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Paz GSD, Camargo GG, Cury JE, Apolonio EVP, Garces HG, Prado ACD, Chechi JL, Oliveira AL, Watanabe MJ, Bagagli E, Bosco SDMG. Outbreak of equine pythiosis in a southeastern region of Brazil: Environmental isolation and phylogeny. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1617-1624. [PMID: 33991402 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pythiosis is a disease caused by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum, mainly reported in equines, dogs and humans and directly transmitted through contaminant zoospores in aquatic environments. We report the first outbreak of equine pythiosis in five equines. Wound samples were submitted for diagnostic testing including mycological culture and nested PCR. Treatment approaches consisted of conventional and alternative therapies. Microbiological analyses were performed using water samples from the riverbanks close to where the animals had grazed. All animals were positive for P. insidiosum cultures, and two animals responded successfully to alternative therapy (ozone therapy). After culture and molecular analysis of environmental samples, the presence of P. insidiosum in one section of the Tietê River was confirmed through a 99% sequence identity. Phylogenetic analyses using the cytochrome oxidase II gene showed that the animal isolates clustered in clade I and the environmental isolates clustered in clade III. Although the environmental and wound isolates belonged to different genetic clades, we concluded that the Tietê River is an important source of infection by P. insidiosum and that research concerning environmental isolation of P. insidiosum from rivers and lakes should be strongly facilitated in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Souza da Paz
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Hans Garcia Garces
- Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina do Prado
- Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Jessica Luana Chechi
- Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Alana Lucena Oliveira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marcos Jun Watanabe
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bagagli
- Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Sandra de Moraes Gimenes Bosco
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
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Jara M, Holcomb K, Wang X, Goss EM, Machado G. The Potential Distribution of Pythium insidiosum in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:640339. [PMID: 33681336 PMCID: PMC7933582 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.640339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pythium insidiosum is a widespread pathogen that causes pythiosis in mammals. Recent increase in cases reported in North America indicates a need to better understand the distribution and persistence of the pathogen in the environment. In this study, we reconstructed the distribution of P. insidiosum in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, located on Assateague Island, Virginia, and based on 136 environmental water samples collected between June and September of 2019. The Refuge hosts two grazing areas for horses, also known as the Chincoteague Ponies. In the past 3 years, 12 horses have succumbed to infection by P. insidiosum. Using an ecological niche model framework, we estimated and mapped suitable areas for P. insidiosum throughout the Refuge. We found P. insidiosum throughout much of the study area. Our results showed significant monthly variation in the predicted suitability, where the most influential environmental predictors were land-surface water and temperature. We found that June, July, and August were the months with the highest suitability for P. insidiosum across the Refuge, while December through March were less favorable months. Likewise, significant differences in suitability were observed between the two grazing areas. The suitability map provided here could also be used to make management decisions, such as monitoring horses for lesions during high risk months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Jara
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Kevin Holcomb
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, Chincoteague, VA, United States
| | - Xuechun Wang
- Mount Vernon Northwestern Washington Research & Extension Center Mount Vernon, Mount Vernon, WA, United States
| | - Erica M Goss
- Mount Vernon Northwestern Washington Research & Extension Center Mount Vernon, Mount Vernon, WA, United States
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Ferreira JC, Pires RH, Costa GBD, Carrijo BN, Guiotto FG, Rodrigues VS. The In Vitro Effect of Ozone Therapy Against Equine Pythium insidiosum. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 98:103305. [PMID: 33663716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to characterize the antimicrobial action of different ozone (O3) presentations against Pythium insidiosum isolated from horses. In experiment 1, P. insidiosum was treated with ozonated distilled water, ozonated sunflower oils with distinct peroxide indexes or O3 gas (72 μg O3 mL-1). In experiment 2, samples were exposed one or three times to oxygen (O2) or O3 gas (72 μg O3 mL-1; 30 min/day). In experiment 3, P. insidiosum was treated with different concentrations of O3 gas (Ø, 32, 52, or 72 μg O3 mL-1) for three days (30 min/day). In experiment 4, samples were exposed to O2 or O3 gas (72 μg O3 mL-1) for 05, 15, or 30 minutes during three days. Posteriorly, all samples were cultured for two weeks, and the pathogen growth area was measured until D14. Samples with absence of growth on D14 were recultured to assess the germicidal or germistatic action of the treatment. In experiment 1, only ozonized sunflower oil with a high peroxide index had germicidal action against the pathogen. In experiment 2, samples exposed three times to O3 gas were inactivated. In experiment 3, the O3 therapy had germicidal action against P. insidiosum independently of the gas concentration (P > .1). In experiment 4, O3 treatments ≥15 minutes suppressed the pathogen development, whereas samples exposed to O3 gas for 5 minutes had progressive growth (P < .01). In conclusion, ozonated sunflower oil with a high peroxide index and multiple exposures to O3 gas mixtures were able to inactivate P. insidiosum isolated from horses.
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Mar Htun Z, Laikul A, Pathomsakulwong W, Yurayart C, Lohnoo T, Yingyong W, Kumsang Y, Payattikul P, Sae-Chew P, Rujirawat T, Jaturapaktrarak C, Chongtrakool P, Krajaejun T. An initial survey of 150 horses from Thailand for anti-Pythium insidiosum antibodies. J Mycol Med 2020; 31:101085. [PMID: 33259982 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pythium insidiosum causes a life-threatening infection termed pythiosis in humans and other animals. The organism has been identified in tropical and subtropical environments worldwide. Since 1985, human pythiosis has been increasingly reported from Thailand. Seroprevalence studies estimated that 32,000 Thai people had been exposed to the pathogen. In 2018, the first animal pythiosis case in Thailand was diagnosed in a horse. Here, we investigated the seroprevalence of anti-P. insidiosum antibodies in the Thai equine population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We surveyed serum anti-P. insidiosum antibodies in 150 horses distributed across Thailand, using three established serological tests: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunochromatographic test (ICT), and Western blot analysis. RESULTS ELISA detected the anti-P. insidiosum antibodies in three horses. ICT and Western blot confirmed the presence of the antibodies in one of the ELISA-positive horses. Based on one positive out of 150 horses tested, the seroprevalence of anti-P. insidiosum antibodies in the Thai equine population was 0.7%, which is markedly higher than that in the Thai human population (0.07%), but much lower than that in the Brazilian equine population (11.1%). CONCLUSION The seroprevalence of the anti-P. insidiosum antibodies in the equine population suggests a higher incidence of pythiosis in horses than in humans. The antibody surveillance reported by our group was undertaken to promote a better understanding of the epidemiology and host susceptibility of pythiosis in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Mar Htun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine, Mandalay, Myanmar; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - A Laikul
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - W Pathomsakulwong
- Equine Clinic, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - C Yurayart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Lohnoo
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - W Yingyong
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Y Kumsang
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Payattikul
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Sae-Chew
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T Rujirawat
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - C Jaturapaktrarak
- Faculty of Medicine, Research Center, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Chongtrakool
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - T Krajaejun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Krasteva S, Jara M, Frias-De-Diego A, Machado G. Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus: A Historical and Epidemiological Perspective. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:419. [PMID: 32793646 PMCID: PMC7387652 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nairobi Sheep Disease virus (NSDv) is a zoonotic and tick-borne disease that can cause over 90% mortality in small ruminants. NSDv has historically circulated in East Africa and has recently emerged in the Asian continent. Despite efforts to control the disease, some regions, mostly in warmer climates, persistently report disease outbreaks. Consequently, it is necessary to understand how environmental tolerances and factors that influence transmission may shed light on its possible emergence in other regions. In this study, we quantified the available literature of NSDv from which occurrence data was extracted. In total, 308 locations from Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, India, Sri Lanka and China were coupled with landscape conditions to reconstruct the ecological conditions for NSDv circulation and identify areas of potential disease transmission risk. Our results identified areas suitable for NSDv in Ethiopia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Southeastern China, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Unsuitable areas included Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, and Southern Somalia. In summary, soil moisture, livestock density, and precipitation predispose certain areas to NSDv circulation. It is critical to investigate the epidemiology of NSDv in order to promote better allocation of resources to control its spread in regions that are more at risk. This will help reduce disease impact worldwide as climate change will favor emergence of such vector-borne diseases in areas with dense small ruminant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Krasteva
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Manuel Jara
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Alba Frias-De-Diego
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Jara M, Escobar LE, Rodriges RO, Frias-De-Diego A, Sanhueza J, Machado G. Spatial distribution and spread potential of sixteen Leptospira serovars in a subtropical region of Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2482-2495. [PMID: 31342664 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that represents a major problem in animal and public health due to its high prevalence and widespread distribution. This zoonotic disease is most prevalent in tropical environments where conditions favour pathogen survival. The ecological preferences of Leptospira serovars are poorly understood, limiting our knowledge of where and when outbreaks can occur, which may result in misinformed prevention and control plans. While the disease can occur consistently in time and space in tropical regions, research on the ecology of leptospirosis remains limited in subtropical regions. This research gap regarding Leptospira ecology brings public and veterinary health problems, impacting local economies. To fill this gap of knowledge, we suggest to assess geographic and ecological features among Leptospira serovars in a subtropical area of Brazil where leptospirosis is endemic to (a) highlight environmental conditions that facilitate or limit Leptospira spread and survival and (b) reconstruct its geographic distribution. An ecological niche modelling framework was used to characterize and compare Leptospira serovars in both geographic and environmental space. Our results show that despite the geographic overlap exhibited by the different serovars assessed, we found ecological divergence among their occupied ecological niches. Ecological divergences were expressed as ranges of potential distributions and environmental conditions found suitably by serovar, Sejroe being the most asymmetric (<0.15). Most important predictors for the potential distribution of most serovars were soil pH (31.7%) and landscape temperature (24.2%). Identification of environmental preferences will allow epidemiologists to better infer the presence of a serovar based on the environmental characteristics of regions rather than inferences based solely on historical epidemiological records. Including geographic and ecological ranges of serovars also may help to forecast transmission potential of Leptospira in public health and the food animal practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Jara
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Luis E Escobar
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Rogério O Rodriges
- Desidério Finamor Veterinary Research Institute, Diagnostic and Agricultural Research Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (DDPA/SEAPI), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alba Frias-De-Diego
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Juan Sanhueza
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Romero A, García J, Balestié S, Malfatto F, Vicentino A, Sallis ESV, Schild AL, Dutra F. Equine pythiosis in the eastern wetlands of Uruguay. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Equine pythiosis is an ulcerative and granulomatous disease of the skin, caused by the oomycete Pythium insidiosum (Pythiaceae). The objective of this study was to describe seven cases of equine pythiosis that occurred from 2012 to 2017 in the eastern region of Uruguay. Six of the seven cases occurred in the eastern wetland ecosystems of the Merin basin, and the remaining case occurred in the wetland fluvial plains of the Tacuarembó River. Lesions consisted of a large, rapidly growing ulcerated tumor with abundant granulation tissue, serosanguineous secretion, and fistulous tracts containing large concretions or kunkers. The animals presented intense pruritus, claudication and loss of body condition, with death or euthanasia in extremis in six cases. The main histological lesions consisted of an eosinophilic and pyogranulomatous inflammatory process, with numerous foci of eosinophilic necrosis (kunkers), collagenolysis, and a Splendore-Hoeppli reaction. In all cases, silver coloration (Grocott) showed intralesional hyphae compatible with P. insidiosum, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in three cases. A horse in the terminal phase of the disease was treated with triamcinolone acetonide (50mg IM every 15 days), and fully recovered after 1 year. It is concluded that equine pythiosis is prevalent in the wetland ecosystems of eastern Uruguay and that treatment with triamcinolone is auspicious.
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Machado G, Korennoy F, Alvarez J, Picasso-Risso C, Perez A, VanderWaal K. Mapping changes in the spatiotemporal distribution of lumpy skin disease virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2045-2057. [PMID: 31127984 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is an infectious disease of cattle transmitted by arthropod vectors which results in substantial economic losses due to impact on production efficiency and profitability, and represents an emerging threat to international trade of livestock products and live animals. Since 2015, the disease has spread into the Northern Hemisphere including Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and the Balkans. The rapid expansion of LSDV in those regions represented the emergence of the virus in more temperate regions than those in which LSDV traditionally occurred. The goal of this study was to assess the risk for further LSDV spread through the (a) analysis of environmental factors conducive for LSDV, and (b) estimate of the underlying LSDV risk, using a combination of ecological niche modelling and fine spatiotemporally explicit Bayesian hierarchical model on LSDV outbreak occurrence data. We used ecological niche modelling to estimate the potential distribution of LSDV outbreaks for 2014-2016. That analysis resulted in a spatial representation of environmental limits where, if introduced, LSDV is expected to efficiently spread. The Bayesian space-time model incorporated both environmental factors and the changing spatiotemporal distribution of the disease to capture the dynamics of disease spread and predict areas in which there is an increased risk for LSDV occurrence. Variables related to the average temperature, precipitation, wind speed, as well as land cover and host densities were important drivers explaining the observed distribution of LSDV in both modelling approaches. Areas of elevated LSDV risks were identified mainly in Russia, Turkey, Serbia and Bulgaria. The results suggest that, if current ecological and epidemiological conditions persist, further spread of LSDV in Eurasia may be expected. The results presented here advance our understanding of the ecological requirements of LSDV in temperate regions and may help in the design and implementation of prevention and surveillance strategies in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Fedor Korennoy
- Federal Center for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), Vladimir, Russia
| | - Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Picasso-Risso
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Andres Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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