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Abdel-Mawgod S, Zanaty A, Elhusseiny M, Said D, Samir A, Elsayed MM, Mahana O, Said M, Hussein AM, Hassan HM, Selim A, Shahien MA, Selim K. Genetic heterogeneity of chicken anemia virus isolated in selected Egyptian provinces as a preliminary investigation. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1362219. [PMID: 38840626 PMCID: PMC11150715 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1362219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) is a widespread and economically significant pathogen in the poultry industry. In this study 110 samples were collected from various poultry farms in selected Egyptian provinces during 2021-2022 and were tested against CAV by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), revealing 22 positive samples with 20% incidence rate. Full sequence analysis of five selected CAV strains revealed genetic variations in VP1, VP2, and VP3 genes. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the Egyptian strains with reference viruses, mainly in group II, while vaccines like Del-Rose were categorized in group III. Recombination events were detected between an Egyptian strain (genotype II) and the Del-Rose vaccine strain (genotype III), indicating potential recombination between live vaccine strains and field isolates. To evaluate pathogenicity, one Egyptian isolate (F883-2022 CAV) and Del-Rose vaccine were tested in Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) chicks. Chicks in the positive group displayed clinical symptoms, including weakness and stunted growth, with postmortem findings consistent with CAV infection. The vaccine group showed milder symptoms and less severe postmortem changes. This study provides important insights into the genetic diversity of CAV in selected Egyptian poultry farms showing recombination event between field strain and vaccine strains, highlighting the need for advanced vaccination programs, especially for broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdel-Mawgod
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ali Zanaty
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elhusseiny
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalia Said
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdelhafez Samir
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Moataz M. Elsayed
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Osama Mahana
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Said
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Hussein
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heba M. Hassan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdullah Selim
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Momtaz A. Shahien
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Karim Selim
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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Sreekala SM, Kaur G, Dwivedi PN. Subclinical circulation of Chicken infectious anaemia virus- A Sero-molecular study. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:925-932. [PMID: 38155335 PMCID: PMC10920532 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken infectious anaemia-an important immunosuppressive viral disease of chicken-gained much attention in the recent past. Based on huge mortality and production loss observed in the fast-growing poultry sector, the present study aimed to find out the current status of the chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV), among chicken flocks in the Punjab state of India by sero-molecular study. The sera from the blood samples were tested for anti-CIAV antibodies by indirect ELISA and also compared with haematological parameters. DNA from sero-positive samples underwent PCR amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the most conserved genomic region (VP3 gene) to detect viraemia in asymptomatic birds. The serological study using indirect ELISA showed a high sero-positivity of 77.27% in chicken flocks. Additionally, the present study also revealed the high molecular evidence (72.54%) of CIAV in apparently healthy birds. Genetic analysis showed that all CIAVs have conserved VP3 genes without any nucleotide substitutions, indicating presence of CIAV and its subclinical circulation among apparently healthy flocks. The wide distribution of CIAV among birds may be the reason for huge mortality and production loss. Further, it is suggested that studies be conducted to find out the co-involvement of CIAV with other immunosuppressive microbial agents and the immunosuppressive effect of CIAV in apparently healthy birds. Also, its role in vaccine failure and outbreaks of various other avian diseases needs to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Sreekala
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India, 141004.
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Rampura Phul, Punjab, India, 151103.
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India, 141004
| | - P N Dwivedi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary & Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India, 141004
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Khalsa College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Amritsar, Punjab, India, 143002
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3
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Adedeji AJ, Shittu I, Akanbi OB, Asala OO, Adole JA, Okewole PA, Ijale GO, Kabantiyok D, Idoko F, Shallmizhili JJ, Abdu PA, Pewan SB. First report of co-infections of Marek's disease virus and chicken infectious anaemia virus in poultry flocks in Nigeria. Vet Anim Sci 2024; 23:100339. [PMID: 38406258 PMCID: PMC10884768 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) and chicken infectious anaemia (CIA) are viral immunosuppressive diseases of poultry caused by the MD virus (MDV) and CIA virus (CIAV) respectively. Despite vaccination against MD, the incidence of the disease in vaccinated poultry flocks in Nigeria persists. However, underlying factors like co-infection with CIAV have not been investigated in the country. This study was designed to investigate possible co-infections of MDV and CIAV in poultry flocks in Nigeria. In 2016, tumorous tissue samples were collected from suspected cases of MD at necropsy in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. The samples collected were fixed in formalin for histopathological examination, genomic DNA was extracted from a second part and analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), targeting the meq and VP1 genes of the MDV and CIAV, respectively. The histology results revealed that the cutaneous and proventricular lymphomas were characterized by large numbers of mononuclear cellular infiltrates admixed with heterophils. The PCR results revealed that MDV was detected in 66.7% (16/24), CIAV in 45.8% (11/24), and co-infections of MDV and CIAV were detected in 45.8% (11/24) of the samples analysed. In addition, co-infections of MD and CIA were recorded in 100% (6/6) and 27.7% (5/18) of broilers and layer/pullet' samples respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the meq gene sequences revealed that the Nigerian MDV clusters with very virulent MDV from Egypt and Italy. While, CIAV sequences were genotype II and genotype III and clustered with CIAVs from Cameroon and China. This is the first report of co-infections of MD and CIA in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olatunde B. Akanbi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Gabriel O. Ijale
- Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Felix Idoko
- National Veterinary Research Institute Vom, Nigeria
| | | | - Paul A. Abdu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria
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Xu S, Zhang Z, Xu X, Ji J, Yao L, Kan Y, Xie Q, Bi Y. Molecular Characteristics of Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus in Central and Eastern China from 2020 to 2022. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2709. [PMID: 37684973 PMCID: PMC10487239 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the recent evolution of CIAV in China, 43 flocks of chickens from the provinces of Henan, Jiangsu, Hubei, and Anhui were screened via polymerase chain reaction during 2020-2022. Of these, 27 flocks tested positive for CIAV nucleic acids, including 12 which were positive for other immunosuppression viruses. Additionally, 27 CIAV strains were isolated, and their whole genomes were sequenced. The AH2001 and JS2002 strains shared the highest identity at 99.56%, and the HB2102 and HB2101 strains shared the lowest identity at 95.34%. Based on the genome sequences of these strains and reference strains, a phylogenetic tree was constructed and divided into eight main branches. Most of the strains were grouped with the East Asian strains, whereas the HB2101 strain belonged to the Brazil and Argentina cluster. A recombination event was detected in multiple strains, in which AH2002 recombined from KJ728827/China/2014 (from Taiwan Province) and HN2203, and AH2202 recombined from KX811526/China/2017 (from Shandong Province) and HN2203. All the obtained strains had a highly pathogenic Gln amino acid site at position 394 of the VP1. Overall, our findings demonstrate the importance of CIAV monitoring and provide data that aid in understanding the evolution of CIAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Xu
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China; (S.X.); (Z.Z.); (X.X.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China; (S.X.); (Z.Z.); (X.X.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China; (S.X.); (Z.Z.); (X.X.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Jun Ji
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China; (S.X.); (Z.Z.); (X.X.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China; (S.X.); (Z.Z.); (X.X.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Yunchao Kan
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China; (S.X.); (Z.Z.); (X.X.); (L.Y.); (Y.K.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.X.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yingzuo Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Q.X.); (Y.B.)
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5
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Zeng Y, Zhang H, Zhang H. Isolation, Identification, and Whole Genome Analysis of Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus in an Outbreak of Disease in Adult Layer Hens. Vet Sci 2023; 10:481. [PMID: 37505885 PMCID: PMC10386238 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia (CIA) poses a significant threat to the chicken industry in China. Due to its non-specific symptoms, the disease is often overlooked. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the etiology and pathology of CIA in Guangxi Province, China. Three strains of the chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) were isolated from liver samples of diseased 20-week-old chickens. The complete genomes of these strains were sequenced, and experiments on specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks revealed that the GX21121 strain exhibited high virulence. Histopathological examination of the deceased chickens showed liver cell necrosis, fibrous serous exudation, inflammatory cell infiltration, hemorrhage in liver tissues, and congestion in lung and renal tissues. Phylogenetic analysis of the genome revealed that the three strains had a close genetic relationship to the Heilongjiang wild-type strain (GenBank KY486144). The genetic evolution of their VP1 genes indicated that all three CIAV isolates belonged to genotype IIIc. In summary, this study demonstrated the genomic diversity of three CIAV strains in adult layer hens. The isolation and characterization of the GX21121 strain as a highly virulent isolate provide valuable information for further investigations into the etiology, molecular epidemiology, and viral evolution of CIAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyan Zeng
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine, Universities in Sichuan, Chengdu 610093, China
| | - Huanrong Zhang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine, Universities in Sichuan, Chengdu 610093, China
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Sun H, Yu S, Jiang T, Yan Z, Wang D, Chen L, Zhou Q, Yin L, Chen F. Molecular characterization of chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) in China during 2020-2021. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:119-127. [PMID: 36469626 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2155109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) has been identified as the causative agent of chicken infectious anaemia (CIA), causing huge economic losses to the poultry industry globally. In this study, a total of 573 clinical samples were collected from 197 broiler farms in 17 provinces of China during 2020-2021. Among them, 375 samples (375/573, 65.4%) were positive for CIAV by real-time PCR. The positive rate of CIAV detection between different regions of China ranged from 46.67% (North China) to 81.25% (Central China). The nucleotide sequences of the VP1 gene were obtained for 91 CIAV strains, whole genome sequencing was successful for 72 out of 91 strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on the VP1 gene revealed that 91 CIAV strains currently circulating in China belong to three genotypes (II, IIIa and IIIb), and most of the CIAV strains belong to genotype IIIa. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome showed that 71 CIAV strains belong to genotype IIIa, and one strain belongs to genotype II. Sequence analysis showed several amino acid substitutions in both the VP1, VP2 and VP3 proteins. Our results enhance the understanding of the molecular characterization of CIAV infection in China.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS A molecular systematic survey of CIAV in China during 2020-2021.CIAV genotype IIIa is the predominant genotype in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejing Sun
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuilan Yu
- Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhua Jiang
- Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuanqiang Yan
- Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingai Wang
- Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- Yunfu Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Yunfu, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Li Y, Wang J, Chen L, Wang Q, Zhou M, Zhao H, Chi Z, Wang Y, Chang S, Zhao P. Genomic Characterization of CIAV Detected in Contaminated Attenuated NDV Vaccine: Epidemiological Evidence of Source and Vertical Transmission From SPF Chicken Embryos in China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:930887. [PMID: 35873689 PMCID: PMC9298830 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.930887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines have been extensively used to prevent infectious disease in poultry flocks. Freedom from exogenous virus is a high priority for any veterinary vaccines. Recently, attenuated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccines were detected to be contaminated with chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) in a routine screening for exogenous viruses. To investigate the possible source of the contamination, we conducted virological tests on a specific-pathogen-free (SPF) layer breeder flock that provide the raw materials for vaccines in this manufacturer. Firstly, CIAV antibodies in serum and egg yolks samples of the SPF laying hens were detected by ELISA assays. The results showed that CIAV antibodies in serum and egg yolks were 62% positive and 57% positive, respectively. Then, DNA was extracted from the NDV vaccines and SPF chicken embryonated eggs, and detected by molecular virology assays. The results showed that three assays for pathogens in embryonated eggs had similar positive rates (35.8%). And the sequences of CIAV from SPF embryos and NDV vaccines consisted of 2,298 nucleotides (nt) with 100% homology. The new full-length genome of CIAV was designated SDSPF2020 (Genbank accession number: MW660821). Data showed SDSPF2020 had the sequence similarities of 95.8–99.6% with reference strains, and shared the highest homology with the Chinese strain HLJ15125. These results strongly suggested that exogenous CIAV contamination is most likely caused by wild virus infection in SPF flocks and vertical transmission to chicken embryos. Collectively, this study illustrated that vertical transmission of CIAV from a SPF layer breeder flock to embryos was a non-neglible way for exogenous virus contamination in vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Longfei Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Qun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zengna Chi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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Dai M, Huang Y, Wang L, Luo J, Yan N, Zhang L, Huang H, Zhou J, Li Z, Xu C. Genomic Sequence and Pathogenicity of the Chicken Anemia Virus Isolated From Chicken in Yunnan Province, China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:860134. [PMID: 35664859 PMCID: PMC9158507 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.860134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken anemia virus (CAV), which has been reported in many countries, causes severe anemia and immunosuppression in chickens. In this study, a CAV strain YN04 belonging to genotype A was first identified from infected chickens in Yunnan province, China. Moreover, the animal infection experiments further confirmed that the strain YN04 is a highly pathogenic strain, which can cause 86.67% mortality in chickens in the infection group. The mean death time of infected chickens was 13.1 days post infection (dpi). CAV infection induced severe anemia with significant decrease in packed cell volume (PCV), and serious atrophy and lesion of thymus and bursa with high viral load at 14 dpi. Besides, CAV infection caused a sharp decrease in chicken body weight and immune organ indices including the ratio of thymus or bursa to body weight at 21 dpi, which displayed the potential immunosuppression state at this stage. These findings enrich the epidemiological data on CAV and may provide information for preventing its further spread in Yunnan province, China.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chenggang Xu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Whole genome analysis and molecular characterization of chicken infectious anemia virus from an outbreak in a layer flock reveals circulation of genogroup IIIb in South India. Virus Res 2022; 308:198649. [PMID: 34861312 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome (2298 nucleotides) of the economically important and immunosuppressive, chicken infectious anemia virus (CAV), from a disease outbreak in a layer flock is discussed. This is the first report of a complete genome sequence of CAV from India. The phylogenetic analyses grouped this isolate with CAV genogroup IIIb based on both complete genome and capsid protein (VP1) sequences. The analyses further revealed the presence of CAV genogroups II, IIIa and IIIb in India. The VP1 sequence identity ranged between 84.4 to 99.3% with that of the Indian isolates and carried a unique substitution at position 447 (serine instead of threonine). Two novel amino acid substitutions were observed at position 52 of VP1 (serine instead of proline) and at position 26 of VP2 (asparagine instead of serine). Sequence analyses of VP1, VP2 and VP3 suggested that the isolate could be attenuated. Comparison with CAV variants, isolated from mammalian species, showed similarities in the numbers of certain transcription factor binding sites in the non-coding regions. Recombination analysis detected no recombination events in this isolate. Further investigations are needed to understand the implications of the unique features of this isolate on viral virulence.
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Di Francesco A, Quaglia G, Salvatore D, Sakhria S, Catelli E, Bessoussa G, Kaboudi K, Ben Chehida N, Lupini C. Occurrence of Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus in Industrial and Backyard Tunisian Broilers: Preliminary Results. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010062. [PMID: 35011168 PMCID: PMC8749614 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is an economically important and widely distributed immunosuppressive agent in chickens. This study performed an epidemiological investigation on CIAV circulation in 195 Tunisian broilers, belonging to 13 lots from five industrial farms and in one rural farm. Fifteen animals were detected positive by a VP1 nested PCR. The amplicons were molecularly characterised by complete genome sequencing. All positive samples obtained in this study were from the rural farm, whereas the industrial farms sampled were negative. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analyses showed a high degree of similarity among the sequences obtained, suggesting the circulation of a single CIAV strain in the positive lot. Phylogenetic analysis based on the CIAV VP1 nucleotide sequence and/or the complete genome showed that the sequences obtained in this study clustered with CIAV strains previously detected in Tunisia, Italy and Egypt, belonging to genogroup II. Our results highlight the need for constant CIAV surveillance in backyard chicken production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Di Francesco
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.Q.); (D.S.); (E.C.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giulia Quaglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.Q.); (D.S.); (E.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Daniela Salvatore
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.Q.); (D.S.); (E.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Sonia Sakhria
- Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; (S.S.); (N.B.C.)
| | - Elena Catelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.Q.); (D.S.); (E.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Ghaith Bessoussa
- Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole, Ben Arous 2063, Tunisia;
| | - Khaled Kaboudi
- National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia;
| | - Noureddine Ben Chehida
- Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; (S.S.); (N.B.C.)
| | - Caterina Lupini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (G.Q.); (D.S.); (E.C.); (C.L.)
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Narasinakuppe Krishnegowda D, Singh BR, Mariappan AK, Munuswamy P, Singh KP, Monalisa Sahoo, Saminathan M, Ramalingam R, Chellappa MM, Singh V, Dhama K, Reddy MR. Molecular epidemiological studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli associated with septicemia in chickens in India. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105313. [PMID: 34902538 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial septicemia causes huge economic losses in the poultry industry and there is no systematic research available in India on the connection of various pathogens associated with septicemia. The present molecular epidemiological study was conducted to investigate the association of different bacterial and immunosuppressive viral pathogens in septicemia suspected chickens. A total of 443 chicken carcasses with septicemic conditions from 71 different flocks were included in this study. Heart blood swabs were subjected to bacterial culture for Salmonella spp., Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli, and Gallibacterium anatis. Of these 51 flocks tested for E. coli, 49 (96.1%) flocks were found positive. Among flocks tested for Salmonella spp., 2 flocks were found positive. All tested flocks were found negative for G. anatis and P. multocida as well as air sac swabs tested negative for Mycoplasma spp. Bacterial cultural examination revealed that majority of septicemic chickens were found to be infected with E. coli and these E. coli isolates showed the highest resistance to vancomycin (60%), followed by erythromycin (50%) and cefotaxime (38%) and maximum sensitivity to cefotaxime and clavulanic acid combinations (81.5%), followed by chloramphenicol (69.6%) and ertapenem (67.2%). Among the 5 avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) virulence genes were detected in 36 flocks and highest frequency of iss (100%), followed by ompT or iutA (97.2%), hly (61.1%) and iroN (47.2%) genes. On polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening, 10.5, 4.5, 52.2, 19.4, 9.0, 4.5, 20.1 and 19.4% of the flocks were positive for G. anatis, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, APEC, Salmonella spp., Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, chicken infectious anemia virus and Marek's disease virus, respectively. To our knowledge, the present study is first on the etiology of septicemia in chicken flocks in India. The present study infers that the majority of septicemic deaths in broiler chickens less than 8 weeks have been connected with APEC and majority of E. coli isolates are multidrug resistance, suggesting the need for surveillance and intervention to curb the inadvertent use of antibiotics. Although, incidence of G. anatis association with septicemia was reported, still requires a rigorous epidemiological study to determine the actual prevalence. However, more detailed studies encompassing vast geographical area with large sample size and long duration of the studies are necessary to provide a clear picture of the interaction of different pathogens causing septicemia in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhoj Raj Singh
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asok Kumar Mariappan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Palanivelu Munuswamy
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajasekar Ramalingam
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhan Mohan Chellappa
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vidya Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Maddula Ramakoti Reddy
- Avian Health Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500030, Telengana, India.
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Dong HV, Tran GTH, Kurokawa A, Yamamoto Y, Takeda Y, Ogawa H, Imai K. Genetic characterization of chicken anemia viruses newly isolated from diseased chicks in Japan in 2020. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 84:166-170. [PMID: 34866075 PMCID: PMC8810318 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a total of nine chicken samples obtained from two broiler flocks in Oita and Tottori prefectures in 2020 were examined for Chicken anemia virus (CAV) infection. The samples
were collected from clinically suspected flocks and diseased chickens. The CAV genome was detected in all nine samples tested by real-time PCR. Phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons
of the full-length VP1 gene sequences indicated that all the Japanese CAV strains obtained in this study formed a similar cluster of genotype III and shared high nucleotide (99.62–100%)
identity. The current Japanese CAV strains were closely related to Chinese CAV strains but not related to vaccine strains. One positive selection site of VP1 was detected among the Japanese
CAV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu Van Dong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture
| | - Giang Thi Huong Tran
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture
| | | | | | - Yohei Takeda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine.,Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Kunitoshi Imai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
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Kabir MAA, Saha S, Hossain MG, Khan KA, Islam MA, Rahman L. Serological survey on the prevalence of chicken infectious anemia virus in broiler breeder and layer farms in some selected areas of Bangladesh. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8:323-329. [PMID: 34395604 PMCID: PMC8280981 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is an economically important emerging infection of poultry as it causes immunosuppression and reduces egg production. Although it is worldwide distributed and first reported (single case) in Bangladesh in 2002, no epidemiological and serological investigations have been conducted. The current study aimed to conduct a serological investigation on the prevalence of CIAV infection in broiler breeder and layer farms in some selected areas of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total number of 460 sera samples were randomly collected from unvaccinated broiler breeder and layer flocks, of which 276 were from 11 broiler breeder farms and 184 from 12 layer farms. The sera samples were subjected to a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit to observe antibodies induced by CIAV. Results: Results demonstrated that the overall prevalence of CIAV was 83.6% among a total of 460 samples. In broiler breeder birds, the prevalence was 89.9%, whereas it was 78.3% in layer birds. A higher number of female birds was found to be seropositive than male birds. However, chickens of all age groups were found to be susceptible to the virus. Conclusions: These results indicate the presence of CIAV in Bangladesh, which may be the sequel of naturally occurring either vertical or horizontal infection in all bird flocks tested without clinical symptoms of the disease. A further epidemiological investigation will be required, followed by molecular isolation and characterization of the virus for suitable vaccine candidate selection and/or preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Al Arif Kabir
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Sukumar Saha
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Golzar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Kamrul Ahmed Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Alimul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Lutfor Rahman
- Poultry Care Lab, Paragon Group, Gazipur, Bangladesh
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Techera C, Marandino A, Tomás G, Grecco S, Hernández M, Hernández D, Panzera Y, Pérez R. Origin, spreading and genetic variability of chicken anaemia virus. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:311-320. [PMID: 33928817 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1919289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) is a widespread pathogen that causes immunosuppression in chickens. The virus-induced immunosuppression often results in secondary infections and a sub-optimal response to vaccinations, leading to high mortality rates and significant economic losses in the poultry industry. The small circular ssDNA genome (2.3 kb) has three partially overlapping genes: vp1, vp2 and vp3. VP1 capsid protein is highly variable and contains the neutralizing epitopes. Here, we analysed CAV strains from Uruguay using the full-length vp1 gene and performed a global comparative analysis to provide new evidence about the origin, dispersion and genetic variability of the virus. The phylogenetic analysis classified CAV in three or four major clades. Two clades (II and III) grouped most of the strains circulating worldwide including the Uruguayan strains. The phylodynamic analyses indicated that CAV emerged in the early 1900s and diverged to originate clade II and III. This early period of viral emergence was characterised by local diversification promoted by the extremely high substitution rate inferred for the virus (3.8 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year). Later, the virus underwent a global spreading by intra- and inter-continental migrations that correlates with a significant rise in the effective population size. In South America, CAV was introduced in three different migratory events and spread across the continent. Our findings suggest that the current CAV distribution is the consequence of its continuous expansion capability that homogenizes the populations and prevents the detection of clear temporal and geographic patterns of evolution in most strains.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Current strains of chicken anaemia virus emerged in Asia in the early 1900s.Chicken anaemia virus has a high substitution rate.The phylogenetic analysis classified chicken anaemia virus in four major clades.Evolution in South America was characterized by long migration and local spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Techera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Marandino
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Tomás
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Grecco
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Hernández
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diego Hernández
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Yanina Panzera
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ruben Pérez
- Sección Genética Evolutiva, Departamento de Biología Animal, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay
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15
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Genetic Heterogeneity among Chicken Infectious Anemia Viruses Detected in Italian Fowl. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11040944. [PMID: 33801597 PMCID: PMC8067058 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is a pathogen of chickens associated with immunosuppression and with a disease named chicken infectious anemia. The present survey reports an epidemiological study on CIAV distribution in Italian broiler, broiler breeder and backyard chicken flocks. Twenty-five strains were detected by a specifically developed nested PCR protocol, and molecularly characterized by partial VP1 gene or complete genome sequencing. Viral DNA amplification was successfully obtained from non-invasive samples such as feathers and environmental dust. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis showed the circulation of field or potentially vaccine-derived strains with heterogeneous sequences clustered into genogroups II, IIIa, and IIIb. Marker genome positions, reported to be correlated with CIAV virulence, were evaluated in field strains. In conclusion, this is the first survey focused on the molecular characteristics of Italian CIAVs, which have proved to be highly heterogeneous, implementing at the same time a distribution map of field viruses worldwide.
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16
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Epidemiology, molecular characterization, and recombination analysis of chicken anemia virus in Guangdong province, China. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1409-1417. [PMID: 32318833 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) causes severe anemia and immunosuppression in young chickens and a compromised immune response in older birds, resulting in great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Here, we report the molecular epidemiology and characterization of CAV circulating in poultry in Guangdong province, China. Ninety-one of 277 chickens collected from 2016 to 2017 were CAV positive. Full-genome sequencing revealed the presence of eight separate strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on the genome sequences obtained in this study and related sequences available in the GenBank database showed that all of the CAV isolates exhibit a close relationship to each other and belong to the same genotypic group. Putative recombination events were also detected in the genomes of the newly isolated CAVs. Collectively, our findings underscore the importance of CAV surveillance and provide information that will lead to a better understanding of the evolution of CAV.
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17
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Preparation of Chicken Anemia Virus (CAV) Virus-Like Particles and Chicken Interleukin-12 for Vaccine Development Using a Baculovirus Expression System. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040262. [PMID: 31771230 PMCID: PMC6963176 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia (CIA) is a poultry disease that causes huge economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Commercially available CIA vaccines are derived from wild-type chicken anemia viruses (CAVs) by serial passage in cells or chicken embryos. However, these vaccinal viruses are not completely attenuated; therefore, they can be transmitted vertically and horizontally, and may induce clinical symptoms in young birds. In this study, we sought to eliminate these issues by developing a subunit vaccine exploiting the CAV structural proteins, engineering recombinant baculovirus-infected Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells that contained both the viral protein 1 (VP1) and VP2 of CAV. Moreover, we produced single-chain chicken interleukin-12 (chIL-12) in the same system, to serve as an adjuvant. The recombinant VP1 was recognized by chicken anti-CAV polyclonal antibodies in Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays, and the bioactivity of the recombinant chIL-12 was confirmed by stimulating interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion in chicken splenocytes. Furthermore, the ability of the recombinant VP1 to generate self-assembling virus-like particles (VLPs) was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens inoculated with VLPs and co-administered the recombinant chIL-12 induced high CAV-specific antibodies and cell-mediated immunity. Taken together, the VLPs produced by the baculovirus expression system have the potential to be a safe and effective CIA vaccine. Finally, we demonstrated the utility of recombinant chIL-12 as an adjuvant for poultry vaccine development.
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18
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Sreekala SM, Gurpreet K, Dwivedi PN. Detection and molecular characterization of chicken infectious anaemia virus in young chicks in Punjab region of north-western India. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:805-813. [PMID: 31673994 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken infectious anaemia (CIA) is an important viral disease of chicken causing significant immunosuppression and severe anaemia worldwide. Occurrence of severe disease and mortality is noticed in young chicks (2-3 weeks). Vertical mode of transmission increases chance of infection and persistence of virus among the infected flocks. The current study was conducted in Punjab state for confirmation and genetic characterization of CAV among chicken flocks of various poultry farms. DNA was extracted from the tissue samples and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of VP1 gene and whole genome. PCR products were further sequenced for confirmation of chicken infectious anaemia virus (CIAV) genome in the clinical samples. PCR amplification of DNA from the tissue samples yielded expected product size of 1350 bases of VP1 gene and 2.3 kb of whole genome. Out of 16 commercial poultry farms, 11 were confirmed with presence of CIAV, and out of 65 birds, 39 were found positive (60%) for CIAV genes. Among the various organs, the presence of viral gene was detected at highest level in thymus when compared with other organs. It is concluded that chicken infectious anaemia virus detected from Punjab state is closely related to other Indian isolates and neighbouring countries which necessitates need of more intensive studies with a greater number of samples for implementing effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Sreekala
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India.
| | - K Gurpreet
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - P N Dwivedi
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science & Technology, GADVASU, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
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Tongkamsai S, Lee MS, Tsai YL, Chung HH, Lai GH, Cheng JH, Cheng MC, Lien YY. Oral Inoculation of Specific-Pathogen-Free Chickens with Chicken Anemia Virus Induces Dose-Dependent Viremia and Transient Anemia. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030141. [PMID: 31500305 PMCID: PMC6789665 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia caused by chicken anemia virus (CAV) is a very important immunosuppressive disease in chickens. The horizontal spread of CAV in field chickens has been confirmed mainly through oral infection in our published article. Anemia is the main symptom of this disease. Studies by other scientists have shown that infection of CAV in 1-day-old chicks can cause anemia, and the degree of anemia is directly proportional to the dose of infectious virus. However, the pathogenesis of oral inoculation of CAV in older chickens is still not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine whether 3-weeks-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with different viral doses in oral route would cause anemia, as well as other signs associated with age-resistance. The experimental design was divided into a high-dose inoculated group (106 1050), low-dose inoculated group (103 TCID50), and non-virus inoculated control group, and 12 birds in each group at the beginning of the trial. The packed cell volumes (PCVs), CAV genome copies in tissues, CAV titer in peripheral blood fractions, and serology were evaluated at 7, 14, and 21 days post-infection (dpi). Virus replication and spread were estimated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and viral titration in cell culture, respectively. The results showed that the average PCVs value of the high-dose inoculated group was significantly lower than that of the control group at 14 dpi (p < 0.05), and 44.4% (4/9) of the chickens reached the anemia level (PCVs < 27%). At 21 dpi, the average PCV value rebounded but remained lower than the control group without significant differences. In the low-dose inoculated group, all birds did not reach anemia during the entire trial period. Peripheral blood analysis showed that the virus titer in all erythrocyte, granulocyte and mononuclear cell reached the peak at 14 dpi regardless of the high-dose or low-dose inoculated group, and the highest virus titer appeared in the high-dose inoculated group of mononuclear cell. In the low-dose inoculated group, CAV was detected only at 14 dpi in erythrocyte. Taken together, our results indicate that the older birds require a higher dose of infectious CAV to cause anemia after about 14 days of infection, which is related to apoptosis caused by viral infection of erythrocytes. In both inoculated groups, the viral genome copies did not increase in the bone marrow, which indicated that minimal cell susceptibility to CAV was found in older chickens. In the low-dose inoculated group, only mononuclear cells can still be detected with CAV at 21 dpi in seropositive chickens, indicating that the mononuclear cell is the target cell for persistent infection. Therefore, complete elimination of the CAV may still require the aid of a cell-mediated immune response (CMI), although it has previously been reported to be inhibited by CAV infection. Prevention of early exposure to CAV could be possible by improved hygiene procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suttitas Tongkamsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-ok, Chonburi 20110, Thailand.
| | - Meng-Shiou Lee
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Lun Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Hsyang-Hsun Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
- Research Center of Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Guan-Hua Lai
- School of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Jai-Hong Cheng
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
- Research Center of Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Yang Lien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
- Research Center of Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
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Chicken anemia virus in northern Vietnam: molecular characterization reveals multiple genotypes and evidence of recombination. Virus Genes 2019; 55:643-653. [PMID: 31290064 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-019-01686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) has a ubiquitous and worldwide distribution in the chicken production industry. Our group previously reported a high seroprevalence of CAV in chickens from northern Vietnam. In the present study, tissue samples collected from a total of 330 broiler and breeder commercial chickens in eleven provinces of northern Vietnam were tested for CAV infection. All samples were collected from clinically suspected flocks and diseased birds. The CAV genome was detected in 157 out of 330 (47.58%) chicken samples by real-time PCR. The rate of CAV genome detection in young chickens at 2-3 weeks of age (61.43%), which had not been previously reported in Vietnam, was significantly higher than that in older chickens at 4-11 (44.83%) and 12-28 (35.71%) weeks of age. For nine representative CAV strains from broiler chickens, analysis of the entire protein-coding region of the viral genome was conducted. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene indicated that the CAVs circulating in northern Vietnam were divided into three distinct genotypes: II, III, and V. Only one of the nine Vietnamese CAV strains clustered with a vaccine strain (Del-Ros), whereas the other eight strains did not cluster with any vaccine strains. Among the three genotypes, genotype III was most widely found in northern Vietnam and this included three sub-genotypes (IIIa, IIIb, and IIIc). The Vietnamese CAV strains were closely related to the Chinese, Taiwanese, and USA strains. One strain was defined to be of genotype V, which is a newly reported CAV genotype. Moreover, recombination analysis suggests that this novel genotype V was generated by recombination between genotype II and sub-genotype IIIc.
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Persistent Infection with Chicken Anemia Virus in 3-Week-Old Chickens Induced by Inoculation of the Virus by the Natural Route. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020048. [PMID: 31013755 PMCID: PMC6630381 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally acquired chicken anemia virus (CAV) infection in chickens frequently occurs from 3 weeks of age onward after maternally derived antibodies have decayed. The oral inoculation of older chickens with CAV was reported to have negative effects on cell-mediated immune function, and pathological changes were identified. To date, there has been no complete illustration of an immunological and persistent infection. To understand the pathogenesis of persistent CAV infection, an immunological study of CAV-infected 3-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens was carried out by different routes of inoculation. The weight, packed cell volumes, and organ samples were obtained at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days postinfection (dpi). Here, we compared hematological, immunological, and sequential pathological evaluations and determined the CAV tissue distribution in different organs. Neither a reduction in weight gain nor anemia was detected in either the inoculated or the control group. The immune-pathological changes were investigated by evaluating the body and thymus weight ratio and specific antibody titer. Delayed recovery of the thymus corresponding to a low antibody response was detected in the orally inoculated group. This is different from what was found in chickens intramuscularly infected with the same dose of CAV. The CAV remaining in a wide range of tissues was examined by viral reisolation into cell culture. The absence of the virus in infected tissues was typically found in the intramuscularly inoculated group. These chickens were immediately induced for a protective antibody response. A few viruses replicating in the thymus were found 21 dpi due to the regression in the antibody titer in the orally inoculated group. Our findings support that a natural infection with CAV may lead to the gradual CAV viral replication in the thymus during inadequate antibody production. The results clearly confirmed that virus-specific antibodies were essential for viral clearance. Under CIA-risk circumstances, administration of the CAV vaccine is important for achieving a sufficient protective immune response.
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