimental (n = 27) and control (n = 20). A 12-week intervention programme was performed, with a total of 36 sessions. The results of the inter-group analysis indicated significant differences in the post-test measurement between the experimental group and the control group (in favour of the experimental group) regarding basic psychological needs. The experimental group, in comparison to the control group, significantly decreased their percentage of fat mass and increased muscle mass. Body weight and BMI values increased in the control group, while significantly decreasing in the experimental group. In conclusion, the motivational resistance-training programme in the elderly gave rise to positive significant changes at the physical, psychological and social levels, according to the definition of health by the World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jorge Marcos-Pardo
- Faculty of Sports, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain.
- Faculty of Sports, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia (UCAM), Av. de los Jerónimos, 135, 30107, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Faculty of Sports, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia (UCAM), Av. de los Jerónimos, 135, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alexander Gil-Arias
- Sports Studies Center, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón (Madrid), Spain
- Faculty of Sports, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia (UCAM), Av. de los Jerónimos, 135, 30107, Murcia, Spain
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47
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Ntoumanis N, Gucciardi DF, Backhouse SH, Barkoukis V, Quested E, Patterson L, Smith BJ, Whitaker L, Pavlidis G, Kaffe S. An Intervention to Optimize Coach Motivational Climates and Reduce Athlete Willingness to Dope (CoachMADE): Protocol for a Cross-Cultural Cluster Randomized Control Trial. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2301. [PMID: 29375428 PMCID: PMC5767258 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Field-based anti-doping interventions in sport are scarce and focus on athletes. However, coaches are recognized as one of the most significant source of influence in terms of athletes’ cognitions, affect, and behavior. In this paper, we present the protocol for a cluster randomized control trial which aims to contrast the relative effects of a ‘motivation and anti-doping’ intervention program for coaches against an information-based anti-doping control program. In developing the motivation content of our intervention, we drew from Self-Determination Theory. The project is currently ongoing in Australia and has recently started in the United Kingdom and Greece. We aim to recruit 120 coaches and approximately 1200 of their athletes across the three countries. Various assessments will be taken from both coaches and athletes prior to the intervention, immediately after the 12-week intervention and at a 2-month follow up. The intervention comprises face-to-face workshops and weekly activities which are supported by printed and online material. The project aims to identify communication strategies that coaches can use to support athletes’ motivation in sport and also to promote self-determined reasons for athletes to comply with doping regulations. Trial Registration: The trial is registered with the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12616001688471.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Ntoumanis
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel F Gucciardi
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Susan H Backhouse
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilis Barkoukis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleanor Quested
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Laurie Patterson
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan J Smith
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Lisa Whitaker
- Institute for Sport Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - George Pavlidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stela Kaffe
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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48
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Ntoumanis N, Thøgersen-Ntoumani C, Quested E, Hancox J. The effects of training group exercise class instructors to adopt a motivationally adaptive communication style. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:1026-1034. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Ntoumanis
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - C. Thøgersen-Ntoumani
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - E. Quested
- School of Psychology and Speech Pathology; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - J. Hancox
- Division of Rehabilitation and Ageing; School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
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