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Mancuso A, d’Avanzo N, Cristiano MC, Paolino D. Reflectance spectroscopy: a non-invasive strategy to explore skin reactions to topical products. Front Chem 2024; 12:1422616. [PMID: 38957405 PMCID: PMC11217347 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1422616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Reflectance spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful analytical technique in the field of dermatology, offering a non-invasive strategy to assess several cutaneous properties and skin response to topical products. By analyzing reflected light across different wavelengths, reflectance spectroscopy allows the quantification of cutaneous parameters, such as erythema index and melanin content. Moreover, this analytical technique enables the monitoring of any changes in skin physiology facilitating the assessment of long-term effects of topical products as well as predicting cutaneous diseases. This review provides an overview of the application of reflectance spectroscopy in investigating skin properties and reaction to topical applied products, including both pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations, thereby aiding in the development of personalized solutions tailored to individual needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Mancuso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Research Center “ProHealth Translational Hub”, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola d’Avanzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Research Center “ProHealth Translational Hub”, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Cristiano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Donatella Paolino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Research Center “ProHealth Translational Hub”, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Pachyn E, Aumiller M, Freymüller C, Linek M, Volgger V, Buchner A, Rühm A, Sroka R. Investigation on the influence of the skin tone on hyperspectral imaging for free flap surgery. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13979. [PMID: 38886457 PMCID: PMC11183063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a new emerging modality useful for the noncontact assessment of free flap perfusion. This measurement technique relies on the optical properties within the tissue. Since the optical properties of hemoglobin (Hb) and melanin overlap, the results of the perfusion assessment and other tissue-specific parameters are likely to be distorted by the melanin, especially at higher melanin concentrations. Many spectroscopic devices have been shown to struggle with a melanin related bias, which results in a clinical need to improve non-invasive perfusion assessment, especially for a more pigmented population. This study investigated the influence of skin tones on tissue indices measurements using HSI. In addition, other factors that might affect HSI, such as age, body mass index (BMI), sex or smoking habits, were also considered. Therefore, a prospective feasibility study was conducted, including 101 volunteers from whom tissue indices measurements were performed on 16 different body sites. Skin tone classification was performed using the Fitzpatrick skin type classification questionnaire, and the individual typology angle (ITA) acquired from the RGB images was calculated simultaneously with the measurements. Tissue indices provided by the used HSI-device were correlated to the possible influencing factors. The results show that a dark skin tone and, therefore, higher levels of pigmentation influence the HSI-derived tissue indices. In addition, possible physiological factors influencing the HSI-measurements were found. In conclusion, the HSI-based tissue indices can be used for perfusion assessment for people with lighter skin tone levels but show limitations in people with darker skin tones. Furthermore, it could be used for a more individual perfusion assessment if different physiological influencing factors are respected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Pachyn
- Department of Urology, Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Fraunhoferstrasse 20, 82152, Planegg, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Aumiller
- Department of Urology, Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Fraunhoferstrasse 20, 82152, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Freymüller
- Department of Urology, Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Fraunhoferstrasse 20, 82152, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthäus Linek
- Department of Urology, Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Fraunhoferstrasse 20, 82152, Planegg, Germany
| | - Veronika Volgger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Buchner
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Rühm
- Department of Urology, Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Fraunhoferstrasse 20, 82152, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ronald Sroka
- Department of Urology, Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Fraunhoferstrasse 20, 82152, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Rengot J, Meyer I, Chevrot N, Maire ML, Cherel M, Prestat‐Marquis E, Stuhlmann D. From consistent subjective assessment of skin sensitivity severity to its accurate objective scoring. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13635. [PMID: 38500364 PMCID: PMC10948949 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensitive skin (SenS) is a syndrome leading to unpleasant sensations with little visible signs. Grading its severity generally relies on questionnaires or subjective ratings. MATERIALS AND METHODS The SenS status of 183 subjects was determined by trained assessors. Answers from a four-item questionnaire were converted into numerical scores, leading to a 0-15 SenS index that was asked twice or thrice. Parameters from hyperspectral images were used as input for a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network to predict the four-item questionnaire score of subjects. The resulting model was used to evaluate the soothing effect of a cosmetic cream applied to one hemiface, comparing it to that of a placebo applied to the other hemiface. RESULTS The four-item questionnaire score accurately predicts SenS assessors' classification (92.7%) while providing insight into SenS severity. Most subjects providing repeatable replies are non-SenS, but accepting some variability in answers enables identifying subjects with consistent replies encompassing a majority of SenS subjects. The MLP neural network model predicts the SenS score of subjects with consistent replies from full-face hyperspectral images (R2 Validation set = 0.969). A similar quality is obtained with hemiface images. Comparing the effect of applying a soothing cosmetic to that of a placebo revealed that subjects with the highest instrumental index (> 5) show significant SenS improvement. CONCLUSION A four-item questionnaire enables calculating a SenS index grading its severity. Objective evaluation using hyperspectral images with an MLP neural network accurately predicts SenS severity and its favourable evolution upon the application of a soothing cream.
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Jdid R, Pedrazzani M, Lejeune F, Fischman S, Cazorla G, Forestier S, Khalifa YB. Skin dark spot mapping and evaluation of brightening product efficacy using Line-field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT). Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13623. [PMID: 38385854 PMCID: PMC10883256 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial dark spots remain a significant challenge for the cosmetic industry, in terms of providing effective treatment. Using Line-field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT), we investigated the internal structural features of photo-aging spot areas and evaluated the efficacy of a skin-brightening cosmetic product. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-six Asian female volunteers, aged between 29 and 65 years, applied a cosmetic product on their entire face twice a day for 2 months. LC-OCT was used to evaluate the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) undulation and the volume density of melanin in the epidermis at D0 and D56. Skin brightening and redness were also assessed by photography (SkinCam). RESULTS Using LC-OCT technology, various microscopic dark spot morphologies, spanning from minimally deformed DEJ to complex DEJ patterns, were identified. Dark spots characterized by slight deformities in the DEJ were predominantly observed in the youngest age group, while older volunteers displayed a wavier pattern. Furthermore, a total of 44 spots were monitored to evaluate the brightening product efficacy. A statistically significant reduction in melanin volumetric density of 7.3% in the spots and 12.3% in their surrounding area was observed after 56 days of product application. In line with these results, an analysis of color parameters using SkinCam reveals a significant increase in brightening and decrease in redness in both pigmented spots and the surrounding skin following application. CONCLUSIONS LC-OCT proves to be a valuable tool for in-depth dark spots characterization and assessment of skin brightening products, enabling various applications in the field of dermatological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Jdid
- Chanel Parfums BeautéInnovation Recherche et DéveloppementPantinFrance
| | | | - François Lejeune
- Chanel Parfums BeautéInnovation Recherche et DéveloppementPantinFrance
| | | | - Gabriel Cazorla
- Chanel Parfums BeautéInnovation Recherche et DéveloppementPantinFrance
| | - Sandra Forestier
- Chanel Parfums BeautéInnovation Recherche et DéveloppementPantinFrance
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Felicio-Briegel A, Linek M, Sroka R, Rühm A, Freymüller C, Stocker M, Baumeister P, Reichel C, Volgger V. Hyperspectral imaging for monitoring of free flaps of the oral cavity: A feasibility study. Lasers Surg Med 2024; 56:165-174. [PMID: 38247042 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) provides spectral information about hemoglobin, water and oxygen supply and has thus great potential in perfusion monitoring. The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of HSI in the postoperative monitoring of intraoral free flaps. METHODS The 14 patients receiving reconstructive head and neck surgery with a radial forearm free flap were included. HSI was performed intraoperatively (t0), on Day 1 (t1), 2 (t2), 3-6 (t3), 7-9 (t4), 10-11 (t5) and 12-15 (t6) postoperatively. Flap tissue perfusion was assessed on defined regions of interest by calculating the perfusion indices Tissue Hemoglobin Index (THI), hemoglobin oxygenation (StO2 ), Near Infrared Perfusion Index (NIR Perfusion Index) and Tissue Water Index (TWI). RESULTS Image quality varied depending on location of the flap and time of measurement. StO2 was >50 intraoperatively and >40 on t1 for all patients. A significant difference was found solely for TWI between t0 and t2 and t0 and t4. No flap loss occurred. CONCLUSIONS The use of HSI in the monitoring of intraoral flaps is feasible and might become a valuable addition to the current clinical examination of free flaps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthäus Linek
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg, Germany
| | - Ronald Sroka
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Rühm
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Freymüller
- Laser-Forschungslabor, LIFE Center, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Planegg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Stocker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Philipp Baumeister
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Reichel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Volgger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Parvez MA, Yashiro K, Tsunoi Y, Saitoh D, Sato S, Nishidate I. In vivo monitoring of hemoglobin derivatives in a rat thermal injury model using spectral diffuse reflectance imaging. Burns 2024; 50:167-177. [PMID: 37821274 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To demonstrate the feasibility of our previously proposed Diffuse reflectance spectral imaging (DRSI) method for in vivo monitoring of oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, methemoglobin, tissue oxygen saturation, and methemoglobin saturation in a rat scald burn wound model and assess whether the method could be used for differentiating the burn depth groups in rats based on the hemoglobin parameters. METHODOLOGY Superficial dermal burns (SDBs), deep dermal burns (DDBs), and deep burns (DBs) were induced in rat dorsal skin using a Walker-Mason method. An approach based on multiple regression analysis for spectral diffuse reflectance images aided by Monte Carlo simulations for light transport was used to quantify the hemoglobin parameters. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) was performed to discriminate SDB, DDB, and DB. RESULTS CDA using the total hemoglobin concentration, tissue oxygen saturation, and methemoglobin saturation as the independent variables showed good performance for discriminating the SDB, DDB, and DB groups immediately after burn injury and the SDB group from the DDB and DB groups 24-72 h after burn injury. CONCLUSIONS The DRSI method with multiple regression analysis for quantification of oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, and methemoglobin proved to be reliable for monitoring these hemoglobin derivatives in the rat experimental burn injury model. The parameters of tissue oxygen saturation, methemoglobin saturation, and total hemoglobin concentration are promising for the differentiating the degree of burn injury using CDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Anowar Parvez
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 1848588 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yashiro
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 1848588 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Tsunoi
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama 3598513 Japan
| | - Daizoh Saitoh
- Division of Basic Traumatology, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama 3598513 Japan
| | - Shunichi Sato
- Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College Research Institute, 3-2, Namiki, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama 3598513 Japan
| | - Izumi Nishidate
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16, Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 1848588 Japan.
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Jung G, Kim S, Lee J, Yoo S. Generation of skin tone and pigmented region-modified images using a pigment discrimination model trained with an optical approach. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13486. [PMID: 37881042 PMCID: PMC10535813 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin tone and pigmented regions, associated with melanin and hemoglobin, are critical indicators of skin condition. While most prior research focuses on pigment analysis, the capability to simulate diverse pigmentation conditions could greatly broaden the range of applications. However, current methodologies have limitations in terms of numerical control and versatility. METHODS We introduce a hybrid technique that integrates optical methods with deep learning to produce skin tone and pigmented region-modified images with numerical control. The pigment discrimination model produces melanin, hemoglobin, and shading maps from skin images. The outputs are reconstructed into skin images using a forward problem-solving approach, with model training aimed at minimizing the discrepancy between the reconstructed and input images. By adjusting the melanin and hemoglobin maps, we create pigment-modified images, allowing precise control over changes in melanin and hemoglobin levels. Changes in pigmentation are quantified using the individual typology angle (ITA) for skin tone and melanin and erythema indices for pigmented regions, validating the intended modifications. RESULTS The pigment discrimination model achieved correlation coefficients with clinical equipment of 0.915 for melanin and 0.931 for hemoglobin. The alterations in the melanin and hemoglobin maps exhibit a proportional correlation with the ITA and pigment indices in both quantitative and qualitative assessments. Additionally, regions overlaying melanin and hemoglobin are demonstrated to verify independent adjustments. CONCLUSION The proposed method offers an approach to generate modified images of skin tone and pigmented regions. Potential applications include visualizing alterations for clinical assessments, simulating the effects of skincare products, and generating datasets for deep learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geunho Jung
- AI R∖&D Centerlululab Inc.SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Semin Kim
- AI R∖&D Centerlululab Inc.SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jongha Lee
- AI R∖&D Centerlululab Inc.SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Sangwook Yoo
- AI R∖&D Centerlululab Inc.SeoulRepublic of Korea
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Minakawa M, Wares MA, Nakano K, Haneishi H, Aizu Y, Hayasaki Y, Ikeda T, Nagahara H, Nishidate I. Measuring and imaging of transcutaneous bilirubin, hemoglobin, and melanin based on diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:107001. [PMID: 37915398 PMCID: PMC10616887 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.10.107001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance Evaluation of biological chromophore levels is useful for detection of various skin diseases, including cancer, monitoring of health status and tissue metabolism, and assessment of clinical and physiological vascular functions. Clinically, it is useful to assess multiple different chromophores in vivo with a single technique or instrument. Aim To investigate the possibility of estimating the concentration of four chromophores, bilirubin, oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, and melanin from diffuse reflectance spectra in the visible region. Approach A new diffuse reflectance spectroscopic method based on the multiple regression analysis aided by Monte Carlo simulations for light transport was developed to quantify bilirubin, oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, and melanin. Three different experimental animal models were used to induce hyperbilirubinemia, hypoxemia, and melanogenesis in rats. Results The estimated bilirubin concentration increased after ligation of the bile duct and reached around 18 mg / dl at 50 h after the onset of ligation, which corresponds to the reference value of bilirubin measured by a commercially available transcutaneous bilirubin meter. The concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin and that of deoxygenated hemoglobin decreased and increased, respectively, as the fraction of inspired oxygen decreased. Consequently, the tissue oxygen saturation dramatically decreased. The time course of melanin concentration after depilation of skin on the back of rats was indicative of the supply of melanosomes produced by melanocytes of hair follicles to the growing hair shaft. Conclusions The results of our study showed that the proposed method is capable of the in vivo evaluation of percutaneous bilirubin level, skin hemodynamics, and melanogenesis in rats, and that it has potential as a tool for the diagnosis and management of hyperbilirubinemia, hypoxemia, and pigmented skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Minakawa
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md. Abdul Wares
- Government of Bangladesh, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kazuya Nakano
- Seikei University, Department of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Haneishi
- Chiba University, Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Aizu
- Muroran Institute of Technology, College of Design and Manufacturing Technology, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayasaki
- Utsunomiya University, Center for Optical Research and Education, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ikeda
- Fukuoka Dental College, Section of General Surgery, Division of Oral and Medical Management, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hajime Nagahara
- Osaka University, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka, Japan
| | - Izumi Nishidate
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
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Cengizler Ç, Kabakci AG, Bozkır DM, Sire Eren D, Bozkır MG. A Cluster Validity Index-Based Objective Criteria for Aesthetic Evaluation of Periorbital Treatment. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:2537-2546. [PMID: 37736396 PMCID: PMC10509608 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s425797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Dark circles and pigmentation around the eyes are common reasons people see dermatologists. An effective assessment of the severity of infraorbital color and texture differences is critical for determining appropriate treatment. Evaluation of the visual severity of cases is mostly based on visual inspection. Treatment efficiency is often measured using patient questionnaires in many cases. The subjectivity of assessments may lead to a prolonged healing process, misdiagnosis, and excessive use of drugs or chemicals. Patients and Methods In this study, a computer-aided objective evaluation approach was proposed for grading periorbital facial rejuvenation. This approach is based on the analysis of numerical features extracted from different facial regions in digital images. Healing was objectively graded by evaluating data clusters formed using the extracted features. Accordingly, an increase in the visual similarity between paired facial regions is accepted as an indicator of healing, which directly affects the form of data clusters. An intracluster validity index was measured to evaluate the clusters as dense and well separated. A total of 144 facial regions were extracted and examined, and the automatically calculated grades were compared with expert evaluations. Results The cosmetic effects of the experimental drug were evaluated during the experiments, and expert grades were accepted as the ground truth. The results show that the proposed automated grading approach can evaluate rejuvenation with an accuracy of up to 0.91 accuracy in the upper orbital region. Conclusion This study concluded that the proposed data-clustering-based approach is promising and can be functional without any special instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağlar Cengizler
- Biomedical Device Technology Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayse Gul Kabakci
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Wawrzyk-Bochenek I, Rahnama M, Stachura M, Wilczyński S, Wawrzyk A. Evaluation of the Reduction of Skin Hyperpigmentation Changes under the Influence of a Preparation Containing Kojic Acid Using Hyperspectral Imaging—Preliminary Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12072710. [PMID: 37048793 PMCID: PMC10094916 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12072710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effects of using a preparation containing kojic acid on skin hyperpigmentation using hyperspectral imaging, which enables a quantitative assessment of the effect of the preparation used on the reduction of skin discoloration. Materials and methods: Preliminary studies were carried out on 12 patients with post-acne skin. A hyperspectral camera with a spectral range of 400–1000 nm was used to image skin hyperpigmentation before and after the application of 3% kojic acid. Hyperspectral profiles were analyzed, and image analysis and processing methods were applied. Results: Studies performed using a hyperspectral camera have shown that kojic acid reduces skin discoloration by increasing skin brightness in 75% of patients tested, reducing skin contrast in approximately 83% and increasing skin homogeneity in approximately 67% of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Wawrzyk-Bochenek
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3, 41-205 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Mansur Rahnama
- Chair and Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Martyna Stachura
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3, 41-205 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wilczyński
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3, 41-205 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Anna Wawrzyk
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3, 41-205 Sosnowiec, Poland
- Silesian Park of Medical Technology Kardio-Med Silesia in Zabrze, M. Curie Skłodowskiej 10C, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
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Marois M, Olson JD, Wirth DJ, Elliott JT, Fan X, Davis SC, Paulsen KD, Roberts DW. A birefringent spectral demultiplexer enables fast hyper-spectral imaging of protoporphyrin IX during neurosurgery. Commun Biol 2023; 6:341. [PMID: 36991092 PMCID: PMC10060426 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging and spectral analysis quantifies fluorophore concentration during fluorescence-guided surgery1-6. However, acquisition of the multiple wavelengths required to implement these methods can be time-consuming and hinder surgical workflow. To this end, a snapshot hyperspectral imaging system capable of acquiring 64 channels of spectral data simultaneously was developed for rapid hyperspectral imaging during neurosurgery. The system uses a birefringent spectral demultiplexer to split incoming light and redirect wavelengths to different sections of a large format microscope sensor. Its configuration achieves high optical throughput, accepts unpolarized input light and exceeds channel count of prior image-replicating imaging spectrometers by 4-fold. Tissue-simulating phantoms consisting of serial dilutions of the fluorescent agent characterize system linearity and sensitivity, and comparisons to performance of a liquid crystal tunable filter based hyperspectral imaging device are favorable. The new instrument showed comparable, if not improved, sensitivity at low fluorophore concentrations; yet, acquired wide-field images at more than 70-fold increase in frame rate. Image data acquired in the operating room during human brain tumor resection confirm these findings. The new device is an important advance in achieving real-time quantitative imaging of fluorophore concentration for guiding surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Marois
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jonathan D Olson
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Dennis J Wirth
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jonathan T Elliott
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Dartmouth-Health, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Xiaoyao Fan
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Scott C Davis
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Keith D Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - David W Roberts
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Dartmouth-Health, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Li S, Xiao K, Li P. Spectra Reconstruction for Human Facial Color from RGB Images via Clusters in 3D Uniform CIELab* and Its Subordinate Color Space. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23020810. [PMID: 36679603 PMCID: PMC9861444 DOI: 10.3390/s23020810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated the potential to reconstruct human facial skin spectra based on the responses of RGB cameras to achieve high-fidelity color reproduction of human facial skin in various industrial applications. Nonetheless, the level of precision is still expected to improve. Inspired by the asymmetricity of human facial skin color in the CIELab* color space, we propose a practical framework, HPCAPR, for skin facial reflectance reconstruction based on calibrated datasets which reconstruct the facial spectra in subsets derived from clustering techniques in several spectrometric and colorimetric spaces, i.e., the spectral reflectance space, Principal Component (PC) space, CIELab*, and its three 2D subordinate color spaces, La*, Lb*, and ab*. The spectra reconstruction algorithm is optimized by combining state-of-art algorithms and thoroughly scanning the parameters. The results show that the hybrid of PCA and RGB polynomial regression algorithm with 3PCs plus 1st-order polynomial extension gives the best results. The performance can be improved substantially by operating the spectral reconstruction framework within the subset classified in the La* color subspace. Comparing with not conducting the clustering technique, it attains values of 25.2% and 57.1% for the median and maximum errors for the best cluster, respectively; for the worst, the maximum error was reduced by 42.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suixian Li
- Flying College, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China
- School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Kaida Xiao
- School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Pingqi Li
- School of Informatic, University of Edinburg, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
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13
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Anqi S, Xiukun S, Ai'e X. Quantitative evaluation of sensitive skin by ANTERA 3D
®
combined with GPSkin Barrier
®. Skin Res Technol 2022; 28:840-845. [PMID: 36308515 PMCID: PMC9907598 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, there are many different evaluation methods for sensitive skin, including subjective, semisubjective, and objective evaluation. Various objective tests focus on assessing changes in barrier functions. It is anticipated that the ANTERA 3D®, in combination with GPSkin Barrier®, will provide better evaluation of sensitive skin. METHODS A total of 20 subjects with sensitive skin and 20 healthy participants were recruited. Sensitive skin subjects were treated with an anti-sensitive moisturizing tolerance-extreme cream which has anti-inflammatory and moisturizing effects, twice daily on the whole face for 28 days. VISIA® Skin Detector was used to record clinical images and red area. GPSkin Barrier® was used to measure TEWL and SCH. Texture, hemoglobin, and influenced area (mm2 ) were recorded using ANTERA 3D® . Subjects underwent skin tests and recorded changes at D0 and D28. Data were only collected from healthy participants who did not receive treatment as controls. RESULTS TEWL, texture, hemoglobin, and affected area in sensitive skin group were significantly higher than those in healthy group, while SCH was significantly lower than that in healthy group (p all<0.05). After anti-inflammatory and moisturizing treatment, the texture, hemoglobin, and affected area of sensitive skin decreased, TEWL decreased while SCH increased (p all<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, the combination of the ANTERA 3D® with GPSkin Barrier® could be used as a new kind of quantitative evaluation method for the detection and diagnosis of sensitive skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anqi
- Department of Dermatology Hangzhou Third People's Hospital Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - S Xiukun
- Department of Dermatology Hangzhou Third People's Hospital Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - X Ai'e
- Department of Dermatology Hangzhou Third People's Hospital Affiliated Hangzhou Dermatology Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
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14
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Vicente JR, Durkin A, Shrestha K, Balu M. In vivo imaging with a fast large-area multiphoton exoscope (FLAME) captures the melanin distribution heterogeneity in human skin. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8106. [PMID: 35577848 PMCID: PMC9110384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12317-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin plays a significant role in the regulation of epidermal homeostasis and photoprotection of human skin. The assessment of its epidermal distribution and overall content is of great interest due to its involvement in a wide range of physiological and pathological skin processes. Among several spectroscopic and optical imaging methods that have been reported for non-invasive quantification of melanin in human skin, the approach based on the detection of two-photon excited fluorescence lifetime distinguishes itself by enabling selective detection of melanin with sub-cellular resolution, thus facilitating its quantification while also resolving its depth-profile. A key limitation of prior studies on the melanin assessment based on this approach is their inability to account for the skin heterogeneity due to the reduced field of view of the images, which results in high dispersion of the measurement values. Pigmentation in both normal and pathological human skin is highly heterogeneous and its macroscopic quantification is critical for reliable measurements of the epidermal melanin distribution and for capturing melanin-related sensitive dynamic changes as a response to treatment. In this work, we employ a fast large-area multiphoton exoscope (FLAME), recently developed by our group for clinical skin imaging, that has the ability to evaluate the 3D distribution of epidermal melanin content in vivo macroscopically (millimeter scale) with microscopic resolution (sub-micron) and rapid acquisition rates (minutes). We demonstrate significant enhancement in the reliability of the melanin density and distribution measurements across Fitzpatrick skin types I to V by capturing the intra-subject pigmentation heterogeneity enabled by the large volumetric sampling. We also demonstrate the potential of this approach to provide consistent measurement results when imaging the same skin area at different times. These advances are critical for clinical and research applications related to monitoring pigment modulation as a response to therapies against pigmentary skin disorders, skin aging, as well as skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juvinch R Vicente
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Rd., Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Amanda Durkin
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Rd., Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Kristina Shrestha
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Rd., Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Mihaela Balu
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Rd., Irvine, CA, 92612, USA.
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15
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van Manen L, Birkhoff WAJ, Eggermont J, Hoveling RJM, Nicklin P, Burggraaf J, Wilson R, Mieog JSD, Robinson DJ, Vahrmeijer AL, Bradbury MS, Dijkstra J. Detection of cutaneous oxygen saturation using a novel snapshot hyperspectral camera: a feasibility study. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:3966-3977. [PMID: 34476182 DOI: 10.21037/qims-21-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Tissue necrosis, a consequence of inadequate tissue oxygenation, is a common post-operative complication. As current surgical assessments are often limited to visual and tactile feedback, additional techniques that can aid in the interrogation of tissue viability are needed to improve patient outcomes. In this bi-institutional pilot study, the performance of a novel snapshot hyperspectral imaging camera to detect superficial cutaneous oxygen saturation (StO2) was evaluated. Methods Healthy human volunteers were recruited at two participating centers. Cutaneous StO2 of the forearm was determined by a snapshot hyperspectral camera on two separate study days during occlusion-reperfusion of the brachial artery and after induction of local vasodilation. To calculate the blood StO2 at each pixel in the multispectral image, spectra were selected, and fitting was performed over wavelengths ranging from 470 to 950 nm. Results Quantitative detection of physiological changes in cutaneous StO2 levels was feasible in all sixteen volunteers. A significant (P<0.001) decrease in cutaneous StO2 levels from 78.3% (SD: 15.3) at baseline to 60.6% (SD: 19.8) at the end of occlusion phase was observed, although StO2 levels returned to baseline after five minutes. Mean cutaneous StO2 values were similar in the same subjects on separate study days (Pearson R2: 0.92 and 0.77, respectively) at both centers. Local vasodilation did not yield significant changes in cutaneous StO2 values. Conclusions This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of a snapshot hyperspectral camera for detecting quantitative physiological changes in cutaneous StO2 in normal human volunteers, and serves as a precursor for further validation in perioperative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Labrinus van Manen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen Eggermont
- Leiden University Medical Center, Division of Image Processing, Department of Radiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Philip Nicklin
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacobus Burggraaf
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roger Wilson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine, and Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Sven D Mieog
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dominic J Robinson
- Erasmus Medical Center, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michelle S Bradbury
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,MSK-Cornell Center for Translation of Cancer Nanomedicines, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jouke Dijkstra
- Leiden University Medical Center, Division of Image Processing, Department of Radiology, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Campiche R, Curpen SJ, Lutchmanen-Kolanthan V, Gougeon S, Cherel M, Laurent G, Gempeler M, Schuetz R. Pigmentation effects of blue light irradiation on skin and how to protect against them. Int J Cosmet Sci 2021; 42:399-406. [PMID: 32478879 PMCID: PMC7496068 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Visible light, in particular blue light, has been identified as an additional contributor to cutaneous photoageing. However, clinical studies demonstrating the clear effect of blue light on photoageing are still scarce, and so far, most studies have focused on broad‐spectrum visible light. Although there is evidence for increased skin pigmentation, the underlying mechanisms of photoageing in vivo are still unclear. Furthermore, there is still a need for active ingredients to significantly protect against blue light‐induced hyperpigmentation in vivo. Our study had two aims: to detect visible changes in skin pigmentation following repeated irradiation of the skin with LED‐based blue light and to reduce pigmentation using suitable active ingredients. Method We conducted a randomized, double‐blind and placebo‐controlled clinical study on 33 female volunteers with skin phototypes III and IV. We used a repetitive blue light (4 × 60 J cm−2, 450 nm) irradiation protocol on the volunteers’ inner forearms. Using hyperspectral imaging, we assessed chromophore status. In addition, we took chromameter measurements and photographs to assess visible hyperpigmentation. Results We measured significant changes in chromophore status (P < 0.001 vs baseline), that is of melanin, haemoglobin and oxygen saturation, immediately after blue light irradiation. In addition, we found visible skin colour changes which were expressed by a significant decrease in ITA° values (delta ITA° = −16.89, P < 0.001 vs baseline for the placebo group) and an increase in a* (delta a* = +3.37, P < 0.001 vs baseline for the placebo group) 24 h post‐irradiation. Hyperpigmentation and skin reddening were mitigated by both a formulation containing 3% of a microalgal product and a formulation containing 3% niacinamide. Conclusion Our study sets out an efficient and robust protocol for investigating both blue light‐induced cutaneous alterations, such as changes in skin chromophores, and signs of photoageing, such as hyperpigmentation. Moreover, we have shown evidence that both an extract of the microalga Scenedesmus rubescens and niacinamide (vitamin B3) have the potential to protect against blue light‐induced hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Campiche
- DSM Nutritional Products, Personal Care & Aroma, Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst, 4303, Switzerland
| | - S J Curpen
- Centre International de Développement Pharmaceutique (CIDP), BioPark Mauritius, SOCOTA Phoenicia, Sayed Hossen Road, Phoenix, 73408, Mauritius
| | - V Lutchmanen-Kolanthan
- Centre International de Développement Pharmaceutique (CIDP), BioPark Mauritius, SOCOTA Phoenicia, Sayed Hossen Road, Phoenix, 73408, Mauritius
| | - S Gougeon
- Newtone Technologies, 13 bis Place Jules Ferry, Lyon, 69006, France
| | - M Cherel
- Newtone Technologies, 13 bis Place Jules Ferry, Lyon, 69006, France
| | - G Laurent
- DSM Nutritional Products, Personal Care & Aroma, Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst, 4303, Switzerland
| | - M Gempeler
- DSM Nutritional Products, Personal Care & Aroma, Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst, 4303, Switzerland
| | - R Schuetz
- DSM Nutritional Products, Personal Care & Aroma, Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst, 4303, Switzerland
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17
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Khatun F, Aizu Y, Nishidate I. Transcutaneous monitoring of hemoglobin derivatives during methemoglobinemia in rats using spectral diffuse reflectance. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200279SSRR. [PMID: 33583153 PMCID: PMC7881097 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.3.033708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Untreated methemoglobinemia may cause severe hypoxemia and even death when methemoglobin levels in the blood stream exceed 70%. Although CO-oximetry can be used to monitor the response to treatment for methemoglobinemia, it is costly and requires an invasive procedure for collecting blood samples from patients. A pulse CO-oximeter with a contact probe can be used to continuously and non-invasively measure the percentage of methemoglobin, as well as the percutaneous oxygen saturation. In terms of the prevention of infectious diseases, however, it is desirable to monitor methemoglobin and oxygen saturation levels in a non-contact manner. Diffuse reflectance spectral imaging is promising as a non-contact, non-invasive, and cost-effective clinical diagnostic tool for methemoglobinemia. AIM To demonstrate the feasibility of visible spectral diffuse reflectance for in vivo monitoring of hemoglobin derivatives and evaluating methemoglobin production and reduction as well as hypoxemia during methemoglobinemia in rats. APPROACH A new imaging approach based on the multiple regression analysis aided by Monte Carlo simulations for light transport was developed to quantify methemoglobin, oxygenated hemoglobin, and deoxygenated hemoglobin using a hyperspectral imaging system. An in vivo experiment with rats exposed to sodium nitrite (NaNO2) at different doses was performed to confirm the feasibility of the method for evaluating the dynamics of methemoglobin, oxygenated hemoglobin, and deoxygenated hemoglobin during methemoglobinemia. Systemic physiological parameters, including the percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate (HR), and pulse distention, were measured by a commercially available pulse oximeter, and the results were compared to those obtained by the proposed method. RESULTS Both the methemoglobin concentration and methemoglobin saturation rapidly increased with a half-maximum time of <20 min. They reached their maximal values nearly 60 min after the administration of NaNO2. Tissue oxygen saturation dramatically dropped to a minimum of 33.7 % ± 0.4 % , 23.1 % ± 5.6 % , 8.8 % ± 1.7 % , and 9.7 % ± 5.1 % on average for NaNO2 doses of 25, 37.5, 50, and 75 mg/kg, respectively. Changes in methemoglobin concentration and tissue oxygen saturation are indicative of the temporary production of methemoglobin and severe hypoxemia during methemoglobinemia. Profound increases in the HR and pulse distention implied an elevated cardiac output caused by tachycardia and the resultant increase in peripheral blood volume to compensate for the hypoxia and hypoxemia during methemoglobinemia. This was in agreement with the time course of the peripheral hemoglobin volume concentration obtained by the proposed method. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method is capable of the in vivo non-contact simultaneous evaluation of methemoglobin levels and hypoxemia during methemoglobinemia, and that it has potential as a tool for the diagnosis and management of methemoglobinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahima Khatun
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
- Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Pathobiology, Gazipur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yoshihisa Aizu
- Muroran Institute of Technology, College of Design and Manufacturing Technology, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Izumi Nishidate
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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O’Mahony M, Sladen C, Crone M, Banner E, Newton V, Allen A, Bell M, Marlow I, Acevedo S, Jiang L. A validated photonumeric scale for infraorbital dark circles and its application in evaluating the efficacy of a cosmetic treatment product in a split-face randomized clinical trial. Int J Cosmet Sci 2021; 43:48-56. [PMID: 33038017 PMCID: PMC7898348 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As a result of their complex aetiology and periodicity, dark circles are difficult to characterize and measure, with current assessment techniques relying on specialist equipment, image analysis or proprietary grading scales. There is therefore a need to develop and validate a photonumeric scale for assessing infraorbital dark circles, which can provide an objective and consumer relevant tool for evaluating this condition and the efficacy of treatment products and procedures. METHODS A panel of expert clinical evaluators reviewed approximately three thousand facial photographs collected over a 5-year period and selected images representing a dynamic range of dark circles. A 10-point photonumeric scale was created, with corresponding descriptors and images for each grade of the scale. To rigorously validate the scale, linearity, sensitivity and precision were assessed by colorimetry and in-clinic evaluation. Reproducibility was assessed photographically with both experienced and inexperienced clinical evaluators, whereas intragrader repeatability was assessed live in-clinic. The scale was then employed in a split-face randomized clinical trial on 58 subjects to evaluate the efficacy of a cosmetic treatment product over 8 weeks. RESULTS Colour analysis of the images showed the scale was linear, with statistically significant correlations observed when colour data (CIElab; Individual Typology Angle) were plotted against the corresponding grades (r > 0.9, P < 0.001). Colour difference (Delta E) was calculated between the infraorbital zone and the surrounding skin, and when data were plotted against the grades, a statistically significant correlation was observed (r = 0.99, P < 0.01). The magnitude of the Delta E suggested that changes in grade are visibly perceptible to the human eye, and therefore, the scale is sensitive and clinically relevant. Intergrader reproducibility showed strong correlation (0.96) and >90% agreement between experienced evaluators, whereas intragrader repeatability assessment showed >90% perfect agreement between grades. Use of this scale in a clinical trial demonstrated the efficacy of a cosmetic product, with a mean statistically significant (P < 0.001) decrease in grade of 0.74 compared to baseline, and 0.59 versus the untreated control, after 8 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSION Our photonumeric scale for infraorbital dark circles is sensitive and robust and provides an objective and easy-to-use tool to evaluate dark circles and their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.M. O’Mahony
- Walgreens Boots AllianceThane RoadNottinghamNG90 1BSUK
| | - C. Sladen
- Walgreens Boots AllianceThane RoadNottinghamNG90 1BSUK
| | - M. Crone
- Walgreens Boots AllianceThane RoadNottinghamNG90 1BSUK
| | - E. Banner
- Walgreens Boots AllianceThane RoadNottinghamNG90 1BSUK
| | - V.L. Newton
- Walgreens Boots AllianceThane RoadNottinghamNG90 1BSUK
| | - A. Allen
- Walgreens Boots AllianceThane RoadNottinghamNG90 1BSUK
| | - M. Bell
- Walgreens Boots AllianceThane RoadNottinghamNG90 1BSUK
| | - I. Marlow
- Walgreens Boots AllianceThane RoadNottinghamNG90 1BSUK
| | - S.F. Acevedo
- SGS Stephens1801 N. Glenville DriveRichardsonTX75081USA
| | - L.I. Jiang
- SGS Stephens1801 N. Glenville DriveRichardsonTX75081USA
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19
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Nkengne A, Robic J, Lua BL. The effect of air pollution on the skin colour and tone of Chinese women: A multicentre cohort study. Skin Res Technol 2020; 27:428-434. [PMID: 33111363 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overall facial skin colour is an important sign of perceived health and attractiveness, is predetermined by genetic factors, and is influenced by cultural and living habits, ultraviolet (UV) exposure, climate/seasons and ageing. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of pollution on the skin colour of Chinese women. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 203 Chinese women between 20 and 59 years of age participated in the study and were selected from two cities with different levels of air pollution. Skin colour (L*, a* and b* values), melanin and haemoglobin levels were measured at three sites: the cheek, eye and inner upper arm. Measurements of the inner upper arm were taken as this area of skin was exposed to air pollutants but had minimal exposure to UV light. RESULTS There were significant differences in skin chromophores between Chinese women living in two different cities with different levels of pollution. The b* value (yellowness) was higher in the eye and cheek region, and the a* value (redness) was lower in the cheek and arm region for women in the moderately polluted city. The melanin index was significantly higher, and the haemoglobin level was lower for the eye region for women living in the city with a higher level of air pollution. CONCLUSION This study has shown that air pollution may negatively affect the skin colour of Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Nkengne
- Laboratoires CLARINS I, 5 rue Ampère I 95300 CERGY-PONTOISE CEDEX I FRANCE I, Pontoise, France
| | - Julie Robic
- Laboratoires CLARINS I, 5 rue Ampère I 95300 CERGY-PONTOISE CEDEX I FRANCE I, Pontoise, France
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20
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Lemmens S, Van Eijgen J, Van Keer K, Jacob J, Moylett S, De Groef L, Vancraenendonck T, De Boever P, Stalmans I. Hyperspectral Imaging and the Retina: Worth the Wave? Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:9. [PMID: 32879765 PMCID: PMC7442879 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.9.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hyperspectral imaging is gaining attention in the biomedical field because it generates additional spectral information to study physiological and clinical processes. Several technologies have been described; however an independent, systematic literature overview is lacking, especially in the field of ophthalmology. This investigation is the first to systematically overview scientific literature specifically regarding retinal hyperspectral imaging. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted, in accordance with PRISMA Statement 2009 criteria, in four bibliographic databases: Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science. Results Fifty-six articles were found that meet the review criteria. A range of techniques was reported: Fourier analysis, liquid crystal tunable filters, tunable laser sources, dual-slit monochromators, dispersive prisms and gratings, computed tomography, fiber optics, and Fabry-Perrot cavity filter covered complementary metal oxide semiconductor. We present a narrative synthesis and summary tables of findings of the included articles, because methodologic heterogeneity and diverse research topics prevented a meta-analysis being conducted. Conclusions Application in ophthalmology is still in its infancy. Most previous experiments have been performed in the field of retinal oximetry, providing valuable information in the diagnosis and monitoring of various ocular diseases. To date, none of these applications have graduated to clinical practice owing to the lack of sufficiently large validation studies. Translational Relevance Given the promising results that smaller studies show for hyperspectral imaging (e.g., in Alzheimer's disease), advanced research in larger validation studies is warranted to determine its true clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lemmens
- University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Department of Ophthalmology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Biomedical Sciences Group, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Ophthalmology, Leuven, Belgium.,VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Health Unit, Boeretang, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Eijgen
- University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Department of Ophthalmology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Biomedical Sciences Group, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Ophthalmology, Leuven, Belgium.,VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Health Unit, Boeretang, Belgium
| | - Karel Van Keer
- University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Department of Ophthalmology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Biomedical Sciences Group, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Ophthalmology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie Jacob
- University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Department of Ophthalmology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Biomedical Sciences Group, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Ophthalmology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sinéad Moylett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lies De Groef
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Toon Vancraenendonck
- VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Health Unit, Boeretang, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Boever
- VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Health Unit, Boeretang, Belgium.,Hasselt University, Centre of Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan, Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Stalmans
- University Hospitals UZ Leuven, Department of Ophthalmology, Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Biomedical Sciences Group, Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Ophthalmology, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Gevaux L, Gierschendorf J, Rengot J, Cherel M, Séroul P, Nkengne A, Robic J, Trémeau A, Hébert M. Real-time skin chromophore estimation from hyperspectral images using a neural network. Skin Res Technol 2020; 27:163-177. [PMID: 32677723 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperspectral imaging for in vivo human skin study has shown great potential by providing non-invasive measurement from which information usually invisible to the human eye can be revealed. In particular, maps of skin parameters including oxygen rate, blood volume fraction, and melanin concentration can be estimated from a hyperspectral image by using an optical model and an optimization algorithm. These applications, relying on hyperspectral images acquired with a high-resolution camera especially dedicated to skin measurement, have yielded promising results. However, the data analysis process is relatively expensive in terms of computation cost, with calculation of full-face skin property maps requiring up to 5 hours for 3-megapixels hyperspectral images. Such a computation time prevents punctual previewing and quality assessment of the maps immediately after acquisition. METHODS To address this issue, we have implemented a neural network that models the optimization-based analysis algorithm. This neural network has been trained on a set of hyperspectral images, acquired from 204 patients and their corresponding skin parameter maps, which were calculated by optimization. RESULTS The neural network is able to generate skin parameter maps that are visually very faithful to the reference maps much more quickly than the optimization-based algorithm, with computation times as short as 2 seconds for a 3-megapixel image representing a full face and 0.5 seconds for a 1-megapixel image representing a smaller area of skin. The average deviation calculated on selected areas shows the network's promising generalization ability, even on wide-field full-face images. CONCLUSION Currently, the network is adequate for preview purposes, providing relatively accurate results in a few seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Gevaux
- Laboratoire Hubert, Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Curien UMR 5516, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alain Trémeau
- Laboratoire Hubert, Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Curien UMR 5516, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Mathieu Hébert
- Laboratoire Hubert, Univ Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, Curien UMR 5516, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France
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22
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Logger JGM, de Jong EMGJ, Driessen RJB, van Erp PEJ. Evaluation of a simple image-based tool to quantify facial erythema in rosacea during treatment. Skin Res Technol 2020; 26:804-812. [PMID: 32537843 PMCID: PMC7754330 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Facial erythema is a common symptom in rosacea. To overcome subjectivity in scoring erythema severity, objective redness quantification is desirable. This study evaluated an image‐based erythema quantification tool to monitor facial erythema in rosacea patients during treatment and compared these values to clinical scores. Materials and Methods Twenty‐one rosacea patients were treated with topical ivermectin for 16 weeks. Clinical erythema scores and clinical photographs were taken at week 0, 6, 16 and 28. Using ImageJ, RGB images were split into red, green and blue channels to measure the green/red ratio of lesional skin compared with a green sticker. With CIELAB colour space, a* (indicating colour from green to red) of a lesional and non‐lesional facial site was measured, calculating ∆a*. Interobserver concordance and correlation between quantitative and clinical erythema values were determined. Results Treatment resulted in reduction of clinical erythema scores. No significant changes in red/green ratios were measured. Lesional a* and ∆a* significantly decreased from baseline to week 16 and 28 (P < .05). A weak correlation existed between clinical scores and lesional a* (Rs = 0.37), and between clinical scores and ∆a* (Rs = 0.30), with a clear trend towards higher a* and ∆a* for higher clinical scores. Interobserver correlation was high (R2 = 0.82). Conclusion ImageJ is a simple, rapid, objective and reproducible tool to monitor erythema in rosacea patients during treatment. The photographs allow retrospective analysis, evaluation of large and small lesions, and discrimination of subtle redness differences. We recommend using lesional a* to monitor erythema of inflammatory dermatoses in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade G M Logger
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elke M G J de Jong
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rieke J B Driessen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet E J van Erp
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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23
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Nishidate I, Minakawa M, McDuff D, Wares MDA, Nakano K, Haneishi H, Aizu Y, Niizeki K. Simple and affordable imaging of multiple physiological parameters with RGB camera-based diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:1073-1091. [PMID: 32133238 PMCID: PMC7041446 DOI: 10.1364/boe.382270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose a simple and affordable imaging technique to evaluate transcutaneously multiple physiological parameters by using a digital red-green-blue camera. In this method, the RGB-values were converted into tristimulus values in the CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) XYZ color space, which is compatible with the common color spaces. Monte Carlo simulation for light transport in biological tissue was then performed to specify the relationship among the XYZ-values and the concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, bilirubin, and melanin. The concentration of total hemoglobin and tissue oxygen saturation were also calculated from the estimated concentrations of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. In vivo experiments with bile duct ligation in rats demonstrated that the estimated bilirubin concentration increased after ligation of the bile duct and reached around 22 mg/dl at 116 h after the onset of ligation, which corresponds to the ground truth value of bilirubin measured by a commercially available transcutaneous bilirubinometer. Experiments with rats while varying the fraction of inspired oxygen demonstrated that oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin decreased and increased, respectively, as the fraction of inspired oxygen decreased. Consequently, tissue oxygen saturation dramatically decreased. We further extended the method to a non-contact imaging photo-plethysmograph and estimation of the percutaneous oxygen saturation. An empirical formula to estimate percutaneous oxygen saturation was derived from the pulse wave amplitudes of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. The estimated percutaneous oxygen saturation dropped remarkably when a faction of inspired oxygen was below 19%, indicating the onset of hypoxemia due to hypoxia, whereas the tissue oxygen saturation decreased gradually according to the reduction of the faction of inspired oxygen. The results in this study indicate the potential of this method for imaging of multiple physiological parameters in skin tissue and evaluating an optical biomedical imaging technique that enables cost-effective, easy-to-use, portable, remotely administered, and/or point-of-care solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Nishidate
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications & Systems Engineering, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Masashi Minakawa
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications & Systems Engineering, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Daniel McDuff
- Microsoft Research, 4820 NE 36th Street, Building 99, Redmond, Washington 98052, USA
| | - MD. Abdul Wares
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications & Systems Engineering, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
- Government of Bangladesh, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Department of Livestock Services, Khamar Bari Road, Farmgate, Dhaka, 1209, Bangladesh
| | - Kazuya Nakano
- Chiba University, Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hideaki Haneishi
- Chiba University, Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Aizu
- Muroran Institute of Technology, College of Design and Manufacturing Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto-cho, Muroran, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan
| | - Kyuichi Niizeki
- Yamagata University, Graduate School of Bio-System Engineering, Jonan, Yonezawa-shi, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
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24
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He Q, Wang R. Hyperspectral imaging enabled by an unmodified smartphone for analyzing skin morphological features and monitoring hemodynamics. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:895-910. [PMID: 32133229 PMCID: PMC7041456 DOI: 10.1364/boe.378470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose a novel method and system that utilizes a popular smartphone to realize hyperspectral imaging for analyzing skin morphological features and monitoring hemodynamics. The imaging system works based on a built-in RGB camera and flashlight on the smartphone. We apply Wiener estimation to transform the acquired RGB-mode images into "pseudo"-hyperspectral images with 16 wavebands, covering a visible range from 470nm to 620nm. The processing method uses weighted subtractions between wavebands to extract absorption information caused by specific chromophores within skin tissue, mainly including hemoglobin and melanin. Based on the extracted absorption information of hemoglobin, we conduct real-time monitoring experiments in the skin to measure heart rate and to observe skin activities during a vascular occlusion event. Compared with expensive hyperspectral imaging systems, the smartphone-based system delivers similar results but with very-high imaging resolution. Besides, it is easy to operate, very cost-effective and has a wider customer base. The use of an unmodified smartphone to realize hyperspectral imaging promises a possibility to bring a hyperspectral analysis of skin out from laboratory and clinical wards to daily life, which may also impact on healthcare in low resource settings and rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua He
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Ruikang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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25
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Séroul P, Campiche R, Gougeon S, Cherel M, Rawlings AV, Voegeli R. An image-based mapping of significance and relevance of facial skin colour changes of females living in Thailand. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 42:99-107. [PMID: 31743944 PMCID: PMC7003784 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective There are methods to evaluate skin colour on defined areas over the face but no approach automatically and accurately evaluates skin colour variations on large facial areas, comparing subjects, treatments and/or time points. We propose such an image‐based approach to visualize quickly the outcome of clinical studies on colour variations. Methods Among 54 Asian women, one group applied a vehicle twice daily, during 28 days, and the other group an anti‐ageing emulsion, taking facial images at baseline and after treatment. Changes in L*a*b* values were studied on four pre‐selected facial regions. We also reconstructed average facial images from which the L*a*b* parameters were extracted for every pixel, computing relevance (ΔE) and significance data. Using colour gradients, we mapped these results onto the average facial images. Results After treatment, L*a*b* parameters show no statistically relevant colour changes in the vehicle group. In the ‘active’ group, skin was lighter at the upper cheek and, overall, redness decreased. Relevance and significance maps confirmed no visible colour changes in the vehicle group. In the ‘active’ group, the mapping approach revealed colour changes and their location. Skin became lighter below the eye, cheek and forehead. It was less red below the eyes, on the cheek, jawline and forehead, and generally more yellow. Conclusion Our image‐based mapping approach proves to be powerful. It enables us to identify precise facial regions of relevant and statistically significant colour changes after a topical treatment, regions that would have otherwise been undetected.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Séroul
- Newtone Technologies, 13 bis place Jules Ferry, Lyon, F-69006, France
| | - R Campiche
- DSM Nutritional Products, Personal Care & Aroma, Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst, CH-4303, Switzerland
| | - S Gougeon
- Newtone Technologies, 13 bis place Jules Ferry, Lyon, F-69006, France
| | - M Cherel
- Newtone Technologies, 13 bis place Jules Ferry, Lyon, F-69006, France
| | - A V Rawlings
- AVR Consulting Ltd, 26 Shavington Way, Kingsmead, Northwich, Cheshire, CW98FH, UK
| | - R Voegeli
- DSM Nutritional Products, Personal Care & Aroma, Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst, CH-4303, Switzerland
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26
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Mac-Mary S, Zornoza Solinis I, Predine O, Sainthillier JM, Sladen C, Bell M, O’Mahony M. Identification Of Three Key Factors Contributing To The Aetiology Of Dark Circles By Clinical And Instrumental Assessments Of The Infraorbital Region. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2019; 12:919-929. [PMID: 31908515 PMCID: PMC6927230 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s217956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiology of infraorbital dark circles is complex and multi-factorial. The aim of this research was to measure and characterize dark circles and to determine the physiological changes associated with the occurrence of this aesthetically unpleasing issue. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical, photographic and instrumental assessments were performed on Caucasian skin to determine the most appropriate methodologies to measure dark circles, comparing different zones of the infraorbital region in subjects with and without dark circles. Exploratory studies were also carried out on African and Far East Asian skin, as well as on tracking the natural variation of dark circles over seven days in Caucasian subjects. RESULTS Under-eye dark circles in Caucasian subjects are characterized by significantly darker coloured skin and higher colour deviations between the dark circle region and surrounding areas of skin. Multispectral image analysis produced a higher melanin index in subjects with dark circles, suggesting hyperpigmentation in the affected area, in addition to a higher haemoglobin index. The higher haemoglobin index, combined with preliminary assessments of the vascular network by videocapillaroscopy, suggests there may be more dilated, thicker or increased numbers of capillaries in subjects with dark circles. Ultrasound analysis showed a significant difference in skin thickness between the two groups of subjects linking the appearance of dark circles to thinner skin under the eye. Many of these trends were also observed in African and Far East Asian skin. The results also showed intra-individual, intra-day and inter-day variability of dark circle intensity in subjects with Caucasian skin. CONCLUSION Three key physiological factors associated with the occurrence of infraorbital dark circles are hyperpigmentation, a tendency for more dilated, thicker or increased number of capillaries and thinner skin in the under-eye area. The combination of these three factors provides a robust indication of the presence of infraorbital dark circles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mike Bell
- Walgreens Boots Alliance, Nottingham, UK
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27
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He Q, Wang RK. Analysis of skin morphological features and real-time monitoring using snapshot hyperspectral imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5625-5638. [PMID: 31799035 PMCID: PMC6865098 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose a snapshot hyperspectral imaging system and methods for skin morphological feature analysis and real-time monitoring of skin activities. The analysis method includes a strategy using weighted subtractions between sub-channel images to extract absorption information due to specific chromophores within skin tissue, for example hemoglobin and melanin. Based on morphological analysis results, we carry out real-time monitoring of the skin features to verify the ability of this method to provide temporal responses of the skin tissue activities, which is experimentally shown to be useful in the measurement of heartrate, monitoring of the tissue recovery after a body exercise, and studying of the tissue response due to a vascular occlusion. Compared to conventional multispectral imaging system, the proposed system improves the device simplicity and is immune to motion artifacts. Coupled with the extraction algorithms, the hyperspectral imaging promises a robust skin assessment tool with abilities for qualitative visualization and potentially quantitative analysis of skin features, useful in the applications of cosmetics and clinical dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua He
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Ruikang K. Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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28
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Wares MA, Tobita N, Kawauchi S, Sato S, Nishidate I. Noninvasive evaluation of hemodynamics and light scattering property during two-stage mouse cutaneous carcinogenesis based on multispectral diffuse reflectance images at isosbestic wavelengths of hemoglobin. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-11. [PMID: 30635994 PMCID: PMC6975185 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.3.031020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a multispectral imaging method to evaluate spatiotemporal changes in both cutaneous hemoglobin concentration and light scattering parameter in mouse skin through diffuse reflectance spectroscopy using the reflectance images acquired at isosbestic wavelengths of hemoglobin (420, 450, 500, and 585 nm). In the proposed approach, Monte Carlo simulation-based empirical formulas are introduced to extract the scattering power b representing the wavelength dependence of light scattering spectrum of skin tissue, as well as the total hemoglobin concentration Cth in dermal vasculatures. The use of isosbestic wavelengths of hemoglobin enables the values of Cth and b to be estimated independently of the oxygenation of hemoglobin. Experiments using in vivo mice two-stage chemical carcinogenesis model are performed to confirm the feasibility of the proposed method for evaluating the changes in cutaneous vasculatures and tissue morphology during tumor initiation, promotion, and progression processes. The experimental results reveal that the changes in scattering power b of back skin are significantly reduced and followed by the increase in total hemoglobin concentration Cth in the carcinogenesis mice group, which indicates morphological changes in skin tissue such as edema and cell swelling caused by tumor promotion and successive angiogenesis along with tumor progression. The results suggest that the potential of the present method to detect cutaneous carcinogenesis in an early stage and monitor physiological changes during promotion and progression process of nonmelanoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Abdul Wares
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
- Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Government of Bangladesh, Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Naoki Tobita
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Kawauchi
- National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Division of Bio-Information and Therapeutic Systems, Tokorozawa, Saitama
| | - Shunichi Sato
- National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Division of Bio-Information and Therapeutic Systems, Tokorozawa, Saitama
| | - Izumi Nishidate
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
- Address all correspondence to Izumi Nishidate, E-mail:
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29
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Papaioannou TG, Karamanou M, Tousoulis D. Reproducibility of measurement of skin melanin, total hemoglobin, and oxygen saturation. Skin Res Technol 2017; 24:158-159. [PMID: 29057506 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore G Papaioannou
- Biomedical Engineering Unit and Biostatistics Unit, First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- Biomedical Engineering Unit and Biostatistics Unit, First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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