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Fayedeh F, Khorashadizadeh S, Yousefi M, Abbasifar S, Erfanian N, Rafiee M, Ghasemi F. CTLA-4 expression and polymorphisms in Schizophrenia; a systematic review of literature. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:431. [PMID: 38520576 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia constitutes a severe psychiatric disorder with detrimental impacts on individuals, their support systems, and the broader economy. Extensive research has revealed a notable association between variations in the Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) gene and an increased susceptibility to schizophrenia.This study represents the first systematic review of the literature investigating the impact of CTLA-4 polymorphisms and expression on the development and progression of schizophrenia.Our investigation involved a comprehensive search strategy, using a combination of title, abstract, and MESH terms in four databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, until August 29th, 2023. The complete texts of the identified records were obtained and rigorously assessed based on predefined exclusion and inclusion criteria. Out of the numerous records, a total of 88 were identified through the databases. 10 studies met the criteria; therefore, their quality was assessed and included in this systematic study. The records were then categorized into polymorphism and expression groups. Our investigation emphasizes an association between rs3087243, rs231779, rs231777, rs16840252, rs5742909, and rs231775 polymorphisms and the development of schizophrenia. The results demonstrate a correlation between CTLA-4 polymorphisms and schizophrenia, compelling the need for further research to thoroughly examine the role of CTLA-4 in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Fayedeh
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Yousefi
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Sara Abbasifar
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Erfanian
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mitra Rafiee
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Immunology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
| | - Fahimeh Ghasemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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Suvankar S, Padhi S, Bagabir HA, Pati A, Wahid M, Mandal RK, Haque S, Panda AK. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA4) polymorphisms are linked to systemic lupus erythematosus: an updated meta-analysis. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-18. [PMID: 36597619 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2163817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) molecule controls T cell immune response. Functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CTLA-4 gene have been associated with several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the genetic association of the CTLA-4 variants with vulnerability to SLE remained contradictory. We have conducted a current meta-analysis by combining the findings of prior published articles in order to make a conclusive statement. Various literature databases were screened with appropriate keywords to obtain relevant articles, and eligible reports were obtained using well-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was performed by Comprehensive Meta-analysis V 3.3, and various statistical parameters such as odds ratio, 95% confidence interval, and probability values were computed. A total of 3847 SLE patients and 5278 healthy controls were considered in the present meta-analysis from 26 individual reports. A significant association of CTLA-4 +49 A/G (G vs. A: p=0.03, OR=1.47) and -1722 T/C (p=0.02, OR=0.87) polymorphisms were observed with susceptibility and resistance against the development of SLE, respectively. However, the other two SNPs in the CTLA-4 gene (-318 C/T and -1661 A/G) failed to establish a connection. Interestingly, subgroup analysis revealed an association of CTLA-4 +49 A/G with a predisposition to SLE only in the Asian population (G vs. A: p=0.04, OR=1.26, GG vs. AA: p=0.02, OR=1.84, AG vs AA: p=0.01, OR=1.44, GG+AG vs AA: p=0.01, OR=1.52) and not in Caucasians. The current meta-analysis suggests a significant CTLA-4 +49 A/G variant association with susceptibility to SLE development in overall and Asian populations. In contrast, the other variant, -1722 T/C, is linked with protection against SLE. However, further case-control studies in diverse ethnic populations are requisite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Suvankar
- Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Bhanja bihar, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Sunali Padhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Bhanja bihar, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Hala Abubaker Bagabir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abhijit Pati
- Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Bhanja bihar, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Mohd Wahid
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raju K Mandal
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aditya K Panda
- Department of Biotechnology, Berhampur University, Bhanja bihar, Berhampur, Odisha, India
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Kailashiya J, Kailashiya V, Singh U. CTLA4 gene polymorphism and its association with disease occurrence, clinical manifestations, serum markers and cytokine levels in SLE patients from North India. Indian J Dermatol 2022; 67:311. [DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_82_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Qi YY, Zhao XY, Liu XR, Wang YN, Zhai YL, Zhang XX, Wang XY, Zhang LJ, Zhao YF, Cui Y, Ning XH, Zhou XJ. Lupus susceptibility region containing CTLA4 rs17268364 functionally reduces CTLA4 expression by binding EWSR1 and correlates IFN-α signature. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:279. [PMID: 34736521 PMCID: PMC8567630 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulation of T cells mediated immune responses is a hallmark in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recent genome wide association study (GWAS) revealed the genetic contribution of variants located in the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA4)-inducible T cell co-stimulator (ICOS) intergenic region to SLE susceptibility. Our aim is to find a functional variant in this region. Methods The genetic association results in the CTLA4-ICOS region from previous GWAS were adopted to select the potential variant which was further replicated in two independent cohorts (Henan cohort 2053 SLE patients and 1845 healthy controls, Beijing cohort 2303 SLE patients and 19,262 healthy). In order to explore the functional significance in SLE, bioinformatics with validation experiments (including electrophoretic mobility shift assay and luciferase reporter assay) and mRNA expression analysis were also performed. Results A variant located in the CTLA4-ICOS intergenic region, rs17268364, was associated with susceptibility to SLE patients in Chinese populations (risk allele, pmeta = 7.02×10−11, OR 1.19, 95%CI 1.13–1.26). The bioinformatics suggested that rs17268364 might affect the expression of CTLA4, not ICOS. The rs17268364 risk G allele containing sequence reduced the expression of the reporter gene by binding transcriptional repressor Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 (EWSR1). Following genotype-mRNA expression, the analysis also showed the risk allele of rs17268364 was associated with low CTLA4 expression in lupus nephritis (LN) patients. Healthy individuals carrying rs17268364 risk G allele was significantly correlated with higher levels of IFN-α signature including increased lymphocyte antigen 6E (LY6E) (p=0.031), interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) (p=0.038), interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) (p=0.028), and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) (p=0.040) mRNA expression. Conclusions The present study confirmed the functional role of rs17268364 in the CTLA4-ICOS intergenic region that increased SLE susceptibility in the Chinese population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-021-02664-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Qi
- Nephrology Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin-Yu Zhao
- Nephrology Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ran Liu
- Nephrology Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Na Wang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Ling Zhai
- Nephrology Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xue Zhang
- Nephrology Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yang Wang
- Nephrology Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jie Zhang
- Nephrology Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Fei Zhao
- Nephrology Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Cui
- Nephrology Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, Henan, 4500052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Hui Ning
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 4500052, Henan, China
| | - Xu-Jie Zhou
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, No.8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100034, China. .,Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, No.8 Xi Shi Ku Street, Xi Cheng District, Beijing, 100034, China.
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Louthrenoo W, Kasitanon N, Wongthanee A, Kuwata S, Takeuchi F. CTLA-4 polymorphisms in Thai patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis. Int J Rheum Dis 2021; 24:1378-1385. [PMID: 34533895 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Studies on polymorphisms of the cytotoxic T lymphocytes associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) genes in rheumatic disease patients are limited in Southeast Asia. This pilot study aimed to determine CTLA-4 polymorphisms in Thai patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc), and correlate them with serology. METHOD One-hundred RA, 70 SLE and 50 SSc patients, and 99 healthy controls (HCs) were included in this study. Polymorphisms of the CTLA-4 gene at +49A/G, -318C/T, -1661A/G and -1722T/C loci were determined by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Patient serum samples were determined as follows: RA (rheumatoid factor [RF] and anticyclic citrullinated peptide [anti-CCP]), SLE (antinuclear antibodies [ANA], anti-double-stranded DNA [anti-dsDNA], anti-Smith [anti-Sm], anti-ribonucleoprotein [anti-RNP], and anti-Sjögren's syndrome antigen A [SSA]), and SSc (ANA, anti-RNP, anti-SSA, anti-topoisomerase-1 [anti-Scl70], and anti-centromere antibodies [ACA]). RESULTS Among the 4 loci studied (+49A/G, -318C/T, -1661A/G and -1722T/C) only the A allele frequency at the +49A/G was significantly higher in the RA patients than their HCs (47.25% vs 35.86%, P = .029, odds ratio [OR] 1.60; 95% CI 1.04-2.47). It also was significantly higher in the subgroup of RA patients with positive RF and anti-CCP than their HCs (47.50% vs 35.86%, P = .020, OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.06-2.47 and 48.89% vs 35.86%, P = .012, OR 1.71; 95% CI 1.11-2.64, respectively). No polymorphisms at these 4 loci were observed in SLE or SSc patients. CONCLUSION The A allele at +49A/G locus of the CTLA-4 gene was associated with RA in Thais.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worawit Louthrenoo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nuntana Kasitanon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Antika Wongthanee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Shoji Kuwata
- Kidney and Dialysis Center, Goi Hospital, Goi, Japan
| | - Fujio Takeuchi
- School of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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Gouda NS, Fawzy MS, Toraih EA. Impact of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 codon 17 variant and expression on vitiligo risk. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23777. [PMID: 33932254 PMCID: PMC8183918 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is one of the essential brakes expressed on T cells that prevent T-cell hyperactivation-associated autoimmune disorders. Several CTLA4 polymorphisms were implicated in the regulation of gene expression. We aimed to explore the association of CTLA4 expression and rs231775 (c.49A>G) variant with vitiligo risk and severity of the disease in a sample of the Middle Eastern population. METHODS The CTLA4 gene expression and genotyping for rs231775 (A/G) variant were assessed in 161 vitiligo patients and 165 controls using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Vitiligo Area Severity Index (VASI) and Vitiligo Disease Activity score (VIDA) were evaluated. RESULTS A higher frequency of rs231775 G allele was observed in vitiligo cases than controls (45% vs. 33%, p = 0.002). After adjustment of age, sex, family history of vitiligo, and CTLA expression level, using multivariate analysis, G/G carriers were associated with a higher risk of vitiligo under recessive (OR = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.61-5.35, p < 0.001), dominant (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.14-3.06, p = 0.013), and homozygote comparison (OR = 3.34, 95% CI = 1.73-6.42, p = 0.001) models. Although the CTLA4 relative expression levels were comparable to that of controls, G/G carriers exhibited a significantly lower expression profile (median = 0.63, IQR = 0.34-1.75) than A/A (median = 1.43, IQR = 0.39-4.25, p = 0.018) and A/G carriers (median = 1.68, IQR = 0.49-3.92, p = 0.007). No significant associations of CTLA4 variant/expression with disease severity and/or activity were observed. CONCLUSION The CTLA4 rs231775 variant was associated with vitiligo susceptibility and gene expression; the risky genotype (GG) was associated with lower CTLA4 relative expression levels than the other genotypes. Further large-scale studies in different populations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal S. Gouda
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineNorthern Border UniversityArarSaudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineMansoura UniversityMansouraEgypt
| | - Manal S. Fawzy
- Department of Medical BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineNorthern Border UniversityArarSaudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of MedicineSuez Canal UniversityIsmailiaEgypt
| | - Eman A. Toraih
- Department of SurgerySchool of MedicineTulane UniversityNew OrleansLAUSA
- Genetics UnitDepartment of Histology and Cell BiologyFaculty of MedicineSuez Canal UniversityIsmailiaEgypt
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Yu L, Shao M, Zhou T, Xie H, Wang F, Kong J, Xu S, Shuai Z, Pan F. Association of CTLA-4 (+49 A/G) polymorphism with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases: A meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107617. [PMID: 33866246 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In recent years, more and more studies have been focusing on the association between Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) (+49 A/G) gene polymorphism and autoimmune diseases. However, the results of previous studies are still controversial. The meta-analysis is aiming at determining the association in CTLA-4 (+49 A/G) gene rs231775 polymorphism and ankylosing spondylitis (AS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM) up to November 2020, use random or fixed-effect models to perform meta-analysis to compare alleles and other genetic models, including homozygous, heterozygous, recessive and dominant models. The odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to assess the correlation between CTLA-4 (+49 A/G) gene polymorphism and the genetic affectability of AS, RA, and SLE. Meanwhile, we used sequential trial analysis (TSA) to analyze the reliability of the results. Finally, we searched the relevant data of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to further verify the accuracy of the experimental results. RESULTS 47 studies with 11,893 cases and 12,032 healthy controls were included. The rs231775 G allele was relevant to high risk of autoimmune disease over all people (P < 0.05). The G allele of rs231775 was significantly related to RA susceptibility (P < 0.05), but not with AS or SLE. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity indicated that rs231775 G allele was closely related to RA in Caucasian populations and Mongolian populations (P < 0.05). A strong connection within rs231775 G allele and AS affectability was uncovered in Caucasian populations (P < 0.05). The analysis of the TSA shows that the meta-analysis can draw the conclusion. CONCLUSION CTLA-4 (+49 A/G) gene rs231775 G allele increases the risk of autoimmune diseases in Caucasian populations. And it also increases the risk of RA in Caucasian and Mongolian populations. More sample size and more elaborately designed studies are needed to elucidate the relationship in CTLA-4 (+49 A/G) gene rs231775 G allele and autoimmune diseases, especially AS, SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiang Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ming Shao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huimin Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Feier Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiangping Kong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shenqian Xu
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Zongwen Shuai
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Faming Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Alghamdi SA, Kattan SW, Toraih EA, Alrowaili MG, Fawzy MS, Elshazli RM. Association of AIRE (rs2075876), but not CTLA4 (rs231775) polymorphisms with systemic lupus erythematosus. Gene 2021; 768:145270. [PMID: 33122082 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The AIRE (rs2075876) and CTLA4 (rs231775) variants have a crucial function in controlling the negative selection and suppression of T lymphocytes. Numerous reports studied the association of AIRE and CTLA4 variants with different autoimmune disorders, but with inconclusive conclusions. The main purpose of this work is to evaluate the association of these two variants with SLE susceptibility among Egyptian patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 247 participants (100 SLE patients and 147 healthy controls) were enrolled in this case-controlled study. The genomic DNA of these dual variants was genotyped using the TaqMan genotyping method. RESULTS The AIRE (rs2075876) variant conferred protection against developing SLE disease under allelic [A allele vs. G allele; OR = 0.16, 95%CI = 0.09-0.28], and dominant [GA + AA vs. GG; OR = 0.14, 95%CI = 0.05-0.34] models. Moreover, patients with AIRE rs2075876 (A/A) genotype revealed a statistically significant with lower levels of complement 3 (p-value = 0.007). Nonetheless, the CTLA4 (rs231775) variant was not associated with increased risk of SLE under all genetic association models (p-value > 0.05). However, CTLA4 rs231775 (G/G) genotype observed significant difference with recurrent infection and hematuria. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that the AIRE (rs2075876) variant conferred protection against developing SLE disease, but not the CTLA4 (rs231775) variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh A Alghamdi
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Laboratory Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shahad W Kattan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A Toraih
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Genetics Unit, Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Majed G Alrowaili
- Department of Surgery (Orthopedic Division), Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal S Fawzy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rami M Elshazli
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Horus University - Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt.
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Kailashiya V, Sharma HB, Kailashiya J. Role of CTLA4 A49G polymorphism in systemic lupus erythematosus and its geographical distribution. J Clin Pathol 2019; 72:659-662. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-206013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4) or CD152 is an inhibitory receptor expressed constitutively on CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory lymphocytes and transiently on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Its inhibitory function promotes long-lived anergy in immune cells and prevents autoimmunity. Therefore, it plays a crucial role in T cell-mediated autoimmunity, and thus in susceptibility to autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is encoded by CTLA4 gene in humans. AtoG polymorphism at position +49 of CTLA4 gene is the only polymorphism which changes amino acid sequence from alanine to threonine in the leader sequence, which may affect the function of CTLA-4. Association of CTLA4 polymorphisms with SLE has been investigated in several reports in different ethnic populations from different countries, which have shown highly inconsistent findings. In this review, we have compiled previous studies which have reported the association of CTLA4 A49G polymorphism in SLE and its geographical distribution.
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Gao X, Guo D, Kou M, Xing G, Zha A, Yang X, Wang X, Di S, Cai J, Niu B. Identification of porcine CTLA4 gene polymorphism and their association with piglet diarrhea and performance traits. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:813-822. [PMID: 30515696 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) gene and piglet diarrhea. In this study, the mRNA expression of the CTLA4 gene increased significantly in IPEC-J2 cells after Escherichia coli K88 infection. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the 5' flanking region (SNPs g.107281989C>T) and 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR; SNPs g.107288753C>A) were identified, and they were in linkage disequilibrium in both Min pigs and the Landrace population. Association analysis showed that Landrace piglets with a TT or AA genotype had a lower diarrhea index, and AA animals had higher average daily gain when compared to CC pigs, respectively (p < 0.05). However, the relationship between SNPs and diarrhea and performance traits in the Min population was not significant. Haplotype analysis indicated that the TC haplotype had the lowest diarrhea index. The 5' flanking deletion assay suggested that SNP g.107281989C>T was a molecular marker instead of the functional marker. This research demonstrated that genetic variances in the CTLA4 gene had significant effects on Landrace piglet diarrhea resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Dongchun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Mingxing Kou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Guiling Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Andong Zha
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiuqin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xibiao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shengwei Di
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | | | - Buyue Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Wang B, Du W, Jia Y, Zhang X, Ma G. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 +49A/G polymorphisms contribute to the risk of type 1 diabetes in children: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:10553-10564. [PMID: 28060767 PMCID: PMC5354680 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a heritable disease associated with multiple genetic variants. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the correlation between cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4(CTLA-4) +49A/G polymorphisms and the risk of T1D in children. The random effects model was used to estimate the related odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was used to determine whether the currently available evidence was sufficient and conclusive. Our results indicated that CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms significantly increased the risk of childhood T1D in an allelic model (G vs. A: OR=1.33, 95%CI=1.19-1.48; I2=44.0% and P=0.001for heterogeneity) and a codominant model (GG vs. AA: OR=1.75, 95%CI=1.37-2.24; I2=57.5% and P=0.001for heterogeneity; GA vs. AA: OR=1.26, 95%CI=1.09-1.46; I2=40.4% and P=0.036for heterogeneity). Subgroup analysis results indicated that the ORs were higher in the Asian population (ORallelic model=1.60, ORGG vs. AA=2.46 and ORGA vs. AA=1.58) than the Caucasian population (ORallelic model==1.24, ORGG vs. AA=1.55 and ORGA vs. AA=1.19). The TSA results indicated that the evidence of the effect was sufficient. In conclusion, CTLA4 +49A/G polymorphisms increased the risk of T1D in children, and CTLA4 +49A/G can be considered to be a genetic marker for T1D in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Luoyang Central Hospital, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Yutao Jia
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaobai Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Guorui Ma
- Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
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Goske M, Ramachander VRV, Komaravalli PL, Rahman PF, Rao C, Jahan P. CTLA-4 Genetic Variants (rs11571317 and rs3087243): Role in Susceptibility and Progression of Breast Cancer. World J Oncol 2017; 8:162-170. [PMID: 29147453 PMCID: PMC5687896 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1046w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunctional regulation at immune checkpoints may lead to escape of the tumor cells and gives a scope to set in the unresolved Breast cancer (BC). The major anti-tumor retort is cell-mediated response which involves T lymphocytes. CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein-4) with immune suppressive function and tolerance is associated with various autoimmune diseases and cancers including BC. The present study deals with CTLA-4 gene selected polymorphisms (rs11571317 C/T and rs3087243G/A) to explore their relation with breast cancer susceptibility and progression in BC patients. Methods For the present case-control study, we recruited a total of 570 women which include breast cancer patients and healthy control women from south India. Blood samples were collected, genomic DNA was isolated and genotyped by using PCR-RFLP method, and the data were analysed through suitable statistics. Results We observed a significant association of rs11571317 with BC in our study group, where CC genotype showed a three-fold increased risk towards BC and CT genotype to be protective. In-silico analyses strengthened our observation revealing the abolition of SP1 binding site in the CTLA-4 promoter by the mutant allele T. The CTLA-4 rs3087243 polymorphism showed an association not with the susceptibility but towards the tumor progression, where GG genotype was coupled with reduced tumor growth (OR = 0.01) and GA (OR = 6.2), AA (OR = 3.4) with increased tumor growth. The T-G haplotype was found to confer protection against breast cancer risk while C-A (OR = 3.6) and T-A (OR = 15.8) haplotypes were associated with disease progression. In-silico analysis for rs3087243 revealed change in threshold values between reference and variant sequences. Conclusion The study suggests varied roles of different polymorphisms of CTLA-4 in the aetiopathogenesis of BC. Understanding the mechanism may help in the CTLA-4 based immunotherapy for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruthi Goske
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad-07, Telangana, India
| | | | | | - P Fazul Rahman
- Department of Zoology, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad-32, Telangana, India
| | | | - Parveen Jahan
- Department of Zoology, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad-32, Telangana, India
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Chang DF, Chen XH, Huang J, Sun YM, Zhu DY, Xu ZQ. CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms associate with efficacy of postoperative radioiodine-131 for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Future Oncol 2017; 13:1057-1068. [PMID: 28326838 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association of CTLA-4 polymorphisms with efficacy of postoperative radioiodine-131 (I-131) treatment for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). METHODS A total of 324 DTC patients and 350 healthy individuals were enrolled in our study. Patients received I-131 remnant ablation following surgical resection. Based on the treatment efficacy, patients were divided into the effective (n = 183) and ineffective groups (n = 141). CTLA-4 polymorphisms (+49A>G, CT60A>G and -318C>T) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS AG + AA genotype distribution and A allele frequency of +49A>G and CT60A>G polymorphisms were higher in the effective group than the ineffective group. CONCLUSION +49A>G and CT60A>G polymorphisms were associated with the efficacy of postoperative I-131 treatment for DTC; and they might be bioindicators related to the prognosis of I-131 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Feng Chang
- The 2nd Department of General Surgery, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Chen
- The 2nd Department of General Surgery, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ya-Mei Sun
- The 2nd Department of General Surgery, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Da-Yong Zhu
- The 2nd Department of General Surgery, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhong-Qing Xu
- The 2nd Department of General Surgery, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin 150030, China
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Wang K, Zhu Q, Lu Y, Lu H, Zhang F, Wang X, Fan Y. CTLA-4 +49 G/A Polymorphism Confers Autoimmune Disease Risk: An Updated Meta-Analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:222-227. [PMID: 28384040 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) plays a pivotal role in immune homeostasis. Dysregulated expression of CTLA-4 leads to many autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and type 1 diabetes (T1D). There has been a controversial association between the CTLA-4 +49 G/A SNP (rs231775) and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, this meta-analysis was performed to assess the link between rs231775 and autoimmune disease risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrieved the available studies from PUBMED and EMBASE through February, 2016 and then performed meta-analyses that included all populations, as well as by ethnicity. RESULTS After evaluating data from 4732 patients and 6270 healthy controls that included both Caucasian and Asian ethnicities, we found that rs231775 is strongly associated with autoimmune disease incidence in a homozygote comparison (GG vs. AA, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.382-2.401), in a heterozygote comparison (AG vs. AA, 95% CI 1.151-1.611), in an allelic model (T allele vs. G allele, 95% CI 1.109-1.441), in a dominant model (GG/AG vs. AA, 95% CI 1.220-1.787), and in a recessive model (GG vs. AA/AG, 95% CI 1.128-1.661). The OR (odds ratio) from all models suggested a very significant association between rs231775 and autoimmune diseases. CONCLUSION Our present study indicates that CTLA-4 +49 G/A (rs231775) is associated with the susceptibility of autoimmune disease. Hence, rs231775 might be utilized as a diagnostic biomarker in both Asian and Caucasian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory on Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhu
- Key Laboratory on Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yunjie Lu
- Key Laboratory on Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Hao Lu
- Key Laboratory on Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory on Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xuehao Wang
- Key Laboratory on Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Ye Fan
- Key Laboratory on Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Department of Liver Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
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Tanhapour M, Vaisi-Raygani A, Khazaei M, Rahimi Z, Pourmotabbed T. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Associated Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) Polymorphism, Cancer, and Autoimmune Diseases. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2017.4.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Association of CTLA4 exon-1 polymorphism with the tumor necrosis factor-α in the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus among South Indians. Hum Immunol 2015; 77:158-64. [PMID: 26582004 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated-antigen (CTLA4) is a potential negative regulatory molecule of T-cells and associated with several autoimmune diseases. Several reports from different ethnic groups showed that the polymorphisms of the CTLA4 gene have been associated with autoimmune diseases including SLE. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the +49 A/G polymorphism in South Indian SLE patients and its association with disease aetiology and serological markers. A total of 534 samples were genotyped for the +49 A/G polymorphism in exon 1 of the CTLA-4 gene through PCR-RFLP method. We found significant association of genotype and allele frequencies with +49 A/G polymorphism in SLE patients. The frequency of the +49 A/G polymorphism rs231775 'GG' genotype was significantly higher in patients with SLE (12.32%) than those in healthy control subjects (4.6%) (OR: 1.797; 95% CI 1.264-2.554; p=0.001). The frequency of mutant allele 'G' also found to be significantly higher in cases (36.01%) than controls (24.92%) (OR: 1.695, 95% CI: 1.298-2.214, p<0.001). We observed significant increase in serum TNF-α, interferon-α, IL-10 and IL-12 in SLE cases compared to controls. We also found a significant association of serum TNF-α, interferon-α, IL-10 and IL-12 with SLE phenotypes. In addition there was a significant increase in serum TNF-α level in "GG" genotype SLE subjects suggesting that it might play a major role in the advancement of SLE disease.
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Pan XF, Gu JQ, Shan ZY. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus have higher prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123291. [PMID: 25905898 PMCID: PMC4408090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid autoimmunity is considered the most common type of organ-specific autoimmune disorder and can be associated with other autoimmune endocrine disorders or non-endocrine diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a prototypical autoimmune disorder with multifactorial etiology. The pathogenesis and development of the disease may result from a loss of immune tolerance and the resulting synthesis of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens. Autoimmune factors may be common features of both thyroid autoimmunity and systemic lupus erythematosus, making it likely that both conditions may coexist within some patients. Methods and Findings A number of studies have investigated whether an association between thyroid autoimmunity and systemic lupus erythematosus exists. However, the results of these studies have been inconsistent. Furthermore, most of these studies have had relatively small sample sizes, which have rendered them insufficiently powerful to determine whether there is an association between systemic lupus erythematosus and thyroid autoimmunity. The main objective of this meta-analysis is to provide reliable estimates of the extent of any association between thyroid autoimmunity and systemic lupus erythematosus by combining the primary data from all relevant studies. Literature databases were searched, including the Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Chinese Wanfang and CBM databases, from January 1970 to May 2014. A total of 1076 systemic lupus erythematosus cases and 1661 healthy controls were included in this study. From these data, the odds ratio (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. The meta-analysis results showed that the prevalence of thyroid autoantibody positivity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus was higher than in healthy controls (TgAb: OR = 2.99, 95% CI = 1.83–4.89; TPOAb: OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.27–3.82, respectively). Conclusion The results of this meta-analysis suggest that thyroid autoimmunity is more prevalent in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus than in a control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Feng Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jian-Qiu Gu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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