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Sadeghi M, Alizadeh MH, Minoonejad H. Acute effects of Nordic hamstring exercise on hip and knee joints proprioception. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 39:382-389. [PMID: 38876656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) is one of the best exercises proposed for injury prevention of hamstring muscles. However, its effects on lower extremity proprioception are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of a single bout of NHE on hip and knee joints' proprioception. METHODS Forty collegiate male soccer players participated in this study with a mean age of 22.85 ± 1.82 years and were randomized into either control (n = 20) or experimental (n = 20) groups. Each subject participated in pre-test measurements in which hip and knee active joints position sense (JPS) were assessed in standing and lying tasks using the image-capturing method. The experimental group then performed three sets of NHE with 10 repetitions in each set, while the control group rested for 10 min. Paired and independent t-tests were used for calculating the differences within and between groups on SPSS software, respectively. The level of significance was P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Hip JPS in the lying task and knee JPS in both of the standing and lying tasks were impaired significantly after performing a single bout of NHE (P ≤ 0.05). However, the effects of this exercise on hip JPS in the standing task were not significant (P ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS NHE performing with three sets of 10 repetitions can significantly impair hip and knee JPS immediately after exercise and reduce the proprioception acuity of the lower limbs. It is recommended to perform this exercise at a time rather than before training or match sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sadeghi
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad H Alizadeh
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Minoonejad
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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CHEN TREVORC, WU SHANGHEN, CHEN HSINLIAN, TSENG WEICHIN, TSENG KUOWEI, KANG HSINGYU, NOSAKA KAZUNORI. Effects of Unilateral Eccentric versus Concentric Training of Nonimmobilized Arm during Immobilization. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1195-1207. [PMID: 36849120 PMCID: PMC10241444 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study tested the hypothesis that eccentric training (ET) of nonimmobilized arm would attenuate negative effects of immobilization and provide greater protective effects against muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise after immobilization, when compared with concentric training (CT). METHODS Sedentary young men were placed to ET, CT, or control group ( n = 12 per group), and their nondominant arms were immobilized for 3 wk. During the immobilization period, the ET and CT groups performed five sets of six dumbbell curl eccentric-only and concentric-only contractions, respectively, at 20%-80% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVCiso) strength over six sessions. MVCiso torque, root-mean square (RMS) of electromyographic activity during MVCiso, and bicep brachii muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured before and after immobilization for both arms. All participants performed 30 eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors (30EC) by the immobilized arm after the cast was removed. Several indirect muscle damage markers were measured before, immediately after, and for 5 d after 30EC. RESULTS ET increased MVCiso (17% ± 7%), RMS (24% ± 8%), and CSA (9% ± 2%) greater ( P < 0.05) than CT (6% ± 4%, 9% ± 4%, 3% ± 2%) for the trained arm. The control group showed decreases in MVCiso (-17% ± 2%), RMS (-26% ± 6%), and CSA (-12% ± 3%) for the immobilized arm, but these changes were attenuated greater ( P < 0.05) by ET (3% ± 3%, -0.1% ± 2%, 0.1% ± 0.3%) than CT (-4% ± 2%, -4% ± 2%, -1.3% ± 0.4%). Changes in all muscle damage markers after 30EC were smaller ( P < 0.05) for the ET and CT than the control group, and ET than the CT group (e.g., peak plasma creatine kinase activity: ET, 860 ± 688 IU·L -1 ; CT, 2390 ± 1104 IU·L -1 ; control, 7819 ± 4011 IU·L -1 ). CONCLUSIONS These results showed that ET of the nonimmobilized arm was effective for eliminating the negative effects of immobilization and attenuating eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage after immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- TREVOR C. CHEN
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, TAIWAN
| | - SHANG-HEN WU
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, National Chiayi University, Chiayi County, TAIWAN
| | - HSIN-LIAN CHEN
- Department of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, National Chiayi University, Chiayi County, TAIWAN
| | - WEI-CHIN TSENG
- Department of Physical Education, University of Taipei, Taipei City, TAIWAN
| | - KUO-WEI TSENG
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei City, TAIWAN
| | - HSING-YU KANG
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, TAIWAN
| | - KAZUNORI NOSAKA
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, AUSTRALIA
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Brown BA, Ye X, Xin L. The Contralateral Repeated Bout Effect of Elbow Flexors Is Not Observed in Young Women Following Mild Muscle Damage from Eccentric Exercises. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11030062. [PMID: 36976948 PMCID: PMC10056121 DOI: 10.3390/sports11030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigation of the contralateral repeated bout effect (CL-RBE) in women is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed at examining whether CL-RBE exists in women. Twelve healthy women (age: 20.9 ± 2.5 years) performed two bouts of maximal elbow flexor eccentric exercise (3 sets × 15 repetitions per bout) separated by 14 days, using the opposite arms. Surface Electromyography (EMG) was recorded during both exercise bouts. The isokinetic muscle strength (60°/s), muscle soreness, range of motion (ROM), limb girth, and blood creatine kinase activity were measured pre-exercise, and at 24 and 48 h post-exercise with the muscle strength being measured immediately post-exercise as well. Significant main effects of time were observed for muscle strength, muscle soreness and ROM (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between bouts for all the measured variables including the EMG median frequency (p > 0.05). These results suggest that the CL-RBE of elbow flexors was not evident in young healthy women. This was because the mild muscle damage induced by the initial bout of exercise was either not enough to initiate the CL-RBE or the CL-RBE in women lasted shorter than two weeks. This study provides important information for future studies on CL-RBE in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A Brown
- Snell Prosthetics and Orthotics, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - Ling Xin
- Exercise Science Program, Biology Department, Simmons University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Jeon S, Kang M, Ye X. Contralateral protective effect against repeated bout of damaging exercise: A meta-analysis. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:137-156. [PMID: 34304646 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1954512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to summarize the studies examining the contralateral protective effect on the maximal strength in the subsequent bout of muscle-damaging exercise. The literature search was conducted through CINAHL plus, SportDiscus, and PubMed. Hedge's g effect size (ES) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using a random effects model. From 14 papers and 25 ESs, the mean ES for contralateral repeated bout effect (CL-RBE) on 1-, 2-, and 3-day post maximal strength were -0.61 (95% CI = -0.80, -0.41), -0.50 (95% CI = -0.67, -0.33), and -0.74 (95% CI = -1.01, -0.48), respectively. For moderator analyses, the mean ESs were not influenced by type (isometric vs. isokinetic) of strength, but CL-RBE on maximal strength was influenced by duration (≤6 weeks) between bouts. Therefore, the meta-analysis demonstrated that an initial bout of exercise induces the protective effect on contralateral limb muscles regardless of the different type of strength, but can be affected by different duration (≤6 weeks) between exercise bouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggun Jeon
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Health and Sport Analytics Lab, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, USA
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Colantuono VM, Oakley R, Hatfield DL, Penailillo L, Lateef S, Earp JE. Contrast With Compression Therapy Enhances Muscle Function Recovery and Attenuates Glycogen Disruption After Exercise. Sports Health 2022; 15:234-243. [PMID: 35343332 PMCID: PMC9950996 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221080172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise-associated muscle damage (EAMD) temporally impairs muscle function and intramuscular glycogen storage. Contrast with compression (CwC) therapy provides localized EAMD treatment with minimal changes in core/tissue temperature that can impair glycogen resynthesis. HYPOTHESIS CwC will enhance the recovery of strength, power, and joint mobility, reduce markers of EAMD, and attenuate the disruption of glycogen storage observed after damaging exercise. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial with crossover design. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS Ten men completed 2 bouts of eccentric elbow flexor exercise, separated by 1 week, using contralateral arms. After each bout, participants received either CwC therapy (at 0, 24, and 48 h postexercise) or no therapy with intervention order and limb randomly assigned. Prior to (pre-exercise) and 1, 24, 48, and 72 h after each exercise bout, muscular strength, muscular power, intramuscular glycogen, creatine kinase, muscle thickness, muscle soreness, pressure pain threshold, active elbow flexion, passive elbow extension, and dietary intake were assessed. Comparisons were made between conditions over time (interaction effects) using separate repeated-measures analyses of variance/multivariate analyses of variance and effect sizes (Cohen d) to describe treatment effect at each time point. RESULTS Significant interaction effects were observed for muscular strength (d = 0.67-1.12), muscular power (d = 0.20-0.65), intramuscular glycogen (d = 0.29-0.81), creatine kinase (d = 0.01-0.96), muscle thickness (d = 0.35-0.70), muscle soreness (d = 0.18-0.85), and active elbow flexion (d = 0.65-1.17) indicating a beneficial effect of CwC over time (P ≤ 0.05). In contrast, no significant interaction effect was observed for pressure pain threshold or passive elbow extension (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION These results support the use of CwC for the recovery of muscle function after damaging exercise in male patients and indicate that CwC attenuates, but does not remove, the disruption of intramuscular glycogen stores observed after intense eccentric exercise. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Glycolysis-dependent athletes may benefit from CwC therapy after training/competition that causes EAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan Oakley
- University of Rhode Island,
Department of Kinesiology, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Disa L. Hatfield
- University of Rhode Island,
Department of Kinesiology, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Luis Penailillo
- Universidad Andrés Bello, School
of Physical Therapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Shabnam Lateef
- University of Rhode Island,
Department of Kinesiology, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Jacob E. Earp
- University of Rhode Island,
Department of Kinesiology, Kingston, Rhode Island,University of Connecticut, Sports
Optimization & Rehabilitation Lab, Storrs, Connecticut,Jacob E. Earp, PhD,
CSCS, Assistant Professor of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut,
2095 Hillside Rd, U-1110, Storrs, CT 06269 (
)
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Jeon S, Ye X, Miller WM, Song JS. Effect of repeated eccentric exercise on muscle damage markers and motor unit control strategies in arm and hand muscle. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 4:44-53. [PMID: 35782782 PMCID: PMC9219313 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the contralateral repeated bout effect (CL-RBE) on muscle damage markers and motor unit (MU) control strategies, seventeen healthy adults performed two bouts of 60 eccentric contractions with elbow flexor (EF group; n = 9) or index finger abductor (IA group; n = 8) muscles, separated by 1 week. All participants randomly performed eccentric exercise on either the right or left arm or hand muscles, and muscle damage markers and submaximal trapezoid contraction tests were conducted pre, post, 1- and 2-day post eccentric protocol. One week after the first bout, the same exercise protocol and measurements were performed on the contralateral muscles. Surface electromyographic (EMG) signals were collected from biceps brachii (BB) or first dorsal interosseous (FDI) during maximal and submaximal tests. The linear regression analyses were used to examine MU recruitment threshold versus mean firing rate and recruitment threshold versus derecruitment threshold relationships. EMG amplitude from BB (bout 1 vs. bout 2 = 65.71% ± 22.92% vs. 43.05% ± 18.97%, p = 0.015, d = 1.077) and the y-intercept (group merged) from the MU recruitment threshold versus derecruitment threshold relationship (bout 1 vs. bout 2 = −7.10 ± 14.20 vs. 0.73 ± 16.24, p = 0.029, d = 0.513) at 50% MVIC were significantly different between two bouts. However, other muscle damage markers did not show any CL-RBE in both muscle groups. Therefore, despite changes in muscle excitation and MU firing behavior, our results do not support the existence of CL-RBE on BB and FDI muscles.
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Henschke J, Zecher MM, Mayer F, Engel T. Contralateral repeated bout effect following preconditioning exercises: a systematic review. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Muanjai P, Mickevicius M, Snieckus A, Jones DA, Zachovajevas P, Satkunskiene D, Venckunas T, Kamandulis S. Response of Knee Extensor Muscle-Tendon Unit Stiffness to Unaccustomed and Repeated High-Volume Eccentric Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094510. [PMID: 33922796 PMCID: PMC8122999 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to investigate the muscle-tendon unit stiffness response and to compare the stiffness with those of other indirect markers induced by two bouts of unaccustomed eccentric exercise. Eleven untrained men performed two bouts of 200 maximal eccentric contractions of the right quadriceps 4 weeks apart. Changes in stiffness, pain evoked by stretching and pressure, plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, and muscle thickness were followed for 7 days after each bout. Stiffness and pain peaked immediately and 1 day after the first exercise bout, whereas CK and thickness were highest 4 and 7 days after the first exercise bout, respectively (p < 0.05 for all). Muscular pain, thickness, and stiffness responses were lower by 53.3%, 99%, and 11.6%, respectively, after the repeated bout compared to after the first bout (p < 0.05 for all), while CK activity response did not differ significantly between bouts. High responders for an increase in muscle-tendon unit stiffness showed a repeated-bout effect for stiffness, pain, and CK activity (by 29%, 65%, and 98%, p < 0.05 for all), but the repeated-bout effect was not that clear in low responders. These findings suggest that a repeated eccentric exercise bout effect on stiffness in quadriceps is mostly not associated with muscle pain and CK activity, but there are large individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Muanjai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Allied Health Sciences Faculty, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Exercise and Nutrition Innovation and Sciences Research Unit, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Correspondence:
| | - Mantas Mickevicius
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (A.S.); (D.A.J.); (D.S.); (T.V.); (S.K.)
| | - Audrius Snieckus
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (A.S.); (D.A.J.); (D.S.); (T.V.); (S.K.)
| | - David A. Jones
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (A.S.); (D.A.J.); (D.S.); (T.V.); (S.K.)
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
| | - Pavelas Zachovajevas
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Danguole Satkunskiene
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (A.S.); (D.A.J.); (D.S.); (T.V.); (S.K.)
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (A.S.); (D.A.J.); (D.S.); (T.V.); (S.K.)
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.M.); (A.S.); (D.A.J.); (D.S.); (T.V.); (S.K.)
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The effect of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:9. [PMID: 33441158 PMCID: PMC7807509 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) results in transient muscle inflammation, strength loss, muscle soreness and may cause subsequent exercise avoidance. Omega-3 (n-3) supplementation may minimise EIMD via its anti-inflammatory properties, however, its efficacy remains unclear. Methods Healthy males (n = 14, 25.07 ± 4.05 years) were randomised to 3 g/day n-3 supplementation (N-3, n = 7) or placebo (PLA, n = 7). Following 4 weeks supplementation, a downhill running protocol (60 min, 65% V̇O2max, − 10% gradient) was performed. Creatine kinase (CK), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, perceived muscle soreness, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and peak power were quantified pre, post, and 24, 48 and 72 h post-EIMD. Results Muscle soreness was significantly lower in N-3 vs PLA group at 24 h post-EIMD (p = 0.034). IL-6 was increased in PLA (p = 0.009) but not in N-3 (p = 0.434) following EIMD, however, no significant differences were noted between groups. Peak power was significantly suppressed in PLA relative to pre-EIMD but not in N-3 group at 24 h post-EIMD. However, no significant difference in peak power output was observed between groups. MVIC, CK and TNF-α were altered by EIMD but did not differ between groups. Conclusion N-3 supplementation for 4 weeks may successfully attenuate minor aspects of EIMD. Whilst not improving performance, these findings may have relevance to soreness-associated exercise avoidance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12970-020-00405-1.
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Ho CC, Nosaka K, Tseng KW, Tseng WC, Lau WY, Bogdanis GC, Chen TC. Effect of preconditioning exercise on biceps brachii myotendinous junction displacement during elbow flexor eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:813-825. [PMID: 33349963 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that 30 low-intensity (10%) eccentric contractions (10%EC) or two maximal voluntary isometric contractions at a long muscle length (2MVIC) that were performed at two days before maximal eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors consisting of five sets of six maximal eccentric contractions (MaxEC) would reduce increases in biceps brachii distal myotendinous junction displacement (MTJd) over the eccentric contractions during MaxEC. Sedentary young men were randomly placed (n = 12/group) to a control group that performed two bouts of MaxEC (CONT-1st, CONT-2nd) separated by two weeks, or one of two preconditioning groups that performed 10%EC or 2MVIC at 20° elbow flexion at two days prior to MaxEC. All exercises were performed by the non-dominant arm. MTJd of each contraction was assessed by B-mode ultrasound, and its changes over sets were compared among the groups. The average MTJd from the start to the end of six eccentric contractions in the first set was similar among the groups (6.4 ± 0.7 mm). The MTJd increased from the first to fifth set, but the increase was smaller (P < .05) for the 10%EC (13 ± 6%) and 2MVIC (16 ± 9%) groups, and CONT-2nd (3 ± 6%) when compared with CONT-1st (60 ± 12%). Both 10%EC and 2MVIC groups showed smaller (P < .05) changes in all muscle damage markers after MaxEC similarly when compared with CONT-1st, but the changes were greater than those after CONT-2nd. These results supported the hypothesis that protective effect was associated with less MTJd changes, suggesting that this is associated with the mechanisms underpinning the preconditioning effect on muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chiao Ho
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Kou-Wei Tseng
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chin Tseng
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, University of Taipei, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wing-Yin Lau
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of P.E. & Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Trevor C Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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11
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Short-term neuromuscular, morphological, and architectural responses to eccentric quasi-isometric muscle actions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:141-158. [PMID: 32995961 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eccentric quasi-isometric (EQI) contractions have been proposed as a novel training method for safely exposing the musculotendinous system to a large mechanical load/impulse, with few repetitions. However, understanding of this contraction type is rudimentary. We aimed to compare the acute effects of a single session of isotonic EQIs with isokinetic eccentric (ECC) contractions. METHODS Fifteen well-trained men performed a session of impulse-equated EQI and ECC knee extensions, with each limb randomly allocated to one contraction type. Immediately PRE, POST, 24/48/72 h, and 7 days post-exercise, regional soreness, quadriceps swelling, architecture, and echo intensity were evaluated. Peak concentric and isometric torque, rate of torque development (RTD), and angle-specific impulse were evaluated at each time point. RESULTS There were substantial differences in the number of contractions (ECC: 100.8 ± 54; EQI: 3.85 ± 1.1) and peak torque (mean: ECC: 215 ± 54 Nm; EQI: 179 ± 28.5 Nm). Both conditions elicited similar responses in 21/53 evaluated variables. EQIs resulted in greater vastus intermedius swelling (7.1-8.8%, ES = 0.20-0.29), whereas ECC resulted in greater soreness at the distal and middle vastus lateralis and distal rectus femoris (16.5-30.4%, ES = 0.32-0.54) and larger echogenicity increases at the distal rectus femoris and lateral vastus intermedius (11.9-15.1%, ES = 0.26--0.54). Furthermore, ECC led to larger reductions in concentric (8.3-19.7%, ES = 0.45-0.62) and isometric (6.3-32.3%, ES = 0.18-0.70) torque and RTD at medium-long muscle lengths. CONCLUSION A single session of EQIs resulted in less soreness and smaller reductions in peak torque and RTD versus impulse-equated ECC contractions, yet morphological shifts were largely similar. Long-term morphological, architectural, and neuromuscular adaptations to EQI training requires investigation.
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Oranchuk DJ, Storey AG, Nelson AR, Cronin JB. Scientific Basis for Eccentric Quasi-Isometric Resistance Training: A Narrative Review. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 33:2846-2859. [PMID: 31361732 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oranchuk, DJ, Storey, AG, Nelson, AR, and Cronin, JB. The scientific basis for eccentric quasi-isometric resistance training: A narrative review. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2846-2859, 2019-Eccentric quasi-isometric (EQI) resistance training involves holding a submaximal, yielding isometric contraction until fatigue causes muscle lengthening and then maximally resisting through a range of motion. Practitioners contend that EQI contractions are a powerful tool for the development of several physical qualities important to health and sports performance. In addition, several sports involve regular quasi-isometric contractions for optimal performance. Therefore, the primary objective of this review was to synthesize and critically analyze relevant biological, physiological, and biomechanical research and develop a rationale for the value of EQI training. In addition, this review offers potential practical applications and highlights future areas of research. Although there is a paucity of research investigating EQIs, the literature on responses to traditional contraction types is vast. Based on the relevant literature, EQIs may provide a practical means of increasing total volume, metabolite build-up, and hormonal signaling factors while safely enduring large quantities of mechanical tension with low levels of peak torque. Conversely, EQI contractions likely hold little neuromuscular specificity to high velocity or power movements. Therefore, EQI training seems to be effective for improving musculotendinous morphological and performance variables with low injury risk. Although speculative due to the limited specific literature, available evidence suggests a case for future experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Oranchuk
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adam G Storey
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - André R Nelson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Health and Medical Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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Barreto RV, de Lima LCR, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Protective Effect Conferred by Isometric Preconditioning Against Slow- and Fast-Velocity Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1203. [PMID: 31632283 PMCID: PMC6779724 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated if the same isometric preconditioning protocol (IPP) attenuates the magnitude of muscle damage induced by different maximal eccentric exercise protocols in the elbow flexors. Sixty-four untrained men were assigned to either two experimental or two control groups. Participants in the experimental groups performed an IPP prior to either slow (60°·s-1 - ISO + ECC-S) or fast (180°·s-1 - ISO + ECC-F) maximal eccentric contractions (MaxECC). Subjects in the control groups performed slow (ECC-S) or fast (ECC-F) MaxECC without IPP. Maximal isokinetic concentric torque (MVC), muscle soreness (SOR), and muscle thickness (MT) were assessed before, immediately after, and 1-4 days following the MaxECC. Significant (p < 0.05) group vs. time interactions were found for MVC (F = 4,517), SOR (F = 6,318), and MT (F = 1,863). The ECC-S group presented faster (p < 0.05) recovery of MVC and MT and less (p < 0.05) SOR at 96 h post-MaxECC compared with ECC-F group. No significant differences in MVC and MT were found between ECC-S and ECC-F groups following MaxECC. The ISO + ECC-S group showed faster (p < 0.05) recovery of MVC and SOR compared to the ECC-S group. No significant differences were evident between ISO + ECC-S and ECC-S in any variable. The ISO + ECC-F group showed faster (p < 0.05) recovery of all assessed variables compared with the ECC-F group. MVC was greater (p < 0.05) at 48-72 h, and SOR was less (p < 0.05) at 48-96 h in the ISO + ECC-F compared to the ECC-F group. No significant differences were evident between ISO + ECC-S and ISO + ECC-F for any variable. These results show that the IPP accelerated recovery of MVC and SOR for the slow-eccentric exercise condition and attenuated strength loss and SOR in addition to faster recovery of all assessed variables for the fast-eccentric exercise condition. Therefore, the IPP can be used as a strategy to attenuate and accelerate recovery of muscle damage induced by different-velocity eccentric exercises, resulting in greater protection against muscle damage induced by faster velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Vieira Barreto
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Coelho Rabello de Lima
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil.,Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, University Centre Herminio Ometto, Araras, Brazil.,School of Physical Education, Salesian University Centre of São Paulo, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Camila Coelho Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Benedito Sérgio Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
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The relationship between stiffness and pain following unaccustomed eccentric exercise: the effects of gentle stretch and repeated bout. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1183-1194. [PMID: 30805713 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine how muscle stiffness and pain which develop after eccentric exercise are affected by gentle stretching and repeated exercise. METHODS Twenty-one healthy female participants undertook eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors and changes in resting elbow flexion angle (REFA; a measure of muscle stiffness), pain on stretch scale, pain elicited by pressure (PPT pain, a measure of mechanoreceptor hypersensitivity), and upper arm girth were followed for 7 days after exercise. The effects of gentle passive stretching on pain and muscle stiffness were investigated 2 and 4 days after exercise. Eleven participants also repeated the exercise with the same arm 6 weeks after the first bout. RESULTS There was a significant relationship between the pain on stretch scale and increased REFA (day 4; R2 = 0.65, p < 0.001), whereas there was no relationship between REFA and PPT pain. REFA was reduced by passive stretching and pain on stretch scale was also reduced from 3.0 (1.4, 5.1) to 0.75 (0.0, 2.0) [median (IQR), p = 0.01]. PPT pain was unaffected by the passive stretching, as was muscle swelling. Following the repeated bout, increases in REFA were much reduced, as was pain on stretch scale (p = 0.02). However, PPT pain was not significantly different between the two bouts of exercise. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that reductions in pain on stretch scale, either by gentle passive stretching or as the result of repeated exercise, are primarily due to reductions in muscle stiffness which develops after eccentric exercise, whereas mechanoreceptor hypersensitivity is relatively unaffected.
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Lima LCR, Bassan NM, Cardozo AC, Gonçalves M, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Isometric pre-conditioning blunts exercise-induced muscle damage but does not attenuate changes in running economy following downhill running. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 60:1-9. [PMID: 29751254 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Running economy (RE) is impaired following unaccustomed eccentric-biased exercises that induce muscle damage. It is also known that muscle damage is reduced when maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) are performed at a long muscle length 2-4 days prior to maximal eccentric exercise with the same muscle, a phenomenon that can be described as isometric pre-conditioning (IPC). We tested the hypothesis that IPC could attenuate muscle damage and changes in RE following downhill running. Thirty untrained men were randomly assigned into experimental or control groups and ran downhill on a treadmill (-15%) for 30 min. Participants in the experimental group completed 10 MVIC in a leg press machine two days prior to downhill running, while participants in the control group did not perform IPC. The magnitude of changes in muscle soreness determined 48 h after downhill running was greater for the control group (122 ± 28 mm) than for the experimental group (92 ± 38 mm). Isometric peak torque recovered faster in the experimental group compared with the control group (3 days vs. no full recovery, respectively). No significant effect of IPC was found for countermovement jump height, serum creatine kinase activity or any parameters associated with RE. These results supported the hypothesis that IPC attenuates changes in markers of muscle damage. The hypothesis that IPC attenuates changes in RE was not supported by our data. It appears that the mechanisms involved in changes in markers of muscle damage and parameters associated with RE following downhill running are not completely shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo C R Lima
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil; Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Av. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP 13607-339, Brazil; Faculty of Physical Education, Centro Universitário Salesiano de São Paulo, Rua Baronesa Geraldo Resende, 330, Campinas, SP 13075-270, Brazil.
| | - Natália M Bassan
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Adalgiso C Cardozo
- Biomechanics Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Mauro Gonçalves
- Biomechanics Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Camila C Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Benedito S Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.
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