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Balboni A, D'Incau M, Zamagni S, Lucchese L, Mazzotta E, Marchione S, Battilani M, Natale A. Identification of the most effective serovars to be included in the MAT antigen panel to optimize the serodiagnosis of Leptospira infection in Northern Italy. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:2185-2192. [PMID: 36929155 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) assay is adopted as a world-wide reference test for the serodiagnosis of leptospirosis in humans and animals. One of the main limitations of MAT is the lack of sensitivity and serodiagnostic antigens should be periodically updated with locally circulating serovars in order to optimise its performance. The aim of this study was to determine the need to implement the antigen panel currently adopted in Northern Italy for the diagnosis of Leptospira infection in dogs. For this purpose, a group of 288 dogs with and without clinical signs potentially consistent with Leptospira infection or found to have an increased C-reactive protein (CRP) serum concentration, sampled in 2013-2016 in Northern Italy, were tested by MAT comparing the results obtained with a nine antigens panel (Australis-Bratislava, Ballum-Ballum, Canicola-Canicola, Grippotyphosa-Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae-Copenhageni, Icterohaemorrhagiae-Icterohaemorrhagiae, Sejroe-Hardjo, Pomona-Pomona and Tarassovi-Tarassovi serovars) routinely adopted and a panel expanded to 27 antigens. In general, the antigen panel currently adopted in Northern Italy for the routine MAT assay resulted adequate for the diagnosis of Leptospira infection in dogs. The main exception concerns the Sejroe serogroup, with the Saxkoebing and Sejroe serovars that were more effective than Hardjo for diagnosis in dogs and whose inclusion in the antigen panel is recommended. Among other antigens evaluated in this study, Cynopteri serovar was detected with high frequency but its pathogenic role in dogs and as public health threat deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balboni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Mario D'Incau
- Italian Reference Centre for Animal Leptospirosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Brescia, 25121, Italy
| | - Silvia Zamagni
- Veterinary Practitioner at the Centro Veterinario Romagnolo, Coriano, Rimini, 47853, Italy
| | - Laura Lucchese
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padova, 35020, Italy
| | - Elisa Mazzotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padova, 35020, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchione
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padova, 35020, Italy
| | - Mara Battilani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Alda Natale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padova, 35020, Italy.
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de Andrade Morais D, Nunes BC, Soares RR, de Oliveira MD, da Costa DF, de Araújo HG, Júnior JPA, Malossi CD, Silva MLCR, de Azevedo SS, Alves CJ. Strong Evidence of the Role of Donkeys in the Epidemiology of Leptospira spp. in Semiarid Conditions. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1853. [PMID: 37513025 PMCID: PMC10384114 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Donkeys (Equus asinus) are historically known for their close relationship to humanity, which raises the need to study zoonotic diseases that affect them. In this perspective, leptospirosis stands out as a disease with an economic and public health impact, and its occurrence is facilitated in times of higher rainfall indexes, especially in large urban centers. In view of the scarcity of information about leptospirosis in donkeys, the objective of this study was to detect the presence of Leptospira spp. and anti-leptospiral antibodies in donkeys rescued by a zoonosis center located in the Caatiga biome, Brazilian semiarid region. Overall, 30 donkeys of both sexes, aged between 4 months and 15 years, were used, from which 64 serum samples were collected and submitted to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In addition, 64 samples of urine, vaginal and preputial fluid, in duplicates, were subjected to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microbiological. Sixteen (53.3%) animals tested positive in at least one diagnostic test, 12 (40%) of which were positive at MAT and seven (23.3%) in the molecular and bacteriological detection (urine, vaginal, and preputial fluid samples). This is the first report identifying donkeys infected with Leptospira spp. by molecular and bacteriological diagnosis in Brazil, and the first in the world to detect this agent in their genital fluids. The study also shows that donkeys are commonly exposed to leptospires in the Caatinga biome, and this constitutes a One Health-based concern, demonstrating the importance of broad studies where large numbers of humans and animals coexist when investigating zoonotic infections and when planning and implementing control measures for donkeys-associated leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davidianne de Andrade Morais
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cesar Nunes
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Soares
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Murilo Duarte de Oliveira
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Diego Figueiredo da Costa
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA), Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Rodovia BR 079, Km 02, Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil
| | - Hosaneide Gomes de Araújo
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - João Pessoa Araújo Júnior
- Campus de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Dantas Malossi
- Campus de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Luana Cristiny Rodrigues Silva
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Santos de Azevedo
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
| | - Clebert José Alves
- Centro de Saúde Tecnologia Rural (CSTR), Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Av. Universitária, s/n, Santa Cecília, Patos 58708-110, PB, Brazil
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Kiuno K, Kato T, Otsubo H, Kibe R, Kataoka Y, Hayama SI. Epidemiological Study of Pathogenic Leptospira in Raccoons ( Procyon lotor) in a Suburb of Tokyo, Japan. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010021. [PMID: 36611631 PMCID: PMC9817791 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that affects humans and animals worldwide. Raccoons (Procyon lotor), adopted in urban environments, may act as potential reservoirs of Leptospira. We investigated the prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira in the kidney and urine samples of raccoons living in Tokyo, as well as anti-leptospiral antibodies in their serum, and aimed to examine the factors that expose raccoons to Leptospira. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect leptospiral DNA and anti-leptospiral antibodies, respectively. Thirty-six of 156 raccoons (23.1%) were positive by PCR, and 16 of 165 raccoons (9.7%) were positive by ELISA. The prevalence and seroprevalence rates differed depending on the raccoon dispersal period. We used univariable logistic regression to estimate the environmental factors associated with pathogenic Leptospira and anti-leptospiral antibodies in raccoons. Significant differences were observed in the PCR results for the seasons (spring−summer) (p = 0.01), average monthly temperature (p < 0.01), and average monthly rainfall (p < 0.01). No significant difference was seen in the ELISA results, but raccoons in larger urban areas tended to have higher seroprevalence rates (p = 0.06). We identified a pattern of leptospiral spread in raccoon dispersal and environmental factors that expose raccoons to Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kiuno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-Cho, Musashino-Shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Takuya Kato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-Cho, Musashino-Shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Hiroko Otsubo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-Cho, Musashino-Shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Ryoko Kibe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-Cho, Musashino-Shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kataoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-Cho, Musashino-Shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Hayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-Cho, Musashino-Shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Gabriel-Vejar BL, Vázquez-Luna D, Martínez-Herrera DI, Villagómez-Cortés JA, Leyva-Ovalle OR, Torres-Barranca JI, Zarza-Villanueva H. Spatial distribution models of seroreactive sheep to Leptospira spp. in Veracruz, Mexico. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1913-e1922. [PMID: 35366060 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an infectious zoonotic disease of special importance in tropical regions of the world and is closely related to climatic conditions. In Mexico, at least eight Leptospira serogroups are known to affect sheep, but little is known about their distribution. The aim was to analyze the spatial distribution of seroreactive sheep to eight serogroups of Leptospira spp. through ecological niche modeling from the state of Veracruz. We carried out a cross-sectional, multi-stage, and stratified epidemiological study, sampling 405 sheep in different regions of the state (north, center, and south). The sera were analyzed using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) to identify seropositivity to eight Leptospira serogroups (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pyrogenes, Grippotyphosa, Canicola, Pomona, Hardjo, Wolffi, and Tarassovi). Management variables in the sampled herds were evaluated through a survey among the producers, which was analyzed using the Chi-square test for cross-tabulation. Geospatial modeling was conducted using MAXENT and 19 climatic variables and the validation was carried out using the area under the curve (AUC). No positive animals were found for Pomona in any area of Veracruz and there was only one case of seroreactivity to Grippotyphosa. The total seroprevalence found was 53.83% (95% CI: 48.84-58.75). The main serogroup found was Sejroe (55.31%, 95% CI 50.32 - 60.20%), followed by Canicola (8.64%, 95% CI 6.17 - 11.92%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (4.69%, 95% CI 2.93 - 7.36%), Tarassovi (3.95%, 95% CI 2.35 - 6.47%), Pyrogenes (2.47%, 95% CI 1.26 - 4.64%), Australis (0.99%, 95% CI 0.32 - 2.69%) and Grippotyphosa (0.25%, 95% CI 0.01 - 1.59%). The predictive model for Australis was not significant. Acceptable predictive models (AUC>0.7-0.8) were found for Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pyrogenes, and Tarassovi; while for Sejroe it was excellent (AUC> 0.85); consequently, the climatic variables that most contributed to the model were those related to precipitation. The potential distribution of Pyrogenes, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Canicola was located to a greater extent in the three regions; Pyrogenes and Tarassovi were distributed mostly in the north and central regions and Sejroe is mostly located in the center and south of the state. Ecological niche modeling could support epidemiological control and surveillance programs for affected sheep herds in the state of Veracruz. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Gabriel-Vejar
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, de la Universidad Veracruzana. Miguel Ángel de Quevedo s/n esq. Yáñez, col. Unidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - D Vázquez-Luna
- Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios en Agrobiodiversidad (CEIAbio). Facultad de Ingeniería en Sistemas de Producción Agropecuaria (FISPA), Universidad Veracruzana, Carretera Costera del Golfo km. 220, Col. Agrícola y Ganadera Michapan. C.P. 96000. Acayucan, Veracruz, México
| | - D I Martínez-Herrera
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, de la Universidad Veracruzana. Miguel Ángel de Quevedo s/n esq. Yáñez, col. Unidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - J A Villagómez-Cortés
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, de la Universidad Veracruzana. Miguel Ángel de Quevedo s/n esq. Yáñez, col. Unidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - O R Leyva-Ovalle
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias-Peñuela, Universidad Veracruzana, Carretera Peñuelas Amatlán km 177, C.P. 94500, Córdoba, Veracruz, México
| | - J I Torres-Barranca
- Laboratorio de Leptospira y leptospirosis de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Coapa, Col. Villa Quietud, C.P. 04960 de México, Ciudad, México
| | - H Zarza-Villanueva
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales de la División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Lerma, Avenida de las Garzas 10. Col. El Panteón C.P. 52005 de Villada. Estado de, Lerma, México
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Paz LN, Hamond C, Pinna MH. Detection of Leptospira interrogans in Wild Sambar Deer (Rusa unicolor), Brazil. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:15-21. [PMID: 35182280 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Wild animals may present acute disease or become chronic hosts. The present study aimed to identify Leptospira spp. infection and determine circulating serogroups in free-ranging sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) in a fragment of peri-urban tropical forest in northeastern Brazil. Blood samples were collected and subjected to microscopic agglutination testing (MAT) and PCR analysis (genes lipL32 and secY). Anti-Leptospira antibodies were detected in 60% of the animals tested, with serogroups Cynopteri (33.4%), Hebdomadis (22.2%) and Grippotyphosa (22.2%) identified as most prevalent. DNA corresponding to the pathogenic species Leptospira interrogans was detected in 2/15 (13.3%) of the samples tested. Sambar deer experience a high level of exposure to Leptospira spp. in our epidemiological setting. It is important to emphasize the implementation of effective measures (i.e., maintaining habitats and reducing human contact) for the conservation of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Nogueira Paz
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory (LABAC), School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Adhemar de Barros - AV, 500, Ondina, Salvador, BA, 40170-11, Brazil
| | - Camila Hamond
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory (LABAC), School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Adhemar de Barros - AV, 500, Ondina, Salvador, BA, 40170-11, Brazil
| | - Melissa Hanzen Pinna
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory (LABAC), School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Federal University of Bahia, Adhemar de Barros - AV, 500, Ondina, Salvador, BA, 40170-11, Brazil.
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, Salvador, BA, 40170-110, Brazil.
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Niroomandi E, Maleki S, Abdollahpour G, Zakian A, Ahmadvand H. The effect of natural infection with different Leptospira interrogans serovars on oxidative stress biomarkers and acute-phase responses in horses and cattle. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:84-92. [PMID: 35179227 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is one of the important zoonotic bacterial diseases with a worldwide distribution that is often subclinical. We aimed to investigate the oxidant/antioxidant balance and acute-phase response in naturally infected horses and cattle with Leptospira interrogans. A total of 600 serum samples from horses and cattle were examined for L. interrogans antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test to determine anti-Leptospira IgG antibodies against a panel of eight important Leptospira antigens in Iran. Then, serum total antioxidant capacity, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde activities, and nitric oxide, total protein, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and albumin concentrations were measured in seropositive and seronegative samples. Serum catalase activities and malondialdehyde, serum amyloid A, and haptoglobin concentrations in seropositive cattle and horses were significantly higher (P < .05) than in those that were seronegative. Antibody titers increased from 1:100 to ≥ 1:200 in cattle with L. interrogans infection, resulting in a decrease in the serum total antioxidant capacity (P < .05), an increase in serum glutathione peroxidase (P < .01) activity and nitric oxide (P < .05) , serum amyloid A (P < .01), and haptoglobin (P < .05) concentrations. Following the increase in the agglutinating antibody titers in horses infected with L. interrogans, the serum total antioxidant capacity (P < .01) decreased, and serum nitric oxide (P < .05), malondialdehyde (P < .05), and serum amyloid A (P < .01) concentrations were increased. In this study, horses and cattle had extensive changes in oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium and acute-phase protein concentrations when infected with L. interrogans. We also demonstrated a direct link between antibody titers and the type of leptospiral serovar using serum oxidative and inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Niroomandi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Shahram Maleki
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Abdollahpour
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Zakian
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hasan Ahmadvand
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Guzman-Barragan BL, Martínez-Rodríguez LC, Tobón-Torreglosa JC, Tafur-Gómez GA. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Leptospira spp. in small ruminants of semi-arid zone in northeastern Colombia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 54:10. [PMID: 34893919 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-03019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis in small ruminants is an economically important disease that causes important losses by pathologies of the reproductive tract. The present study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. in small ruminants under traditional husbandry systems. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out in a sample of 1039 animals which included 793 sheep and 245 goats from 49 farms of 10 municipalities of northeastern areas of Colombia. The MAT test using a panel of 13 laboratory serovars was performed to diagnose the Leptospira spp. antibodies in the serum samples of animals. A structured questionnaire was filled in each farm to obtain information on putative risk factors, and its association with Leptospira spp. infection was detected by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The general seroprevalence showed a rate of 13.9%, the 79.6% of farms showed at least one positive animal, the 14.2% and 0.4% of positive animals showed titers ≥ 1:100 and 1:200, respectively. The seroprevalence in sheep and goats showed a rate of 13.1% and 16.2%, respectively. The most common serovars in positive animals were Autumnalis (3.6%), Tarassovi (3.4%), Bratislava (2.9%), Mini (2.9%), Bataviae (1.4%), Canicola (0.3%), and Grippotyphosa (0.3%). The univariate and multivariate analysis showed as risk factors the absence of housing system (OR = 3.412 CI: 1.347-8.152), the absence of quarantine measures to new animals (OR = 1.371 CI: 0.943-1.978), and the protective factor identified was the use of Toggenburg breed (OR = 0.571 CI: 0.249-1.074). This exploratory study showed the Leptospira spp. positive small ruminants located in the northeastern areas of Colombia with titer associated with chronic and subclinical infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Catalina Martínez-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Investigación Ciencia UDES, Programa de Medicina Veterinaria Y ZootecniaFacultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Santander, Valledupar, Cesar, Colombia
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Di Azevedo MIN, Lilenbaum W. An overview on the molecular diagnosis of animal leptospirosis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 72:496-508. [PMID: 33332656 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The most common presentation of animal leptospirosis is the subclinical and silent chronic form, that can lead to important reproductive disorders. The diagnosis of this chronic form remains a challenge. The aim of the present study is to gather and critically analyse the current information about molecular tools applied to animal leptospirosis diagnosis, particularly the silent chronic presentation of the infection. Regarding clinical specimens, samples from urinary tract were the most used (69/102, 67·7%), while few studies (12/102, 11·8%) investigated samples from reproductive tract. Concerning the molecular methods applied, the most used is still the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (46/102, 45%), followed by real-time PCR (38/102, 37·2%). The lipL32 gene is currently the most common target used for Leptospira detection, with 48% of studies applying this genetic marker. From all the studies, only few (21/102, 20·5%) performed gene sequencing. According to the majority of authors, current evidence suggests that lipL32-PCR is useful for an initial screening for Leptospira DNA detection in animal clinical samples. Posteriorly, if DNA sequencing could be performed on positive lipL32-PCR samples, we encourage the use of secY gene as a genetic marker. The molecular methods appear as the most important tools for the diagnosis of the chronic silent leptospirosis on domestic animals, reinforcing its evident impact not only on animal reproduction but also on a One Health context.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I N Di Azevedo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - W Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gaytán-Camarillo F, Rico-Chávez O, Palomares-Resendiz EG, Gutiérrez-Hernández JL, Díaz-Aparicio E, Herrera-López E. Spatial autocorrelation and co-occurrence of six serovarieties of Leptospira in goat herds of the State of Guanajuato, Mexico. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:953-960. [PMID: 33483895 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00429-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiological behavior of six Leptospira serovarieties was analyzed by spatial autocorrelation and co-occurrence of leptospirosis, diagnosed in goat herds located in the State of Guanajuato, Mexico. A total of 1650 goat serum samples were analyzed by microscopic agglutination (MAT). True prevalence (Pv) and 95% confidence interval (CI95) were determined. Spatial autocorrelation was calculated using the spdep package, applying the global Moran's I and local Moran's I of Leptospira in Guanajuato. The probabilistic model of co-occurrence was applied using the co-occur package. Seroprevalence in the State was found to be 45.5% (CI95 42.96; 48.06%). The highest registered frequency was for the Icterohemorrhagiae serovar (Pv 34.16%; CI95 31.74, 36.65%), followed by the serovar Hardjo-prajitno (Pv: 6.77%; CI95 5.33, 8.40%). Other serovarieties showed a Pv < 5%. Global spatial autocorrelation, only for the Icterohemorrhagiae serovar, was I > 1, while local Moran's I revealed that five of the six Leptospira serovarieties were spatially correlated. The probabilistic model of co-occurrence detected negative associations between Icterohemorrhagiae and the other serovarieties. The current study demonstrates the presence of Leptospira in goat herds of the State of Guanajuato. The diagnosed serovarieties show an aggregation pattern associated to risk zones and disease-transmitting vectors. Antibody co-occurrence analysis revealed dominance of the Icterohemorrhagiae serovar. A multidisciplinary approach including spatial epidemiology, ecological analyses, and serological vigilance will generate useful information for the prevention and control of leptospirosis in caprine production units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Gaytán-Camarillo
- Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Rico-Chávez
- Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erika Gabriela Palomares-Resendiz
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Cuajimalpa, 05110, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - José Luis Gutiérrez-Hernández
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Cuajimalpa, 05110, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Efrén Díaz-Aparicio
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Cuajimalpa, 05110, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Herrera-López
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria-Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Cuajimalpa, 05110, Mexico City, Mexico
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10
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Daddy KK, Mwanza M, Oguttu JW, Ngoma L. The prevalence and risk factors associated with Leptospira in donkeys in Ngaka Modiri Molema District, North West Province, South Africa. Vet World 2020; 13:2020-2027. [PMID: 33132620 PMCID: PMC7566248 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2020-2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Leptospirosis is one of the major emerging global economic and health problems affecting donkeys, thereby reducing their work output. Furthermore, the disease has public health importance because of its zoonotic nature. Despite the significant contribution donkeys make to the national economy, less attention is given to diseases that afflict donkeys and reduce their productivity and performance. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of Leptospira and identify risk factors associated with the occurrence of the disease among donkeys in the study area. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire survey was used to collect the following data: Demographic, environmental, management, and health-related factors. Blood samples were aseptically collected from 365 randomly selected donkeys from 19 villages. The sera were tested using the microscopic agglutination test. Categorical variables were summarized and presented as proportions and their 95% confidence interval (CI). A binary logistic regression model was fitted to the data to identify risk factors associated with Leptospira seroprevalence in donkeys within the study areas. Results: The majority of the donkeys (29.6%; n=108/365) were from Mafikeng local municipality, and the rest (19.7%; n=72/365) were from Ratlou. Just over half (58.1%; n=212/365) of the donkeys tested were female, and the remaining (41.9%; n=153/365) were males. In addition, most donkeys (42.7%; n=156/365) were between 6 and 12 years old, followed by those between 0 and 5 years (37%; n=135/365), and only 20.3% (n=74/365) were above 12 years. Out of the donkeys tested, 11.5% (95% CI: 4.86-18.14) donkeys tested positive for Leptospira antibodies. The most common serovar was Bratislava (81%; n=34/42), followed by Tarassovi (19.04%; n=8/42). While gender was positively associated with seroprevalence of the disease (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=4.88; p=0.0001), the presence of horses (AOR=0.226; p=0.002) and agricultural activities (AOR=0.093; p=0.0001) in the vicinity of the dwellings of the donkeys were negatively associated with Leptospira seropositivity in the study area. Conclusion: Findings reported here show that donkeys in the study area are reservoirs for the predominant serovar Bratislava and the less dominant serovar Tarassovi. The gender of the donkey was a risk factor for Leptospira seroprevalence. Further studies are needed to investigate the role of agricultural activities in the vicinity of the dwellings of donkeys on the occurrence of Leptospira in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibambe Kiayima Daddy
- Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - James Wabwire Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lubanza Ngoma
- Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agriculture Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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11
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Serological evidence of leptospirosis in Iran; A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2019; 138:103833. [PMID: 31698052 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a neglected infectious zoonotic disease that affects domestic animals and wildlife as well as humans. Although leptospirosis is known as an endemic disease in Iran, there is no accurate information on the overall prevalence of this disease in humans and animals. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among human and domestic and wild animals in Iran. A systematic review of English and Persian articles (since 1998 to December 2017) was conducted using Google Scholar, Medline/PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of science and Iranian databases Iranmedex, Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, and IRANDOC. Search terms include leptospirosis, Leptospira, serology, seroprevalence, seroepidemiology, serological, Iran, cow, goat, sheep, camel, dog, cat, equine, donkey, horse, mule and rodent. In Eventually 66 articles were selected to analyze based on inclusion criteria. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in human was 27.84% (95% CI: 13.22-22.47) and 19.71% (95% CI: 6.78-32.65%) based on ELISA and MAT, respectively. The pooled prevalence of leptospirosis in cow, sheep, goat and camel was 26.62% (95% CI: 18.76-34.48), 17.38% (95% CI: 13.32-21.43), 12.18% (95% CI: 9.96-14.41) and 22.68% (95% CI: 18.97-26.40), respectively. The prevalence of leptospirosis in horse, donkey, and mule was 19.99% (95% CI: 13.32-26.68), 40.59% (95% CI: 33.20-47.97) and 9.10% (95% CI: 2.90-15.30), respectively. The prevalence in dog and cat were estimated 14.63% (95% CI: 3.49-25.77) and 14.44% (95% CI: 3.25-25.65), respectively. The prevalence of seropositivity in rodents was estimated 20.96% (95% CI: 10.62-31.30). This study is a very comprehensive report on the status of leptospirosis in Iran. Based on our results, leptospirosis has considerable seroprevalence among human and animals in Iran. This high seroprevalence of leptospirosis showed should be given more attention for this disease in Iran and thus health measures must be taken to diagnosis, control and prevent it.
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First Real-Time PCR in Morocco for Human Leptospirosis Using TaqMan Probes Targeting the LipL32 Gene. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.67237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Tubalinal GAS, Balbin MM, Villanueva MA, Domingo CYJ, Mingala CN. Evaluation of LAMP for detection and/or screening of Leptospira spp. infection among domestic animals in the Philippines. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5:459-465. [PMID: 31453158 PMCID: PMC6702914 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2018.e299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study assessed the applicability of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for the detection of leptospirosis among domesticated animals and sewage rats. Specifically, it evaluated the ability of LAMP to amplify Leptospira spp. targeting the 16s rRNA gene in boiled urine samples. Materials and methods: A total of 140 samples from different domestic animals were tested for the presence of the antigen. A nested-polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) protocol was used to compare and determine the sensitivity of LAMP in detecting Leptospira spp. The LAMP was also evaluated by comparing its amplification result using agarose gel electrophoresis and color change using dye. Results: Positivity rate of Leptospira spp. antigen was 29.0% (40/140) for LAMP and 9.3% (13/140) for nPCR. Also, LAMP results for gel electrophoresis and dye color change varied in some samples that may be due to the interpretation of the result in dye color change. Conclusion: Overall, LAMP is a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective diagnostic method compared with nPCR. Also, LAMP has a potential application as pen-side screening, surveillance, and clinical diagnostic kits of infectious diseases without requiring advance equipment and skilled personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Alexis Sp Tubalinal
- College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.,Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.,Both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Michelle M Balbin
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Marvin A Villanueva
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Clarissa Yvonne J Domingo
- College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
| | - Claro N Mingala
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center National Headquarters and Gene Pool, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.,Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.,Both authors contributed equally to this work
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14
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Alvarado-Esquivel C, Cruz-Romero A, Romero-Salas D, Alvarado-Félix ÁO, Aguilar-Domínguez M, Ochoa-Valencia JL, Alvarado-Esquivel D, Hernández-Tinoco J, Zamarripa-Barboza JA, Sánchez-Anguiano LF. Apparently high Leptospira antibody seropositivity in donkeys for slaughter in three municipalities in Durango, Mexico. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:929-932. [PMID: 30239293 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718800358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the seropositive percentage and the determinants of Leptospira exposure in domestic donkeys presented for slaughter in the State of Durango, Mexico. We examined 194 donkeys in 4 gathering premises. Sera of donkeys were analyzed for anti- Leptospira IgG antibodies using a microscopic agglutination assay with a panel of 7 Leptospira antigens. The association between Leptospira seropositivity and general characteristics of donkeys was assessed by bivariate and multivariate analyses. Antibodies against Leptospira (for at least 1 of the 7 Leptospira serovars examined) were found in 151 of 194 (77.8%) donkeys. Seropositive donkeys were found in all regions, municipalities, and premises examined. The predominant serovar was L. interrogans Icterohaemorrhagiae ( n = 117; 60.3%), followed by L. interrogans Sejroe ( n = 96; 49.5%), L. interrogans Canicola ( n = 10; 5.2%), L. kirschneri Grippotyphosa ( n = 6; 3.1%), L. borgpetersenii Ballum ( n = 5; 2.6 %), L. biflexa Semaranga ( n = 3; 1.5%), and L. noguchii Panama ( n = 2; 1%). Leptospira seropositivity was associated with gathering premises (OR = 2.64; 95% CI: 1.27-5.46; p = 0.009) and municipalities (OR = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01-0.78; p = 0.02). Our results demonstrate an apparently high seropositive percentage of Leptospira infection in the donkeys studied in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Anabel Cruz-Romero
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Dora Romero-Salas
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Ángel Osvaldo Alvarado-Félix
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Mariel Aguilar-Domínguez
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - José Luis Ochoa-Valencia
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Domingo Alvarado-Esquivel
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Jesús Hernández-Tinoco
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - José Alfredo Zamarripa-Barboza
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Luis Francisco Sánchez-Anguiano
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Donkey Internal Medicine—Part II: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Neurologic, Urinary, Ophthalmic, Dermatology, and Musculoskeletal Disorders. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [PMCID: PMC7125788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are scarcely reported in donkeys, probably linked to their limited athletic attitude and low frequency of poor performance-related examinations. Reports on treatments for cardiovascular pathologies are anecdotal in donkeys. Respiratory tract anatomy shows important differences between horses and donkeys. Donkeys and mules can act as reservoirs spreading many viral, bacterial, and parasitic infectious respiratory diseases. Mosquito and tick-borne encephalitis have been reported in these species in the later years, and even donkeys are being used as sentinels in some areas to detect these emerging diseases. Management and treatment of lithiases can be transferable from horses; however, the same assumption must still be demonstrated for acute and chronic renal diseases. Ocular pathologies are similar to horses, with corneal ulcers frequently observed. Lameness is a common problem in donkeys, with laminitis as the most reported cause followed by pedal abscess. Donkeys are different to horses. Numerous physiological and clinicopathologic idiosyncrasies are reported in horses. Data published for horses should not be extrapolated for donkeys. Specific reference ranges, doses, and protocols have to be used for donkeys.
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Nally JE, Hornsby RL, Alt DP, Bayles D, Wilson-Welder JH, Palmquist DE, Bauer NE. Isolation and characterization of pathogenic leptospires associated with cattle. Vet Microbiol 2018; 218:25-30. [PMID: 29685217 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic leptospires colonize the renal tubules of reservoir hosts of infection, including cattle, and are excreted via urine. In order to identify circulating serovars of pathogenic leptospires in beef cattle, and their associated rates of urinary excretion, a cross sectional study was performed. Fifty urine samples were collected one day each month over 12 consecutive months (N = 600), directly from the bladder of beef cattle at a single slaughter facility and assessed for the presence of leptospires by culture and the fluorescent antibody test (FAT). Where possible, a matched serum sample was also collected for the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Forty-three urine samples were either culture positive or FAT positive, indicating that 7.2% of sampled beef cattle were actively excreting leptospires in urine. Twenty-three urine samples were culture positive. Sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA and secY indicated that all isolates were Leptospira borgpetersenii. Typing by serology indicated that all isolates were serogroup Sejroe. An overall seroprevalence of 20% (MAT ≥ 1:25) was determined; positive bovine sera was most reactive to serogroup Sejroe (serovar Hardjo) (8.1%), and serogroup Australis (serovar Bratislava) (6.7%). There was poor correlation between seroprevalence and excretion of leptospires since 18/43 (41.9%) cattle, which were positive by culture or FAT, were seronegative. The virulence of two selected isolates of L. borgpetersenii was confirmed by experimental infection in small animal models of infection. Results confirm that L. borgpetesenii continues to circulate in beef cattle and that multiple diagnostic assays are required to detect active shedding. These findings also highlight beef cattle as a reservoir host for the potential zoonotic transmission of leptospires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarlath E Nally
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Richard L Hornsby
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - David P Alt
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Darrell Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jennifer H Wilson-Welder
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Debra E Palmquist
- USDA/ARS-Midwest Area Statistics Unit, 1815 N. Street, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Nathan E Bauer
- Office of Public Health Science, USDA, Food Safety and Inspection Service, College Station, TX, USA
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17
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Escandón-Vargas K, Osorio L, Astudillo-Hernández M. Seroprevalence and factors associated with Leptospira infection in an urban district of Cali, Colombia. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2017; 33:e00039216. [PMID: 28614448 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00039216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have addressed Leptospira seroprevalence and risk factors in urban populations in Colombia. This study aimed to determine seroprevalence and factors associated with Leptospira infection in inhabitants of an urban district of Cali, Colombia. We collected sociodemographic and environmental data, as well as blood samples, from 353 subjects selected through a multistage cluster sampling design. We performed microagglutination test for the eight main Leptospira serogroups circulating in the region, considering a cut-off titer of ≥ 1:100. Most participants were female (226, 64.8%), with mean age 41.4 years, and 89 (32.6%) lived in low-low socioeconomic stratum (SES-1). Overall seroprevalence was 12.2% (95%CI: 10.3%-14.4%). Factors associated with Leptospira infection were SES 1, older age, single marital status, ethnic groups (Afro-Colombian and white/mestizo), school students, absence of toilet, barefoot walking, travel outside Cali in the previous month, and absence of skin and mucous-membrane lesions in the previous month. Our study suggests domestic and peridomiciliary transmission of Leptospira likely related to activities of daily living and inadequate environmental conditions. SES-1 is a major factor associated with Leptospira infection (adjusted OR = 4.08; 95%CI: 2.54-6.53; p < 0.001), suggesting that social and environmental conditions are key elements for endemicity of Leptospira infection in the study area. Epidemiological surveillance, improvement of environmental and sanitary conditions in various SES-1 areas, and community educational campaigns are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Escandón-Vargas
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.,Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Lyda Osorio
- Escuela de Salud Pública, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
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Detection of Leptospiral DNA in the Urine of Donkeys on the Caribbean Island of Saint Kitts. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4010002. [PMID: 29056661 PMCID: PMC5606623 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a global zoonosis caused by pathogenic spirochetes classified within the genus Leptospira. Leptospires live in the proximal renal tubules of reservoir or chronic carrier animals, and are shed in the urine. Naïve animals acquire infection either when they come in direct contact with a reservoir or infected animals or by exposure to environmental surface water or soil that is contaminated with their urine. In this study, urine samples from a herd of donkeys on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts were screened using a TaqMan-based real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting a pathogen-specific leptospiral gene, lipl32. Out of 124 clinically normal donkeys, 22 (18%) tested positive for leptospiral DNA in their urine. Water samples from two water troughs used by the donkeys were also tested, but were found to be free from leptospiral contamination. Detection of leptospiral DNA in the urine of clinically healthy donkeys may point to a role that these animals play in the maintenance of the bacteria on St. Kitts.
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Khamassi Khbou M, Haouala K, Benzarti M. High frequency of seropositivity of Leptospira in cattle in North Tunisia. Vet Med Sci 2016; 3:13-21. [PMID: 29067205 PMCID: PMC5645833 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors report a survey carried out in a cattle farm between January and April 2009 in Mateur region (Northern Tunisia). Seroprevalence by Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) was estimated to 81.4 ± 6% and 35 ± 2% in cows and calves, respectively. Seropositivity to more than one serovar was noticed in 91% (81/89) of infected animals. The examination of the distribution pattern of Leptospira serovars involved in this outbreak indicates that serovar Pomona was the predominant one (75.3%), followed by Autumnalis (59.5%), Bim (58.4%) and Munchen (55%). High titres (between 400 and 6400) were found in 68.7% of the tested animals and were correlated with clinical onset of leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is an underestimated pathogen in Tunisia; further investigations are needed to study the epidemiology both in man and animals and to implement effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Médiha Khamassi Khbou
- Laboratoire des Maladies ContagieusesZoonoses et Législation SanitaireUniv. ManoubaEcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi Thabet2020Tunisia
| | - Kamel Haouala
- Office des Terres Domaniales, Ministére de ĺAgriculture et des Ressources HydrauliquesTunisTunisia
| | - M'hammed Benzarti
- Laboratoire des Maladies ContagieusesZoonoses et Législation SanitaireUniv. ManoubaEcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi Thabet2020Tunisia
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20
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Molecular Diagnostic Assays for the Detection and Control of Zoonotic Diseases. Mol Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555819071.ch23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Alvarado-Esquivel C, Hernandez-Tinoco J, Sanchez-Anguiano LF, Ramos-Nevarez A, Cerrillo-Soto SM, Guido-Arreola CA. Leptospira Exposure and Gardeners: A Case-Control Seroprevalence Study. J Clin Med Res 2015; 8:25-8. [PMID: 26668679 PMCID: PMC4676342 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2377w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospira can be found in soil. However, it is unclear whether occupational exposure to soil may represent a risk for Leptospira infection in humans. Therefore, we sought to determine the association of Leptospira IgG seroprevalence with the occupation of gardener, and to determine the epidemiological characteristics of gardeners associated with Leptospira exposure. Methods We performed a case-control study in 168 gardeners and 168 age- and gender-matched control subjects without gardening occupation in Durango City, Mexico. The seroprevalence of anti-Leptospira IgG antibodies in cases and controls was determined using an enzyme immunoassay. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the association of Leptospira exposure and the characteristics of the gardeners. Results Anti-Leptospira IgG antibodies were found in 10 (6%) of 168 gardeners and in 15 (8.9%) of 168 control subjects (odds ratio (OR): 0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28 - 1.48; P = 0.40). Multivariate analysis showed that Leptospira seropositivity was positively associated with female gender (OR: 5.82; 95% CI: 1.11 - 30.46; P = 0.03), and negatively associated with eating while working (OR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.05 - 0.87; P = 0.03). In addition, multivariate analysis showed that high anti-Leptospira levels were associated with consumption of boar meat (OR: 28.00; 95% CI: 1.20 - 648.80; P = 0.03). Conclusions This is the first case-control study of Leptospira exposure in gardeners. Results do not support an association of Leptospira exposure with the occupation of gardener. However, further studies to confirm the lack of this association are needed. The potential role of consumption of boar meat in Leptospira infection deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juarez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico
| | - Jesus Hernandez-Tinoco
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Juarez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico
| | | | - Agar Ramos-Nevarez
- Clinica de Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Predio Canoas S/N, 34079 Durango, Mexico
| | - Sandra Margarita Cerrillo-Soto
- Clinica de Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Predio Canoas S/N, 34079 Durango, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alberto Guido-Arreola
- Clinica de Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Predio Canoas S/N, 34079 Durango, Mexico
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Schuller S, Arent ZJ, Gilmore C, Nally J. Prevalence of antileptospiral serum antibodies in dogs in Ireland. Vet Rec 2015. [PMID: 26198210 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A total of 474 serum samples from client owned Irish dogs were tested for the presence of antibodies to serovars Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Bratislava, Autumnalis, Pomona, Altodouro, Grippotyphosa, Mozdok, Hardjobovis and Ballum. Six per cent of dogs presented to veterinary practitioners for problems unrelated to leptospirosis showed evidence of prior exposure to leptospiral serovars belonging to the serogropus Ballum, Australis, Pomona and Sejroe. One unvaccinated dog suspected to have leptospirosis showed seroconversion to serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. Based on these results the authors conclude that canine exposure to serogroup Ballum should be monitored because dogs may serve as sentinels for this serovar in the environment. Vaccination with multivalent vaccines containing serovar Bratislava in addition to serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Canicola is advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schuller
- Small Animal Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Z J Arent
- Veterinary Sciences Division, AFBI, OIE Leptospirosis Reference Laboratory, Belfast, UK
| | - C Gilmore
- Veterinary Sciences Division, AFBI, OIE Leptospirosis Reference Laboratory, Belfast, UK
| | - J Nally
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Nally JE, Mullen W, Callanan JJ, Mischak H, Albalat A. Detection of urinary biomarkers in reservoir hosts of leptospirosis by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:543-51. [PMID: 25736478 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pathogenic leptospires colonize the renal tubules of reservoir hosts of infection and are excreted via urine into the environment. Asymptomatic reservoir hosts include a wide range of domestic and wild animal species and include cattle, dogs, and rats that can persistently excrete large numbers of pathogenic leptospires over many months. A similar presentation has been observed in humans categorized as "long-term asymptomatic individuals" as they excreted leptospires in the absence of any clinical symptoms or positive serology. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In the current study, the urine of experimentally infected rats, which showed no clinical signs or positive serology, was analyzed by CE-MS to identify urinary biomarkers of chronic infection. RESULTS A discriminating peptide pattern of 43 polypeptides provided a sensitivity of 93%, a specificity of 83%, and an accuracy of 90% for the identification of urine from chronically infected rats (p < 0.05, AUC > 90%). The majority of discriminating peptides were decreased in abundance in urine of chronically infected rats, including a peptide derived from neprilysin, a membrane metalloendopeptidase, the expression of which has previously been shown to be diminished in infected urine. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results highlight the diagnostic capabilities of urinary biomarkers to identify reservoir hosts of leptospirosis using CE coupled to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarlath E Nally
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William Mullen
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Harald Mischak
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Mosaiques diagnostics, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amaya Albalat
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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