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Haegeman A, Sohier C, Mostin L, De Leeuw I, Van Campe W, Philips W, De Regge N, De Clercq K. Evidence of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Transmission from Subclinically Infected Cattle by Stomoxys calcitrans. Viruses 2023; 15:1285. [PMID: 37376585 DOI: 10.3390/v15061285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a vector-transmitted capripox virus that causes disease in cattle. Stomoxys calcitrans flies are considered to be important vectors as they are able to transmit viruses from cattle with the typical LSDV skin nodules to naive cattle. No conclusive data are, however, available concerning the role of subclinically or preclinically infected cattle in virus transmission. Therefore, an in vivo transmission study with 13 donors, experimentally inoculated with LSDV, and 13 naïve acceptor bulls was performed whereby S. calcitrans flies were fed on either subclinical- or preclinical-infected donor animals. Transmission of LSDV from subclinical donors showing proof of productive virus replication but without formation of skin nodules was demonstrated in two out of five acceptor animals, while no transmission was seen from preclinical donors that developed nodules after Stomoxys calcitrans flies had fed. Interestingly, one of the acceptor animals which became infected developed a subclinical form of the disease. Our results show that subclinical animals can contribute to virus transmission. Therefore, stamping out only clinically diseased LSDV-infected cattle could be insufficient to completely halt the spread and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Sohier
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Mostin
- Sciensano, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willem Van Campe
- Sciensano, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830 Machelen, Belgium
| | - Wannes Philips
- EURL for Diseases Caused by Capripox Viruses, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
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2
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The Development of a Real-Time PCR Assay for Specific Detection of the NISKHI Sheep Pox Vaccine Virus Strain DNA. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sheep pox (SPP) constitutes a global animal health scourge, despite the numerous efforts targeting the eradication of the disease implemented in affected countries. An efficient control and eradication strategy incorporates the use of live attenuated vaccines, which in turn requires a method for differentiation between vaccinated and infected sheep. The NISKHI live attenuated SPP vaccine (LAV) is abundantly used in Russia, Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries. This study describes the development and evaluation of a real-time PCR with a high-resolution melting assay, capable of differentiating the NISKHI vaccine virus from circulating virulent field strains. The RNA polymerase subunit RPO132 gene contains a unique single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) capable of altering the melting curves of amplicons from LAV and virulent field isolates circulating in the region. The melting temperature (Tm) of field isolates ranged from 75.47 °C ± 0.04 to 75.86 °C ± 0.08, while the vaccine strain averaged 76.46 °C ± 0.12. Subsequent evaluation of this assay demonstrated that the recent SPP outbreaks in central Russia may be attributed to virulent field isolates. This robust assay was proven to consistently and differentially detect the NISKHI LAV strain when analyzing clinical samples from affected sheep.
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Zewdie G, Derese G, Getachew B, Belay H, Akalu M. Review of sheep and goat pox disease: current updates on epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control measures in Ethiopia. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021; 1:28. [PMID: 34806086 PMCID: PMC8591591 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheep pox, goat pox, and lumpy skin diseases are economically significant and contagious viral diseases of sheep, goats and cattle, respectively, caused by the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV) of the family Poxviridae. Currently, CaPV infection of small ruminants (sheep and goats) has been distributed widely and are prevalent in Central Africa, the Middle East, Europe and Asia. This disease poses challenges to food production and distribution, affecting rural livelihoods in most African countries, including Ethiopia. Transmission occurs mainly by direct or indirect contact with infected animals. They cause high morbidity (75-100% in endemic areas) and mortality (10-85%). Additionally, the mortality rate can approach 100% in susceptible animals. Diagnosis largely relies on clinical symptoms, confirmed by laboratory testing using real-time PCR, electron microscopy, virus isolation, serology and histology. Control and eradication of sheep pox virus (SPPV), goat pox virus (GTPV), and lumpy skin disease (LSDV) depend on timely recognition of disease eruption, vector control, and movement restriction. To date, attenuated vaccines originating from KSGPV O-180 strains are effective and widely used in Ethiopia to control CaPV throughout the country. This vaccine strain is clinically safe to control CaPV in small ruminants but not in cattle which may be associated with insufficient vaccination coverage and the production of low-quality vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girma Zewdie
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Derese
- National Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Hassen Belay
- Africa Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Center (AU-PANVAC), P. O. Box: 1746, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Mirtneh Akalu
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Gunture, AP 522502 India
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The Importance of Quality Control of LSDV Live Attenuated Vaccines for Its Safe Application in the Field. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091019. [PMID: 34579256 PMCID: PMC8472990 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective approach to prevent, control and eradicate diseases, including lumpy skin disease (LSD). One of the measures to address farmer hesitation to vaccinate is guaranteeing the quality of vaccine batches. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the importance of a quality procedure via the evaluation of the LSD vaccine, Lumpivax (Kevevapi). The initial PCR screening revealed the presence of wild type LSD virus (LSDV) and goatpox virus (GTPV), in addition to vaccine LSDV. New phylogenetic PCRs were developed to characterize in detail the genomic content and a vaccination/challenge trial was conducted to evaluate the impact on efficacy and diagnostics. The characterization confirmed the presence of LSDV wild-, vaccine- and GTPV-like sequences in the vaccine vial and also in samples taken from the vaccinated animals. The analysis was also suggestive for the presence of GTPV-LSDV (vaccine/wild) recombinants. In addition, the LSDV status of some of the animal samples was greatly influenced by the differentiating real-PCR used and could result in misinterpretation. Although the vaccine was clinically protective, the viral genomic content of the vaccine (being it multiple Capripox viruses and/or recombinants) and the impact on the diagnostics casts serious doubts of its use in the field.
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Clemmons EA, Alfson KJ, Dutton JW. Transboundary Animal Diseases, an Overview of 17 Diseases with Potential for Global Spread and Serious Consequences. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2039. [PMID: 34359167 PMCID: PMC8300273 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals provide food and other critical resources to most of the global population. As such, diseases of animals can cause dire consequences, especially disease with high rates of morbidity or mortality. Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) are highly contagious or transmissible, epidemic diseases, with the potential to spread rapidly across the globe and the potential to cause substantial socioeconomic and public health consequences. Transboundary animal diseases can threaten the global food supply, reduce the availability of non-food animal products, or cause the loss of human productivity or life. Further, TADs result in socioeconomic consequences from costs of control or preventative measures, and from trade restrictions. A greater understanding of the transmission, spread, and pathogenesis of these diseases is required. Further work is also needed to improve the efficacy and cost of both diagnostics and vaccines. This review aims to give a broad overview of 17 TADs, providing researchers and veterinarians with a current, succinct resource of salient details regarding these significant diseases. For each disease, we provide a synopsis of the disease and its status, species and geographic areas affected, a summary of in vitro or in vivo research models, and when available, information regarding prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Clemmons
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Kendra J. Alfson
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - John W. Dutton
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
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Selim A, Manaa E, Khater H. Seroprevalence and risk factors for lumpy skin disease in cattle in Northern Egypt. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:350. [PMID: 34105025 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02786-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an endemic infectious viral disease of cattle in African and Middle East countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of LSD among cattle in Northern Egypt and assessed the associated risk factors with LSD infection. A total of 1000 sera samples were collected from cattle and examined serologically with commercial ELISA kit. Overall, the true seroprevalence of LSD among cattle in Egypt was 19.5% (n = 180). The true seroprevalence rate was varied significantly between different geographical studied areas, and the highest level was observed in Kafr El-Sheikh (26.7%) and Gharbia (23.7%) governorates. Moreover, the risk of getting LSD infection was increased among Holstein breed (OR = 4.586; 95%CI, 1.83-11.48) and adult cattle (OR = 2.498; 95%CI, 1.17-5.32) during summer season (OR = 7.303, 95%CI: 3.97-13.42). Furthermore, communal grazing (OR = 1.546; 95%CI, 0.91-2.60), communal water points (OR = 3.283; 95%CI, 2.11-5.09), introduction of new animal (OR = 2.216; 95%CI, 1.32-3.71), and contact with other animals (OR = 3.401; 95%CI, 1.62-7.10) were identified as significant risk factors for the occurrence of LSDV infection in cattle. Moreover, the present study revealed that no significant (P > 0.05) association between sex or type of herd and occurrence of LSD infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah Selim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt.
| | - Eman Manaa
- Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Wealth Development, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Hanem Khater
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology Department, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
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7
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Wolff J, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Probe-Based Real-Time qPCR Assays for a Reliable Differentiation of Capripox Virus Species. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040765. [PMID: 33917525 PMCID: PMC8067474 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of the three capripox virus species, namely lumpy skin disease virus, sheeppox virus, and goatpox virus, severely affect animal health and both national and international economies. Therefore, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) classified them as notifiable diseases. Until now, discrimination of capripox virus species was possible by using different conventional PCR protocols. However, more sophisticated probe-based real-time qPCR systems addressing this issue are, to our knowledge, still missing. In the present study, we developed several duplex qPCR assays consisting of different types of fluorescence-labelled probes that are highly sensitive and show a high analytical specificity. Finally, our assays were combined with already published diagnostic methods to a diagnostic workflow that enables time-saving, reliable, and robust detection, differentiation, and characterization of capripox virus isolates.
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8
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Hamdi J, Boumart Z, Daouam S, El Arkam A, Bamouh Z, Jazouli M, Tadlaoui KO, Fihri OF, Gavrilov B, El Harrak M. Development and Evaluation of an Inactivated Lumpy Skin Disease Vaccine for Cattle. Vet Microbiol 2020; 245:108689. [PMID: 32456824 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) of cattle is caused by a virus within Capripoxvirus genus. It leads to huge economic losses in addition to trade and animal movement limitation. Vaccination is the only economically feasible way to control this vector-borne disease. Only live attenuated vaccines have been used so far and no inactivated vaccine has been developed nor tested in cattle. In this study, we developed an inactivated oily adjuvanted vaccine based on Neethling strain and tested it on cattle. Selected criteria of appreciation were safety, antibody response by Virus Neutralization and protection through challenge. A field trial was also performed in Bulgaria. The vaccine was safe and did not cause any adverse reaction, high level of specific antibodies was obtained starting from day 7 post-vaccination and protection against virulent challenge strain that caused typical disease in control animals was total. Induced protection was similar to that obtained with live vaccine, without any adverse effect. In addition, the field study confirmed safety and efficacy of the vaccine, which did not show any adverse reaction and induced a high level of antibodies for up to one year. General prophylaxis based on inactivated vaccine could be of great benefit in endemic countries or at risk regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Hamdi
- Research and development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, ZI Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco.
| | - Zineb Boumart
- Research and development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, ZI Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco
| | - Samira Daouam
- Research and development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, ZI Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco
| | - Amal El Arkam
- Research and development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, ZI Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco
| | - Zahra Bamouh
- Research and development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, ZI Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Jazouli
- Research and development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, ZI Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco
| | - Khalid Omari Tadlaoui
- Research and development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, ZI Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco
| | | | - Boris Gavrilov
- Biologics Development, Huvepharma, 3A Nikolay Haytov Street, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Mehdi El Harrak
- Research and development Virology, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, ZI Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P: 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco
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Experimental evidence of mechanical lumpy skin disease virus transmission by Stomoxys calcitrans biting flies and Haematopota spp. horseflies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20076. [PMID: 31882819 PMCID: PMC6934832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a devastating disease of cattle characterized by fever, nodules on the skin, lymphadenopathy and milk drop. Several haematophagous arthropod species like dipterans and ticks are suspected to play a role in the transmission of LSDV. Few conclusive data are however available on the importance of biting flies and horseflies as potential vectors in LSDV transmission. Therefore an in vivo transmission study was carried out to investigate possible LSDV transmission by Stomoxys calcitrans biting flies and Haematopota spp. horseflies from experimentally infected viraemic donor bulls to acceptor bulls. LSDV transmission by Stomoxys calcitrans was evidenced in 3 independent experiments, LSDV transmission by Haematopota spp. was shown in one experiment. Evidence of LSD was supported by induction of nodules and virus detection in the blood of acceptor animals. Our results are supportive for a mechanical transmission of the virus by these vectors.
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Haegeman A, De Leeuw I, Mostin L, Van Campe W, Aerts L, Vastag M, De Clercq K. An Immunoperoxidase Monolayer Assay (IPMA) for the detection of lumpy skin disease antibodies. J Virol Methods 2019; 277:113800. [PMID: 31837373 PMCID: PMC6996284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A new immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) was developed to detect LSDV antibodies. The new test is highly specific and sensitive and is suitable for medium throughput. LSDV-IPMA detected the antibodies earlier than the VNT and a commercial ELISA. The LSDV-IPMA system is easily adapted for SPPV and GPV.
During this study a new Immunoperoxidase Monolayer Assay (IPMA) was developed for the detection of antibodies against lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in an easy and low tech setting. Using two dilutions (1:50 and 1:300) in a duplicate format, the test was shown to be highly sensitive, specific and repeatable. In comparison to the VNT and a commercial ELISA, the LSDV-IPMA was able to detect the LSDV antibodies earlier in infected, vaccinated and vaccinated/infected animals. The assay is very flexible as it can be easily adapted for the detection of sheeppox or goatpox antibodies and it can be scaled-up to handle medium size sample sets by preparing the IPMA plates in advance. These plates are safe and can be handled in low biosafety level labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Laurent Mostin
- Sciensano, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830, Machelen, Belgium.
| | - Willem Van Campe
- Sciensano, Experimental Center Machelen, Kerklaan 68, B-1830, Machelen, Belgium.
| | - Laetitia Aerts
- EURL for Diseases Caused by Capripox Viruses, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Maria Vastag
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180, Brussels, Belgium.
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Chaple AR, Venkatesan G, Kumar A, Sarkar S, Muthuchelvan D, Chandrasekar S, Biswas SK, Chand K, Ramakrishnan MA. Genetic studies of terminal regions of vaccine and field isolates of capripoxviruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 76:104071. [PMID: 31627006 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sheeppox and goatpox are two of the most important diseases associated with significant economic loss and impact on animal trade. In spite of the use of vaccines, outbreaks are being reported on several occasions. Therefore, deciphering the host specificity and virulence of sheeppox virus (SPPV) and goatpox virus (GTPV) is important in developing effective vaccines. It is opined that genes located in the terminal regions play a major role in determining host range and/or virulence. In the present study, nine isolates (6 GTPV and 3 SPPV; included both vaccine and virulent viruses) were genetically characterized by targeting 11 genes (7 host-range and 4 virulence genes) which are located in the terminal regions of capripoxviruses. In the genetic analyses, it was observed that there are several nucleotide and amino acid signatures which are specific for either SPPV or GTPV. However, surprisingly, none of the 11 genes could be able to differentiate the vaccine and field viruses of GTPV and SPPV. Our study indicates that the genes of the terminal regions may have a role in determining the host-specificity but the involvemet in determinatin of virulence/attenuation is not certain at least for the isolates used in the current study. Therefore, it is likely that some other genes located in terminal/central regions may also play a role in determination of virulence and pathogenesis which needs to be confirmed by whole-genome sequencing of several vaccine and virulent viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Rameshrao Chaple
- Ph.D Scholar, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India
| | - Gnanavel Venkatesan
- Senior Scientist, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Scientist, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India
| | - Soumajit Sarkar
- Ph.D Scholar, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India
| | - Dhanavelu Muthuchelvan
- Principal Scientist, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India
| | - S Chandrasekar
- Scientist, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India
| | - Sanchay K Biswas
- Senior Scientist, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India
| | - Karam Chand
- Scientist, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263 138, India
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12
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Ochwo S, VanderWaal K, Munsey A, Nkamwesiga J, Ndekezi C, Auma E, Mwiine FN. Seroprevalence and risk factors for lumpy skin disease virus seropositivity in cattle in Uganda. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:236. [PMID: 31286926 PMCID: PMC6615106 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a transboundary cattle disease caused by a Capripoxvirus of the family Poxviridae. In Uganda, documented information on the epidemiology of the disease is rare and there is no nationwide control plan, yet LSD is endemic. This study set out to investigate the seroprevalence of lumpy skin disease and determine the risk factors for LSD seropositivity, by carrying out a cross-sectional study in 21 districts of Uganda. RESULTS A total of 2,263 sera samples were collected from 65 cattle herds and an indirect ELISA was used to screen for lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) antibodies. We used univariable and multivariable mixed effect logistic regression models to identify risk factors for LSD seropositivity. The overall animal and herd-level seroprevalences were 8.7% (95% CI: 7.0-9.3) and 72.3% (95% CI: 70.0-80.3), respectively. Animal-level seroprevalence in Central region (OR = 2.13, p = 0.05, 95% CI: 1.10-4.64) was significantly different from the Northern region (Reference) and Western region (OR = 0.84, p = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.39-1.81). Management type, sex, age, mean annual precipitation > 1000 mm, and drinking from communal water sources were statistically significant risk factors for occurrence of anti-LSDV antibodies in cattle. Breed, region, herd size, contact with buffalo and other wildlife and introduction of new cattle did not have a statistically significant association with being positive for LSDV. CONCLUSION We report a high herd-level LSDV seroprevalence in Uganda with a moderate animal-level seroprevalence. Cattle with the highest risk of LSD infection in Uganda are those in fenced farms, females > 25 months old, in an area with a mean annual rainfall > 1000 mm, and drinking from a communal water source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Ochwo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN MN 55108 USA
| | - Anna Munsey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN MN 55108 USA
| | - Joseph Nkamwesiga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christian Ndekezi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Elda Auma
- College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Frank N. Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Haegeman A, De Vleeschauwer A, De Leeuw I, Vidanović D, Šekler M, Petrović T, Demarez C, Lefebvre D, De Clercq K. Overview of diagnostic tools for Capripox virus infections. Prev Vet Med 2019; 181:104704. [PMID: 31196699 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Capripox viruses are the causative agents of important animal diseases in cattle (Lumpy Skin Disease), sheep (Sheeppox) and goats (Goatpox) with severe socio-economic impact in case of wide scale outbreaks. Therefore there is a constant need for adequate diagnostic tools. The assays must be fit-for-purpose to identify the virus quickly and correctly and to be useful for surveillance and monitoring at different stages of an epidemic. Different diagnostic performance characteristics are required depending on the situation and the test purpose. The need for high throughput, high specificity/sensitivity and the capability for differentiating field virus strains from vaccine strains drives the development of new and better assays preferably with an advantageous cost-benefit balance. This review aims to look at existing and new virological and serological diagnostic tools used in the control against diseases caused by Capripox viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Ukkel, Belgium.
| | | | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Ukkel, Belgium.
| | - Dejan Vidanović
- Specialized Veterinary Institute "Kraljevo", Kraljevo, Serbia.
| | - Milanko Šekler
- Specialized Veterinary Institute "Kraljevo", Kraljevo, Serbia.
| | - Tamaš Petrović
- Department for Virology, Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Céline Demarez
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Ukkel, Belgium.
| | - David Lefebvre
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Ukkel, Belgium.
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Exotic and Particular Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Ukkel, Belgium.
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14
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Understanding the epidemiology of sheep-pox outbreaks among vaccinated Algerian sheep and post vaccination evaluation of the antibodies kinetics of the commercially used vaccine. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:128-131. [PMID: 31300101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sheep pox is a disease of veterinary concern to small ruminant producers and veterinary diagnosticians, because of the associated tangible economic losses. The epidemiological analysis of sheep pox, among vaccinated sheep flock in Algeria from 2007 to 2016, showed that the disease outbreaks occurred every year and across all Algeria region with an average of 44.9 outbreaks per year, these outbreaks correlate with the region climate, the flocks' density and the transhumance practices. The one-year post vaccination antibody kinetics evaluation study of the commercially used vaccine in Algeria demonstrated a mild humoral response, the neutralization index range between 0.73 and 1.22. Therefore, the present study recommends a challenge study, using a virulent local strain, to evaluate the vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, quality control approach for the vaccine production processes is required.
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Chibssa TR, Settypalli TBK, Berguido FJ, Grabherr R, Loitsch A, Tuppurainen E, Nwankpa N, Tounkara K, Madani H, Omani A, Diop M, Cattoli G, Diallo A, Lamien CE. An HRM Assay to Differentiate Sheeppox Virus Vaccine Strains from Sheeppox Virus Field Isolates and other Capripoxvirus Species. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6646. [PMID: 31040355 PMCID: PMC6491823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep poxvirus (SPPV), goat poxvirus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) affect small ruminants and cattle causing sheeppox (SPP), goatpox (GTP) and lumpy skin disease (LSD) respectively. In endemic areas, vaccination with live attenuated vaccines derived from SPPV, GTPV or LSDV provides protection from SPP and GTP. As live poxviruses may cause adverse reactions in vaccinated animals, it is imperative to develop new diagnostic tools for the differentiation of SPPV field strains from attenuated vaccine strains. Within the capripoxvirus (CaPV) homolog of the variola virus B22R gene, we identified a unique region in SPPV vaccines with two deletions of 21 and 27 nucleotides and developed a High-Resolution Melting (HRM)-based assay. The HRM assay produces four distinct melting peaks, enabling the differentiation between SPPV vaccines, SPPV field isolates, GTPV and LSDV. This HRM assay is sensitive, specific, and provides a cost-effective means for the detection and classification of CaPVs and the differentiation of SPPV vaccines from SPPV field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Rufael Chibssa
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.,National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), P.O. Box, 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tirumala Bharani K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francisco J Berguido
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Mödling, Austria
| | | | - Nick Nwankpa
- African Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre, (AU-PANVAC), P.O. Box 1746, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia
| | - Karim Tounkara
- African Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre, (AU-PANVAC), P.O. Box 1746, Debre Ziet, Ethiopia
| | - Hafsa Madani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire d'Alger, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Amel Omani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire d'Alger, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mariane Diop
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), BP 2057 Dakar-Hann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adama Diallo
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), BP 2057 Dakar-Hann, Dakar, Senegal.,UMR CIRAD INRA, Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), 24 Montpellier cedex 05, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Agricultural and Biotechnology laboratory, Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A1400, Vienna, Austria.
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16
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A gel-based PCR method to differentiate sheeppox virus field isolates from vaccine strains. Virol J 2018; 15:59. [PMID: 29609650 PMCID: PMC5879731 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sheeppox (SPP) and goatpox (GTP) caused by sheeppox virus (SPPV) and goatpox virus (GTPV), respectively of the genus Capripoxvirus in the family Poxviridae, are severely afflicting small ruminants' production systems in Africa and Asia. In endemic areas, SPP and GTP are controlled using vaccination with live attenuated vaccines derived from SPPV, GTPV or Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). Sometimes outbreaks occur following vaccination. In order to successfully control the spread of the virus, it is essential to identify whether the animals were infected by the field strain and the vaccine did not provide sufficient protection. Alternatively, in some cases the vaccine strain may cause adverse reactions in vaccinated animals or in rare occasions, re-gain virulence. Thus, diagnostic tools for differentiation of virulent strains from attenuated vaccine strains of the virus are needed. The aim of this study was to identify an appropriate diagnostic target region in the capripoxvirus genome by comparing the genomic sequences of SPPV field isolates with those of the most widely used SPP vaccine strains. RESULTS A unique 84 base pair nucleotide deletion located between the DNA ligase gene and the VARV B22R homologue gene was found only in SPPV vaccines derived from the Romanian and Yugoslavian RM/65 strains and absent in SPPV field isolates originated from various geographical locations of Asia and Africa. In addition, we developed and evaluated a conventional PCR assay, exploiting the targeted intergenic region to differentiate SPPV vaccine virus from field isolates. The assay produced an amplicon size of 218 bp for the vaccine strains, while the SPPV field isolates resulted in a 302 bp PCR fragment. The assay showed good sensitivity and specificity, and the results were in full agreement with the sequencing data of the PCR amplicons. CONCLUSION The developed assay is an improvement of currently existing diagnostic tools and, when combined with a capripox virus species-specific assay, will enhance SPP and GTP diagnosis and surveillance and facilitate epidemiological investigations in countries using live attenuated SPP vaccines. In addition, for laboratories with limited resources, the assay provides a simple and cost-effective alternative for sequencing.
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17
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Ben Chehida F, Ayari-Fakhfakh E, Caufour P, Amdouni J, Nasr J, Messaoudi L, Haj Ammar H, Sghaier S, Bernard C, Ghram A, Cêtre-Sossah C. Sheep pox in Tunisia: Current status and perspectives. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:50-63. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Ben Chehida
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie (IRVT); Tunis Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar; Tunis Tunisia
- Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet; Sidi Thabet Tunisia
- Université de Manouba; Manouba Tunisia
- CIRAD; UMR ASTRE; F-34398 Montpellier France. INRA; UMR ASTRE; F-34398 Montpellier France. Institut Pasteur de Tunis; Tunis Belvédère Tunisia. Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte; Jazourna Bizerte Tunisia. Université de Carthage; Carthage Tunisia
| | - E. Ayari-Fakhfakh
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie (IRVT); Tunis Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar; Tunis Tunisia
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis; Tunis Belvédère Tunisia
| | - P. Caufour
- CIRAD; UMR ASTRE; F-34398 Montpellier France
- INRA; UMR ASTRE; F-34398 Montpellier France
| | - J. Amdouni
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie (IRVT); Tunis Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar; Tunis Tunisia
| | - J. Nasr
- Université de Carthage; Carthage Tunisia
- Institut National Agronomique de Tunis; Tunis Belvédère Tunisia
| | | | - H. Haj Ammar
- Ministère de l'Agriculture; Direction Générale des Services Vétérinaires; Tunis Tunisia
| | - S. Sghaier
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie (IRVT); Tunis Tunisia
- Université Tunis El Manar; Tunis Tunisia
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis; Tunis Belvédère Tunisia
| | - C. Bernard
- INRA; UMR ASTRE; F-34398 Montpellier France
- CIRAD; UMR ASTRE; F-97491 Sainte Clotilde La Réunion France
| | - A. Ghram
- Université Tunis El Manar; Tunis Tunisia
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis; Tunis Belvédère Tunisia
| | - C. Cêtre-Sossah
- INRA; UMR ASTRE; F-34398 Montpellier France
- CIRAD; UMR ASTRE; F-97491 Sainte Clotilde La Réunion France
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18
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THE APPROACHES TO DESIGNING OF NEW GENERATION VACCINES AGAINST THE SHEEP POX DISEASE. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2016. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech9.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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