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Schwiete C, Roth C, Skutschik C, Möck S, Rettenmaier L, Happ K, Broich H, Behringer M. Effects of muscle fatigue on exercise-induced hamstring muscle damage: a three-armed randomized controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2545-2561. [PMID: 37330434 PMCID: PMC10616225 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hamstring injuries in soccer reportedly increase towards the end of the matches' halves as well as with increased match frequency in combination with short rest periods, possibly due to acute or residual fatigue. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of acute and residual muscle fatigue on exercise-induced hamstring muscle damage. METHODS A three-armed randomized-controlled trial, including 24 resistance-trained males, was performed allocating subjects to either a training group with acute muscle fatigue + eccentric exercise (AF/ECC); residual muscle fatigue + eccentric exercise (RF/ECC) or a control group with only eccentric exercise (ECC). Muscle stiffness, thickness, contractility, peak torque, range of motion, pain perception, and creatine kinase were assessed as muscle damage markers pre, post, 1 h post, and on the consecutive three days. RESULTS Significant group × time interactions were revealed for muscle thickness (p = 0.02) and muscle contractility parameters radial displacement (Dm) and contraction velocity (Vc) (both p = 0.01), with larger changes in the ECC group (partial η2 = 0.4). Peak torque dropped by an average of 22% in all groups; stiffness only changed in the RF/ECC group (p = 0.04). Muscle work during the damage protocol was lower for AF/ECC than for ECC and RF/ECC (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION Hamstring muscle damage was comparable between the three groups. However, the AF/ECC group resulted in the same amount of muscle damage while accumulating significantly less muscle work during the protocol of the damage exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was preregistered in the international trial registration platform (WHO; registration number: DRKS00025243).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schwiete
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Christian Roth
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Skutschik
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Möck
- Department of Exercise Science, Olympic Training and Testing Center of Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lukas Rettenmaier
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kevin Happ
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Holger Broich
- Department of Science, Performance and Fitness, FC Bayern München AG, Munich, Germany
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy, and Health, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Behringer
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Panidi I, Donti O, Konrad A, Dinas PC, Terzis G, Mouratidis A, Gaspari V, Donti A, Bogdanis GC. Muscle Architecture Adaptations to Static Stretching Training: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:47. [PMID: 37318696 PMCID: PMC10271914 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term stretching of human skeletal muscles increases joint range of motion through altered stretch perception and decreased resistance to stretch. There is also some evidence that stretching induces changes in muscle morphology. However, research is limited and inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of static stretching training on muscle architecture (i.e., fascicle length and fascicle angle, muscle thickness and cross-sectional area) in healthy participants. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed Central, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus were searched. Randomized controlled trials and controlled trials without randomization were included. No restrictions on language or date of publication were applied. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane RoB2 and ROBINS-I tools. Subgroup analyses and random-effects meta-regressions were also performed using total stretching volume and intensity as covariates. Quality of evidence was determined by GRADE analysis. RESULTS From the 2946 records retrieved, 19 studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis (n = 467 participants). Risk of bias was low in 83.9% of all criteria. Confidence in cumulative evidence was high. Stretching training induces trivial increases in fascicle length at rest (SMD = 0.17; 95% CI 0.01-0.33; p = 0.042) and small increases in fascicle length during stretching (SMD = 0.39; 95% CI 0.05 to 0.74; p = 0.026). No increases were observed in fascicle angle or muscle thickness (p = 0.30 and p = 0.18, respectively). Subgroup analyses showed that fascicle length increased when high stretching volumes were used (p < 0.004), while no changes were found for low stretching volumes (p = 0.60; subgroup difference: p = 0.025). High stretching intensities induced fascicle length increases (p < 0.006), while low stretching intensities did not have an effect (p = 0.72; subgroup difference: p = 0.042). Also, high intensity stretching resulted in increased muscle thickness (p = 0.021). Meta-regression analyses showed that longitudinal fascicle growth was positively associated with stretching volume (p < 0.02) and intensity (p < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Static stretching training increases fascicle length at rest and during stretching in healthy participants. High, but not low, stretching volumes and intensities induce longitudinal fascicle growth, while high stretching intensities result in increased muscle thickness. REGISTRATION PROSPERO, registration number: CRD42021289884.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioli Panidi
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| | - Olyvia Donti
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Petros C Dinas
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| | - Athanasios Mouratidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Gaspari
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| | - Anastasia Donti
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece.
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Wilke J, Schwiete C, Behringer M. Effects of Maximal Eccentric Exercise on Deep Fascia Stiffness of the Knee Flexors: A Pilot Study using Shear-Wave Elastography. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:419-425. [PMID: 36157390 PMCID: PMC9459765 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The deep fascia is intimately linked to skeletal muscle and may be involved in delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). The present study therefore explored the effect of eccentric exercise on fascia stiffness and its relation with DOMS. Healthy active male adults (n = 19, 27 ± 4 years) performed 6 x 10 maximal eccentric knee flexions using an isokinetic dynamometer. Before (baseline) as well as immediately (T0), 1 hour (T1), and each day up to 72 hours (T24 to T72) afterwards, shear wave elastography was used to measure the mechanical stiffness of the biceps femoris muscle and the overlying fascia. As a surrogate of DOMS, pain upon palpation was captured by means of a 100mm visual analogue scale. While muscle stiffness remained unchanged (p > 0.05), deep fascia stiffness increased from baseline to T24 (median: 18 kPa to 21.12 kPa, p = 0.017) and T72 (median: 18 kPa to 21.3 kPa, p = 0.001) post-exercise. Linear regression showed an association of stiffness changes at T24 and pressure pain at T72 (r2 = 0.22, p < 0.05). Maximal eccentric exercise leads to a stiffening of the fascia, which, in turn, is related to the magnitude of future DOMS. Upcoming research should therefore gauge the effectiveness of interventions modifying the mechanical properties of the connective tissue in order to accelerate recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wilke
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - Carsten Schwiete
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Michael Behringer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Rate of torque development as an indirect marker of muscle damage in the knee flexors. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The Role of Structured Foam Rolling Programs in Improving Hamstring Flexibility: A Critically Appraised Topic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC THERAPY AND TRAINING 2021. [DOI: 10.1123/ijatt.2020-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Focused Clinical Question: What is the efficacy of structured foam rolling protocols at increasing hamstring muscle flexibility in active adults when compared with just maintaining regular levels of activity? Clinical Bottom Line: There is significant evidence to support the use of structured foam rolling programs in active adults to improve hamstring flexibility.
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Wang R, Tian H, Guo D, Tian Q, Yao T, Kong X. Impacts of exercise intervention on various diseases in rats. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:211-227. [PMID: 32444146 PMCID: PMC7242221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise is considered as an important intervention for treatment and prevention of several diseases, such as osteoarthritis, obesity, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease. This review summarizes decadal exercise intervention studies with various rat models across 6 major systems to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the effects that exercise brought. METHODS PubMed was utilized as the data source. To collect research articles, we used the following terms to create the search: (exercise [Title] OR physical activity [Title] OR training [Title]) AND (rats [Title/Abstract] OR rat [Title/Abstract] OR rattus [Title/Abstract]). To best cover targeted studies, publication dates were limited to "within 11 years." The exercise intervention methods used for different diseases were sorted according to the mode, frequency, and intensity of exercise. RESULTS The collected articles were categorized into studies related to 6 systems or disease types: motor system (17 articles), metabolic system (110 articles), cardiocerebral vascular system (171 articles), nervous system (71 articles), urinary system (2 articles), and cancer (21 articles). Our review found that, for different diseases, exercise intervention mostly had a positive effect. However, the most powerful effect was achieved by using a specific mode of exercise that addressed the characteristics of the disease. CONCLUSION As a model animal, rats not only provide a convenient resource for studying human diseases but also provide the possibility for exploring the molecular mechanisms of exercise intervention on diseases. This review also aims to provide exercise intervention frameworks and optimal exercise dose recommendations for further human exercise intervention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwen Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Haili Tian
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qianqian Tian
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ting Yao
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Xingxing Kong
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Exercise induced changes in echo intensity within the muscle: a brief review. J Ultrasound 2020; 23:457-472. [PMID: 31925731 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-019-00424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Echo intensity is the mean pixel intensity of a specific region of interest from an ultrasound image. This variable has been increasingly used in the literature as a physiological marker. Although there has been an increased interest in reporting changes in echo intensity in response to exercise, little consensus exists as to what a change in echo intensity represents physiologically. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the earliest, as well as the most up to date literature regarding the changes in echo intensity in response to exercise. Echo intensity has been used to measure muscle quality, muscle damage, acute swelling, and intramuscular glycogen. The changes in echo intensity, however, are not consistent throughout the literature and often times lead to conclusions that seem contrary to the physiologic effects of exercise. For example, echo intensity increases in conjunction with increases in strength, contrary to what would be expected if echo intensity was a marker of muscle quality/muscle damage. It is conceivable that a change in echo intensity represents a range of physiologic effects at different time points. We recommend that these effects should be determined experimentally in order to rule out what echo intensity might and might not represent. Until this is done, caution should be employed when interpreting changes in echo intensity with acute and chronic exercise.
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The effects of 6 weeks of constant-angle muscle stretching training on flexibility and muscle function in men with limited hamstrings' flexibility. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1691-1700. [PMID: 31076891 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of 6 weeks of a constant-angle hamstring muscle flexibility training on muscle-tendon stiffness and the range of motion (ROM) in young men with limited hamstring ROM. METHODS 13 participants performed unilateral stretching training (EL), while the contralateral limb acted as control (CL). ROM, relative and peak passive torque, passive stiffness, dynamic knee flexion strength, and active optimum joint angle were assessed before and after the last training session. In addition, participants were tested during the first and last training sessions for first stretch sensation during the stretching procedure only in the EL. RESULTS Straight-leg raise and isokinetic knee ROM tests (both p < 0.0001; from 59.4 ± 8.1 to 70.3 ± 9.8, from 28.3 ± 7.6 to 18.5 ± 5.2, respectively) and peak passive torque (p = 0.001; from 53.1 ± 11.7 to 64.9 ± 12.3) increased only in EL and no changes in relative passive torque, passive stiffness, dynamic knee flexion strength, and active optimum joint angle (p > 0.05) were observed. At the point of first stretch sensation, significant increases in passive torque (p = 0.004) and angle (p < 0.001) were found from pre- to post-training. CONCLUSION The flexibility training induced significant increases in ROM alongside increases in peak passive torque (stretch tolerance) and the ROM at which stretch was first perceived. However, this occurred without changes in muscle-tendon mechanical properties or transfer to the untrained limb (CL). These results suggest that limb-specific ROM increases were underpinned by neural adaptations.
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Blazevich AJ. Adaptations in the passive mechanical properties of skeletal muscle to altered patterns of use. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 126:1483-1491. [PMID: 30412028 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00700.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this mini-review is to describe the present state of knowledge regarding the effects of chronic changes in the patterns of muscle use (defined as changes lasting >1 wk), including muscle stretching, strengthening, and others, on the passive mechanical properties of healthy human skeletal muscles. Various forms of muscle stretch training and some forms of strength training (especially eccentric training) are known to strongly impact the maximum elongation capacity of muscles in vivo (i.e., maximum joint range of motion), largely by increasing our ability to tolerate higher stretch loads. However, only small effects are observed in the passive stiffness of the muscle-tendon unit (MTU) or the muscle itself, although a reduction in muscle stiffness has been observed in the plantar flexors after both stretching and eccentric exercise interventions. No changes have yet been observed in viscoelastic properties such as the MTU stress-relaxation response, although a minimum of evidence indicates that hysteresis during passive stretch-relaxation cycles may be reduced by muscle stretching training. Importantly, data exist for relatively few muscle groups, and little is known about the effects of age and sex on the adaptive process of passive mechanical properties. Despite the significant research effort afforded to understanding the effects of altered physical activity patterns on the maximum range of motion at some joints, further information is needed before it will be possible to develop targeted physical activity interventions with the aim of evoking specific changes in passive mechanical properties in individuals or in specific muscles and muscle groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University , Joondalup, Western Australia , Australia
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