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Mancuso A, d’Avanzo N, Cristiano MC, Paolino D. Reflectance spectroscopy: a non-invasive strategy to explore skin reactions to topical products. Front Chem 2024; 12:1422616. [PMID: 38957405 PMCID: PMC11217347 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1422616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Reflectance spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful analytical technique in the field of dermatology, offering a non-invasive strategy to assess several cutaneous properties and skin response to topical products. By analyzing reflected light across different wavelengths, reflectance spectroscopy allows the quantification of cutaneous parameters, such as erythema index and melanin content. Moreover, this analytical technique enables the monitoring of any changes in skin physiology facilitating the assessment of long-term effects of topical products as well as predicting cutaneous diseases. This review provides an overview of the application of reflectance spectroscopy in investigating skin properties and reaction to topical applied products, including both pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations, thereby aiding in the development of personalized solutions tailored to individual needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Mancuso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Research Center “ProHealth Translational Hub”, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola d’Avanzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Research Center “ProHealth Translational Hub”, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Cristiano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Donatella Paolino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Research Center “ProHealth Translational Hub”, “Magna Graecia” University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Elawa S, Fredriksson I, Steinvall I, Zötterman J, Farnebo S, Tesselaar E. Skin perfusion and oxygen saturation after mastectomy and radiation therapy in breast cancer patients. Breast 2024; 75:103704. [PMID: 38460441 PMCID: PMC10943105 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2024.103704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanism behind complications associated with postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) and subsequent implant-based breast reconstruction are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to examine if there is a relationship between PMRT and microvascular perfusion and saturation in the skin after mastectomy and assess if there is impaired responsiveness to a topically applied vasodilator (Methyl nicotinate - MN). Skin microvascular perfusion and oxygenation >2 years after PMRT were measured using white light diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) in the irradiated chest wall of 31 women with the contralateral breast as a control. In the non-irradiated breast, the perfusion after application of MN (median 0.84, 25th-75th centile 0.59-1.02 % RBC × mm/s) was higher compared to the irradiated chest wall (median 0.51, 25th-75th centile 0.21-0.68 % RBC × mm/s, p < 0.001). The same phenomenon was noted for saturation (median 91 %, 25th-75th centile 89-94 % compared to 89 % 25th-75th centile 77-93 %, p = 0.001). Eight of the women (26%) had a ≥10 % difference in skin oxygenation between the non-irradiated breast and the irradiated chest wall. These results indicate that late microvascular changes caused by radiotherapy of the chest wall significantly affect skin perfusion and oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Elawa
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Ingemar Fredriksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Perimed AB, Järfälla, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Steinvall
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Zötterman
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Simon Farnebo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Erik Tesselaar
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Ruscinc N, Massarico Serafim RA, Almeida C, Rosado C, Baby AR. Challenging the safety and efficacy of topically applied chlorogenic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, and naringenin by HET-CAM, HPLC-TBARS-EVSC, and laser Doppler flowmetry. Front Chem 2024; 12:1400881. [PMID: 38831914 PMCID: PMC11144873 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1400881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The integumentary system, a vital organ, constitutes a multifaceted barrier against pathogens and environmental factors, crucial for maintaining homeostasis. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors can accelerate skin aging and compromise its homeostatic functions and solar rays, particularly ultraviolet (UV) radiation, pose a significant risk for skin cancer. Polyphenols are molecules that donate hydrogen or electrons, preventing the oxidation of substances, such as lipids, or the formation of inflammatory mediators by cyclooxygenase enzymes. This study explored the in vitro safety, by HET-CAM (hen's egg test on chorioallantoic membrane), and protective effects of polyphenols (chlorogenic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, and naringenin) against stratum corneum UV-induced lipid peroxidation using an innovative method, the HPLC-TBARS-EVSC (high-performance liquid chromatography-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances-ex vivo stratum corneum), and a stress test using methyl nicotinate and laser Doppler flowmetry to establish in vivo the samples' topical anti-inflammatory ability. An aqueous gel containing 0.1% w/w of each polyphenol was formulated using ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP copolymer. Through the utilization of the HET-CAM assay for in vitro safety assessment, chlorogenic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, and naringenin were classified as non-irritating active ingredients. This classification was based on their lack of adverse reactions within the vascularization of the chorioallantoic membrane. To assess the protective capabilities of four polyphenols against lipid peroxidation in the stratum corneum, the HPLC-TBARS-EVSC protocol was conducted. It was observed that only naringenin exhibited a significant reduction in epidermal lipoperoxidation, indicating superior anti-radical potential. Conversely, chlorogenic acid, apigenin, and kaempferol displayed a pro-oxidant profile under the specified test conditions. The laser Doppler flowmetry suggested the anti-inflammatory potential of naringenin, kaempferol, and chlorogenic acid, with naringenin showing superior efficacy involving all parameters quantified. Naringenin emerged as the only polyphenol capable of reducing the intensity of the inflammatory response induced by methyl nicotinate solution in the participants, compared to the blank gel and the untreated area. This comprehensive investigation underscores the diverse protective roles of polyphenols in skin health, emphasizing naringenin's notable anti-radical and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ruscinc
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Cíntia Almeida
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catarina Rosado
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona’s Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - André Rolim Baby
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ajan A, Roberg K, Fredriksson I, Abtahi J. Reproducibility of Laser Doppler Flowmetry in gingival microcirculation. A study on six different protocols. Microvasc Res 2024; 153:104666. [PMID: 38301938 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2024.104666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) is a non-invasive technique for the assessment of tissue blood flow, but increased reproducibility would facilitate longitudinal studies. The aim of the study was to assess the interday reproducibility of Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) at rest, at elevated local temperatures, and with the use of the vasodilator Methyl Nicotinate (MN) in six interconnected protocols for the measurement of the blood supply to the microvascular bed of the gingiva. METHODS Ten healthy volunteers were included. Interweek LDF measurements with custom-made acrylic splints were performed. Six protocols were applied in separate regions of interest (ROI): 1; basal LDF, 2; LDF with thermoprobe 42 °C, 3; LDF with thermoprobe 45 °C, 4; LDF with thermoprobe 42 °C and MN, 5; LDF with thermoprobe 45 °C and MN and 6; LDF with MN. RESULTS Intra-individual reproducibility was assessed by the within-subject coefficient of variation (wCV) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Basal LDF measurements demonstrated high reproducibility with wCV 11.1 in 2 min and 10.3 in 5 min. ICC was 0.9 and 0.92. wCV after heat and MN was 4.9-10.3 and ICC 0.82-0.93. The topically applied MN yielded increased blood flow. CONCLUSION This is the first study evaluating the reproducibility of basal LDF compared to single or multiple vasodilatory stimuli in gingiva. Multiple collector fibers probe and stabilizing acrylic splints are recommended. Vasodilatory stimulation showed a tendency toward higher reproducibility. Furthermore, MN yields vasodilation in gingiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Ajan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Karin Roberg
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Otorhinolaryngology in Linköping, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Ingemar Fredriksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering (IMT), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Jahan Abtahi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Elawa S, Mirdell R, Stefanis A, Tesselaar E, Farnebo S. Microcirculatory changes in the skin after postmastectomy radiotherapy in women with breast cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4149. [PMID: 38378732 PMCID: PMC10879083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) increases the risk for complications after breast reconstruction. The pathophysiological mechanism underlying this increased risk is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to examine if there is a relationship between PMRT and microvascular perfusion in the skin directly after, and at 2 and 6 months after PMRT and to assess if there is impaired responsiveness to a topically applied vasodilator (Methyl nicotinate-MN) after PMRT. Skin microvascular responses after PMRT were measured on two sites in the irradiated chest wall of 22 women before, immediately after, and at 2 and 6 months after unilateral PMRT with the contralateral breast as a control. A significant increase in basal skin perfusion was observed in the irradiated chest wall immediately after RT (p < 0.0001). At 2 and 6 months after RT, there was no longer a difference in basal skin perfusion compared to the contralateral breast and compared to baseline. Similarly, the blood flow response in the skin after application of MN was stronger immediately after RT compared to before RT (p < 0.0001), but there was no difference at later time points. These results indicate that the increased risk for complications after surgical procedures are not directly related to changes in skin perfusion and microvascular responsiveness observed after postmastectomy RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Elawa
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden.
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Robin Mirdell
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Aristotelis Stefanis
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Erik Tesselaar
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Simon Farnebo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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