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Diarra AZ, Kelly P, Davoust B, Parola P. Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans and Animals in West Africa. Pathogens 2023; 12:1276. [PMID: 38003741 PMCID: PMC10675719 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are a significant group of arthropod vectors that transmit a large variety of pathogens responsible for human and animal diseases worldwide. Ticks are the second biggest transmitters of vector-borne diseases, behind mosquitoes. However, in West Africa, there is often only limited knowledge of tick-borne diseases. With the scarcity of appropriate diagnostic services, the prevalence of tick-borne diseases is generally underestimated in humans. In this review, we provide an update on tick-borne pathogens reported in people, animals and ticks in West Africa by microscopic, immunological and molecular methods. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar. The selection criteria included all studies conducted in West Africa reporting the presence of Rickettsia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Coxiella burnetii, Theileria, Babesia, Hepatozoon and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever viruses in humans, animals or ticks. Our intention is to raise awareness of tick-borne diseases amongst human and animal health workers in West Africa, and also physicians working with tourists who have travelled to the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Zan Diarra
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Bernard Davoust
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
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2
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Masembe C, Adedeji AJ, Jambol AR, Weka R, Muwanika V, Luka PD. Diversity and emergence of new variants of African swine fever virus Genotype I circulating in domestic pigs in Nigeria (2016-2018). Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:819-828. [PMID: 36377750 PMCID: PMC10152979 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African swine fever (ASF) is the most lethal disease of pigs caused by ASF virus (ASFV) with severe economic implications and threat to the swine industry in endemic countries. Between 2016 and 2018, several ASF outbreaks were reported throughout pig producing states in Nigeria. OBJECTIVES Thereafter, this study was designed to identify the ASFV genotypes responsible for these outbreaks within the study period (2016-2018). METHODS Twenty-two ASFV-positive samples by polymerase chain reaction were selected. The samples were collected during passive surveillance in eight states of Nigeria were characterised using 3 partial genes sequences of the virus namely, p72 capsid protein of the B646L, p54 envelope protein of E183L and the central variable region (CVR) within B602L of ASFV. RESULTS Phylogenetic and sequences analysis based on p72 and p54 revealed ASFV genotype I as the circulating virus. Sequence analysis of the CVR of B602L revealed genetic variations with six ASFV tandem repeat sequence (TRS) variants namely, Tet-15, Tet-20a, Tet-21b, Tet-27, Tet-31 and Tet-34, thus increasing the overall genetic diversity of ASFV in Nigeria. Three of the TRS variants, Tet-21b, Tet-31 and Tet-34, were identified for the first time in Nigeria. The new TRS variants of ASFV genotype I were identified in Enugu, Imo, Plateau and Taraba states, while co-circulation of multiple variants of ASFV genotype I was recorded in Plateau and Benue states. CONCLUSIONS The high genetic diversity, emergence and increasing recovery of new variants of genotype I in Nigeria should be a concern given that ASFV is a relatively stable DNA virus. The epidemiological implications of these findings require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Masembe
- College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - A J Adedeji
- College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - A R Jambol
- College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - R Weka
- Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - V Muwanika
- College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - P D Luka
- Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
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Penrith ML, van Heerden J, Pfeiffer DU, Oļševskis E, Depner K, Chenais E. Innovative Research Offers New Hope for Managing African Swine Fever Better in Resource-Limited Smallholder Farming Settings: A Timely Update. Pathogens 2023; 12:355. [PMID: 36839627 PMCID: PMC9963711 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) in domestic pigs has, since its discovery in Africa more than a century ago, been associated with subsistence pig keeping with low levels of biosecurity. Likewise, smallholder and backyard pig farming in resource-limited settings have been notably affected during the ongoing epidemic in Eastern Europe, Asia, the Pacific, and Caribbean regions. Many challenges to managing ASF in such settings have been identified in the ongoing as well as previous epidemics. Consistent implementation of biosecurity at all nodes in the value chain remains most important for controlling and preventing ASF. Recent research from Asia, Africa, and Europe has provided science-based information that can be of value in overcoming some of the hurdles faced for implementing biosecurity in resource-limited contexts. In this narrative review we examine a selection of these studies elucidating innovative solutions such as shorter boiling times for inactivating ASF virus in swill, participatory planning of interventions for risk mitigation for ASF, better understanding of smallholder pig-keeper perceptions and constraints, modified culling, and safe alternatives for disposal of carcasses of pigs that have died of ASF. The aim of the review is to increase acceptance and implementation of science-based approaches that increase the feasibility of managing, and the possibility to prevent, ASF in resource-limited settings. This could contribute to protecting hundreds of thousands of livelihoods that depend upon pigs and enable small-scale pig production to reach its full potential for poverty alleviation and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Juanita van Heerden
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Dirk U. Pfeiffer
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics, and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Edvīns Oļševskis
- Food and Veterinary Service, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, “BIOR“, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia
| | - Klaus Depner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Erika Chenais
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, S-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Penrith ML, Van Heerden J, Heath L, Abworo EO, Bastos ADS. Review of the Pig-Adapted African Swine Fever Viruses in and Outside Africa. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101190. [PMID: 36297247 PMCID: PMC9609104 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The region in eastern, central and southern Africa (ECSA) where African swine fever (ASF) originated in a sylvatic cycle is home to all the p72 genotypes of ASF virus identified so far. While 20 of the 24 genotypes have been isolated from outbreaks in domestic pigs in the region, only five of the genotypes (I, II, VIII, IX, X) have an extended field presence associated with domestic pigs. Of the genotypes that appear to be strongly adapted to domestic pigs, two have spread beyond the African continent and have been the focus of efforts to develop vaccines against ASF. Most of the experimental ASF vaccines described do not protect against a wider spectrum of viruses and may be less useful in the event of incursions of different strains or where multiple genotypes co-exist. The other three pig-adapted strains that are currently restricted to the ECSA region might spread, and priority should be given to understanding not only the genetic and antigenic characteristics of these viruses but also their history. We review historic and current knowledge of the distribution of these five virus genotypes, and note that as was the case for genotype II, some pig-associated viruses have the propensity for geographical range expansion. These features are valuable for prioritizing vaccine-development efforts to ensure a swift response to virus escape. However, whilst ASF vaccines are critical for high-production systems, global food security relies on parallel efforts to improve biosecurity and pig production in Africa and on continued ASFV surveillance and characterisation in the ECSA region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- Correspondence: or
| | - Juanita Van Heerden
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Edward Okoth Abworo
- Biosciences, Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Armanda D. S. Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Gao Q, Feng Y, Yang Y, Luo Y, Gong T, Wang H, Gong L, Zhang G, Zheng Z. Establishment of a Dual Real-Time PCR Assay for the Identification of African Swine Fever Virus Genotypes I and II in China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:882824. [PMID: 35720851 PMCID: PMC9198542 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.882824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first outbreak of ASFV genotype II in China in 2018, ASF has posed a significant threat to the swine industry. After the emergence of genotype I in China in 2020, the epidemic prevention and control have become more difficult. No effective commercial vaccine is currently available, and the disease is difficult to eradicate; therefore, the identification of the ASFV genotype is critical to establish biosafety control measures. In this study, a dual real-time PCR detection method based on B646L and E183L genes was developed to distinguish between ASFV genotypes I and II by specifically amplifying the genotype I E183L gene. The method is strongly specific, detects B646L and E183L genes simultaneously, and does not cross-react with PEDV, PCV, PRRSV, PRV, and CSFV. The double real-time PCR detection of ASFV genotypes I and II showed a B646L amplification curve, and only genotype I showed an E183L amplification curve, consistent with our expectations. The method has high sensitivity and the lowest copy numbers detected for recombinant plasmids B646L and E183L were 1.07 × 102 and 3.13 × 104 copies/μL, respectively. The method is reproducible, and the coefficient of variation for detecting the coefficient of variation (CV) values of the two recombinant plasmids was <2%. Seven samples were positive and 277 were negative, and the results of the two methods were consistent. The dual real-time PCR presented in this study provides a rapid detection method for the identification of ASFV genotypes I and II, which may lead to improving efficient prevention and control measures for ASF in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongzhi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhuo Luo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zezhong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Auer A, Settypalli TB, Mouille B, Angot A, De Battisti C, Lamien CE, Cattoli G. Comparison of the sensitivity, specificity, correlation, and inter‐assay agreement of eight diagnostic in vitro assays for the detection of African Swine Fever Virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3231-e3238. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Auer
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory Joint FAO/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications International Atomic Energy Agency Friedenstrasse 1 Seibersdorf A‐2444 Austria
- Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES) Animal Health Service Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO‐UN) Rome Italy
| | - Tirumala B.K. Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory Joint FAO/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications International Atomic Energy Agency Friedenstrasse 1 Seibersdorf A‐2444 Austria
| | - Beatrice Mouille
- Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES) Animal Health Service Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO‐UN) Rome Italy
| | - Angelique Angot
- Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES) Animal Health Service Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO‐UN) Rome Italy
| | - Cristian De Battisti
- Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES) Animal Health Service Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO‐UN) Rome Italy
| | - Charles E. Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory Joint FAO/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications International Atomic Energy Agency Friedenstrasse 1 Seibersdorf A‐2444 Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory Joint FAO/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications International Atomic Energy Agency Friedenstrasse 1 Seibersdorf A‐2444 Austria
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7
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Sidi M, Zerbo HL, Ouoba BL, Settypalli TBK, Bazimo G, Ouandaogo HS, Sie BN, Guy IS, Adama DDT, Savadogo J, Kabore-Ouedraogo A, Kindo MG, Achenbach JE, Cattoli G, Lamien CE. Molecular characterization of African swine fever viruses from Burkina Faso, 2018. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:69. [PMID: 35151326 PMCID: PMC8840682 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral hemorrhagic disease of domestic and wild swine. ASF has been endemic in Burkina Faso since 2003. In October 2018, substantial pig deaths occurred in Ouagadougou and two neighboring municipalities in central Burkina Faso. Following these mortalities, the veterinary extension services carried out investigations to begin control measures and collect samples.
Methods
We performed real-time PCR for diagnostic confirmation and molecular characterization of the virus based on the partial P72, the complete p54, the partial CD2v, and partial B602L genes.
Results
The field study revealed that mortalities started two weeks before our investigations. The real-time PCR results confirmed ASFV DNA in twenty samples out of sixty-two blood samples collected in four different locations. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that ASFVs causing these outbreaks belong to genotype I and serogroup 4. The study of the CVR showed 4 TRS variants, and that of the CD2v amino acid sequence revealed five variants based on the number of deleted KCPPPK motifs in the C-terminal proline-reach region of the protein.
Conclusions
The existence of multiple variants in these outbreaks shows the importance of molecular characterization to understand the evolution of ASFV isolates and the link between epidemics.
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Penrith ML, Kivaria FM. One hundred years of African swine fever in Africa: where have we been, where are we now, where are we going? Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1179-e1200. [PMID: 35104041 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One hundred years have passed since the first paper on African swine fever (ASF) was published by Montgomery in 1921. With no vaccine, ineffectiveness of prevention and control measures, and lack of common interest in eradicating the disease, ASF has proven to be one of the most devastating diseases because of its significant sanitary and socioeconomic consequences. The rapid spread of the disease on the European and Asian continents and its recent appearance in the Caribbean puts all countries at great risk because of global trade. The incidence of ASF has also increased on the African continent over the last few decades, extending its distribution far beyond the area in which the ancient sylvatic cycle is present with its complex epidemiological transmission pathways involving virus reservoirs in ticks and wild African Suidae. Both in that area and elsewhere, efficient transmission by infected domestic pigs and virus resistance in infected animal products and fomites mean that human driven factors along the pig value chain are the dominant impediments for its prevention, control, and eradication. Control efforts in Africa are furthermore hampered by the lack of information about the size and location of the fast-growing pig population, particularly in the dynamic smallholder sector that constitutes up to 90% of pig production in the region. A vaccine that will be both affordable and effective against multiple genotypes of the virus is not a short-term reality. Therefore, a strategy for management of ASF in sub-Saharan Africa is needed to provide a roadmap for the way forward for the continent. This review explores the progression of ASF and our knowledge of it through research over a century in Africa, our current understanding of ASF, and what must be done going forwards to improve the African situation and contribute to global prevention and control. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Fredrick Mathias Kivaria
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Block P, Level 3, United Nations Complex, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, PO Box: 30470, GPO, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
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9
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Njau EP, Machuka EM, Cleaveland S, Shirima GM, Kusiluka LJ, Okoth EA, Pelle R. African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV): Biology, Genomics and Genotypes Circulating in Sub-Saharan Africa. Viruses 2021; 13:2285. [PMID: 34835091 PMCID: PMC8623397 DOI: 10.3390/v13112285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly infectious and fatal haemorrhagic disease of pigs that is caused by a complex DNA virus of the genus Asfivirus and Asfarviridae African suids family. The disease is among the most devastating pig diseases worldwide including Africa. Although the disease was first reported in the 19th century, it has continued to spread in Africa and other parts of the world. Globally, the rising demand for pork and concomitant increase in transboundary movements of pigs and pork products is likely to increase the risk of transmission and spread of ASF and pose a major challenge to the pig industry. Different genotypes of the ASF virus (ASFV) with varying virulence have been associated with different outbreaks in several countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and worldwide, and understanding genotype circulation will be important for ASF prevention and control strategies. ASFV genotypes unique to Africa have also been reported in SSA. This review briefly recounts the biology, genomics and genotyping of ASFV and provides an account of the different genotypes circulating in SSA. The review also highlights prevention, control and progress on vaccine development and identifies gaps in knowledge of ASFV genotype circulation in SSA that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma P. Njau
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa—International Livestock Research Institute Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.M.M.); (E.A.O.); (R.P.)
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (S.C.); (G.M.S.); (L.J.K.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3015, Tanzania
| | - Eunice M. Machuka
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa—International Livestock Research Institute Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.M.M.); (E.A.O.); (R.P.)
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (S.C.); (G.M.S.); (L.J.K.)
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Gabriel M. Shirima
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (S.C.); (G.M.S.); (L.J.K.)
| | - Lughano J. Kusiluka
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha P.O. Box 447, Tanzania; (S.C.); (G.M.S.); (L.J.K.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro P.O. Box 3015, Tanzania
- Mzumbe University, Morogoro P.O. Box 1, Tanzania
| | - Edward A. Okoth
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa—International Livestock Research Institute Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.M.M.); (E.A.O.); (R.P.)
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa—International Livestock Research Institute Hub, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; (E.M.M.); (E.A.O.); (R.P.)
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10
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Minoungou GL, Diop M, Dakouo M, Ouattara AK, Settypalli TBK, Lo MM, Sidibe S, Kanyala E, Kone YS, Diallo MS, Ouedraogo A, Coulibaly K, Ouedraogo V, Sow I, Niang M, Achenbach JE, Wade A, Unger H, Diallo A, Cattoli G, Lamien CE, Simpore J. Molecular characterization of African Swine fever viruses in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Senegal 1989-2016: Genetic diversity of ASFV in West Africa. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2842-2852. [PMID: 34323385 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) has been endemic in sub-Saharan Africa since the 1960s. Following its introduction in Senegal, in 1957, ASF steadily progressed through West Africa, reaching Burkina Faso in 2003, and later Mali in 2016. Despite the heavy burden of disease on pig production, little information is available on the genetic diversity of Africa swine fever virus (ASFV) in Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal. Here, we used real-time PCR ASFV to detect the ASFV genome in samples collected between 1989 and 2016, in Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal, and conventional approaches for isolate characterization. The C-terminal end of the p72 protein gene, the full E183L gene and the central variable region (CVR) within the B602L gene in ASFV genome were sequenced and compared to publicly available sequences. ASFV genome was found in 27 samples, 19 from Burkina Faso, three from Mali and five from Senegal. The phylogenetic analyses showed that all viruses belong to genotype I, with the ASFVs from Burkina Faso and Mali grouping with genotype Ia and ASFV serogroup 4, and those from Senegal with genotype Ib and the ASFV serogroup 1. The analysis of the CVR tetrameric tandem repeat sequences (TRS) showed four TRS variants in Burkina Faso, two in Senegal and one in Mali. The three countries did not share any common TRS, and all CVRs of this study differed from previously reported CVRs in West Africa, except for Senegal. Three of the five isolates from Senegal fully matched with the CVR, p72 and p54 sequences from ASFV IC96 collected during the 1996 ASF outbreak in Ivory Coast. This study shows the spread of the same ASFV strains across countries, highlighting the importance of continuous monitoring of ASFV isolates. It also calls for an urgent need to establish a regional plan for the control and eradication of ASF in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germaine L Minoungou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire National d'Elevage (LNE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Mariame Diop
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Abdoul Karim Ouattara
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Biomolecular Research Center Pietro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Tirumala Bharani K Settypalli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Modou M Lo
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Estelle Kanyala
- Direction de la Santé Animale (DSA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Anne Ouedraogo
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage (LNE), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Ibrahim Sow
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire (LCV), Bamako, Mali
| | - Mamadou Niang
- Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire (LCV), Bamako, Mali.,Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Regional Office for Africa (RAF), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Abel Wade
- National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET), Garoua, Cameroon
| | - Hermann Unger
- Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adama Diallo
- Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (LNERV), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Sénégal.,Cirad, UMR CIRAD INRA, Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacques Simpore
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Molecular Genetics (LABIOGENE) UFR/SVT, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Biomolecular Research Center Pietro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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11
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Penrith ML, Bastos A, Chenais E. With or without a Vaccine-A Review of Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Managing African Swine Fever in Resource-Constrained Smallholder Settings. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020116. [PMID: 33540948 PMCID: PMC7913123 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectacular recent spread of African swine fever (ASF) in Eastern Europe and Asia has been strongly associated, as it is in the endemic areas in Africa, with free-ranging pig populations and low-biosecurity backyard pig farming. Managing the disease in wild boar populations and in circumstances where the disease in domestic pigs is largely driven by poverty is particularly challenging and may remain so even in the presence of effective vaccines. The only option currently available to prevent ASF is strict biosecurity. Among small-scale pig farmers biosecurity measures are often considered unaffordable or impossible to implement. However, as outbreaks of ASF are also unaffordable, the adoption of basic biosecurity measures is imperative to achieve control and prevent losses. Biosecurity measures can be adapted to fit smallholder contexts, culture and costs. A longer-term approach that could prove valuable particularly for free-ranging pig populations would be exploitation of innate resistance to the virus, which is fully effective in wild African suids and has been observed in some domestic pig populations in areas of prolonged endemicity. We explore available options for preventing ASF in terms of feasibility, practicality and affordability among domestic pig populations that are at greatest risk of exposure to ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Louise Penrith
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-12-342-1514
| | - Armanda Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Erika Chenais
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, S-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden;
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12
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Ngu Ngwa V, Abouna A, Zoli AP, Attili AR. Epidemiology of African Swine Fever in Piggeries in the Center, South and South-West of Cameroon. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030123. [PMID: 32882818 PMCID: PMC7559320 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is enzootic in Cameroon. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the center, south and south-west regions of Cameroon in order to determine: the knowledge, skills and practices at risk of pig breeders; the prevalence of the disease in piggeries; the genome of the circulating virus. A total of 684 blood samples were collected in 209 farms for RT-PCR and ELISA analyses at the National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET) annex in Yaoundé. Prevalences of 15.2% (95CI: 12.5–17.9%) by ELISA, 23.8% (95CI: 20.6–27.0%) by RT-PCR, and 15.2% (95CI: 12.5–17.9%) by ELISA-PCR, were recorded. Of the farmers surveyed, 90% knew about the ASF and 55.3% have already experienced it. The 47.4% of them would not be able to recognize ASF if it occurred and, according to them, the risk of the disease introduction in farms would be 32% linked to the animal health personnel who work on farms. Molecular characterization revealed that only ASF genotype-I variable 19T-RSs is circulating. ASF is still hovering at a risky rate over the pig sector of Cameroon. The control of ASF needs an epidemiological surveillance, a better involvement of all stakeholders, sensitization of breeders and an effective State support for producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ngu Ngwa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 454, Cameroon; (A.A.); (A.P.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Abdelrazak Abouna
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 454, Cameroon; (A.A.); (A.P.Z.)
| | - André Pagnah Zoli
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 454, Cameroon; (A.A.); (A.P.Z.)
| | - Anna-Rita Attili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy;
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13
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Ohouko OFH, Koudouvo K, Dougnon TJ, Agbonon A, Karim IYA, Farougou S, Gbeassor M. African swine fever in Benin and prevalence of the disease in Southern Benin: A retrospective study (2014-2018). J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7:464-470. [PMID: 33005672 PMCID: PMC7521817 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of African swine fever (ASF) disease in Benin. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on 70 pig farms from the Departement of Atlantique and Ouémé and also by using the data available from the Directorate of Livestock on the spread of ASF in Benin from 2014 to 2018. The prevalence of ASF was assessed with 106 nasal swabs from apparently healthy domestic pigs and 15 organ samples from dead ASF-suspected pigs. ASF virus detection was carried out by conventional polymerase chain reaction using Qiagen Kit for DNA extraction. Data recorded were processed with SAS software (2006). RESULTS It appears that ASF is an endemic disease in Benin with the Department of Ouémé as the hotspot of dissemination of the virus in the country. The losses due to ASF recorded from 2014 to 2018 are evaluated to 884,850,000 CFA Franc by estimating the average cost of a pig at 25,000 FCFA. A prevalence of 1.89% (CI at 95%, 0.71-3.49) was recorded for live animals with a positive result in organs from all dead pigs suspected of ASF. Breeding practices related to the sharing of breeding males, scavenging pigs, and non-compliance with biosecurity measures were the risk factors identified. CONCLUSION The present study sheds light on the areas prone to the ASF virus in Benin. Moreover, the cross-sectional data recorded on the prevalence of ASF will help to better rule on the spread of the disease. It would be interesting for the Beninese Republic to increase its efforts for ASF control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okri Fréjus Hans Ohouko
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances URMAPha, Laboratory of Research in Applied Biology LARBA, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
- Centre of Training and Research in Medicinal Plant CERFOPLAM, Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Faculty of Science, University of Lome, Lome, Togo
| | - Koffi Koudouvo
- Centre of Training and Research in Medicinal Plant CERFOPLAM, Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Faculty of Science, University of Lome, Lome, Togo
| | - Tossou Jacques Dougnon
- Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances URMAPha, Laboratory of Research in Applied Biology LARBA, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Amegnona Agbonon
- Centre of Training and Research in Medicinal Plant CERFOPLAM, Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Faculty of Science, University of Lome, Lome, Togo
| | - Issaka Youssao Abdou Karim
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Meat Technology LBATV, Department of Animal Health and Production, Polytechnic School of Abomey Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Souaïbou Farougou
- Department of Animal Health and Production, Research Unit on Communicable Diseases URMAT, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Messanvi Gbeassor
- Centre of Training and Research in Medicinal Plant CERFOPLAM, Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Faculty of Science, University of Lome, Lome, Togo
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14
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Hakizimana JN, Kamwendo G, Chulu JLC, Kamana O, Nauwynck HJ, Misinzo G. Genetic profile of African swine fever virus responsible for the 2019 outbreak in northern Malawi. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:316. [PMID: 32859205 PMCID: PMC7455991 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious transboundary animal disease which causes high mortality, approaching 100% in domestic pigs and it is currently considered as the most serious constraint to domestic pig industry and food security globally. Despite regular ASF outbreaks within Malawi, few studies have genetically characterized the causative ASF virus (ASFV). This study aimed at genetic characterization of ASFV responsible for the 2019 outbreak in northern Malawi. The disease confirmation was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by molecular characterization of the causative ASFV by partial genome sequencing and phylogenetic reconstruction of the B646L (p72) gene, nucleotide alignment of the intergenic region (IGR) between I73R and I329L genes and translation of the central variable region (CVR) coded by B602L gene. Results All thirteen samples collected during this study in Karonga district in September 2019 were ASFV-positive and after partial genome sequencing and phylogenetic reconstruction of the B646L (p72) gene, the viruses clustered into ASFV p72 genotype II. The viruses characterized in this study lacked a GAATATATAG fragment between the I173R and the I329L genes and were classified as IGR I variants. Furthermore, the tetrameric amino acid repeats within the CVR of the B602L gene of the 2019 Malawian ASFV reported in this study had the signature BNDBNDBNAA, 100% similar to ASFV responsible for the 2013 and 2017 ASF outbreaks in Zambia and Tanzania, respectively. Conclusions The results of this study confirm an ASF outbreak in Karonga district in northern Malawi in September 2019. The virus was closely related to other p72 genotype II ASFV that caused outbreaks in neighboring eastern and southern African countries, emphasizing the possible regional transboundary transmission of this ASFV genotype. These findings call for a concerted regional and international effort to control the spread of ASF in order to improve nutritional and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Hakizimana
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - G Kamwendo
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - J L C Chulu
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Water Development, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - O Kamana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Busogo, Rwanda.,Department of Applied Research and Development and Foresight Incubation, National Industrial Research and Development Agency, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - H J Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. .,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
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15
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Meekins DA, Trujillo JD, Gaudreault NN, Morozov I, Pérez-Núñez D, Revilla Y, Richt JA. Long amplicon sequencing for improved genetic characterization of African swine fever virus. J Virol Methods 2020; 285:113946. [PMID: 32758620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) causes a transmissible and fatal disease in pigs that is currently devastating global swine production. Efficient and economical collection of genetic data from ASFV field isolates is essential for bio-surveillance, to limit and control its spread, and to better understand ASF disease ecology. Standard genotyping and subtyping of ASFV field isolates is currently limited to a few variable regions within the ASFV genome. However, more extensive sequencing is necessary to better understand ASFV molecular evolution and identify regions relevant to genetic diversity. In this study, we developed a method for rapid and efficient next generation sequencing of approximately 40% of the ASFV genome using long PCR amplification of six different genomic regions. The amplified regions contain all segments currently used for genotyping and additional genes predicted to contribute to ASFV diversity. The primers used for amplification are broadly compatible with published ASFV genomes, permitting their use on relevant ASFV isolates. This methodology provides the enhanced depth of coverage of amplicon-based sequencing while mitigating complications associated with ASFV whole-genome sequencing. Implementation of this methodology could substantially increase the scale of ASFV genetic data collection, which is necessary to effectively monitor and combat this critical agricultural disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Meekins
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessie D Trujillo
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- CBMSO-CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- CBMSO-CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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16
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Goatley LC, Reis AL, Portugal R, Goldswain H, Shimmon GL, Hargreaves Z, Ho CS, Montoya M, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Taylor G, Dixon LK, Netherton CL. A Pool of Eight Virally Vectored African Swine Fever Antigens Protect Pigs Against Fatal Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E234. [PMID: 32443536 PMCID: PMC7349991 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical approaches to African swine fever virus (ASFV) vaccine development have not been successful; inactivated virus does not provide protection and use of live attenuated viruses generated by passage in tissue culture had a poor safety profile. Current African swine fever (ASF) vaccine research focuses on the development of modified live viruses by targeted gene deletion or subunit vaccines. The latter approach would be differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals (DIVA)-compliant, but information on which viral proteins to include in a subunit vaccine is lacking. Our previous work used DNA-prime/vaccinia-virus boost to screen 40 ASFV genes for immunogenicity, however this immunization regime did not protect animals after challenge. Here we describe the induction of both antigen and ASFV-specific antibody and cellular immune responses by different viral-vectored pools of antigens selected based on their immunogenicity in pigs. Immunization with one of these pools, comprising eight viral-vectored ASFV genes, protected 100% of pigs from fatal disease after challenge with a normally lethal dose of virulent ASFV. This data provide the basis for the further development of a subunit vaccine against this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette C. Goatley
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.C.G.); (A.L.R.); (R.P.); (H.G.); (G.L.S.); (Z.H.); (M.M.); (P.J.S.-C.); (G.T.); (L.K.D.)
| | - Ana Luisa Reis
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.C.G.); (A.L.R.); (R.P.); (H.G.); (G.L.S.); (Z.H.); (M.M.); (P.J.S.-C.); (G.T.); (L.K.D.)
| | - Raquel Portugal
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.C.G.); (A.L.R.); (R.P.); (H.G.); (G.L.S.); (Z.H.); (M.M.); (P.J.S.-C.); (G.T.); (L.K.D.)
| | - Hannah Goldswain
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.C.G.); (A.L.R.); (R.P.); (H.G.); (G.L.S.); (Z.H.); (M.M.); (P.J.S.-C.); (G.T.); (L.K.D.)
| | - Gareth L. Shimmon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.C.G.); (A.L.R.); (R.P.); (H.G.); (G.L.S.); (Z.H.); (M.M.); (P.J.S.-C.); (G.T.); (L.K.D.)
| | - Zoe Hargreaves
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.C.G.); (A.L.R.); (R.P.); (H.G.); (G.L.S.); (Z.H.); (M.M.); (P.J.S.-C.); (G.T.); (L.K.D.)
| | - Chak-Sum Ho
- Gift of Hope Organ and Tissue Donor Network, Itasca, IL 60143, USA;
| | - María Montoya
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.C.G.); (A.L.R.); (R.P.); (H.G.); (G.L.S.); (Z.H.); (M.M.); (P.J.S.-C.); (G.T.); (L.K.D.)
| | - Pedro J. Sánchez-Cordón
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.C.G.); (A.L.R.); (R.P.); (H.G.); (G.L.S.); (Z.H.); (M.M.); (P.J.S.-C.); (G.T.); (L.K.D.)
| | - Geraldine Taylor
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.C.G.); (A.L.R.); (R.P.); (H.G.); (G.L.S.); (Z.H.); (M.M.); (P.J.S.-C.); (G.T.); (L.K.D.)
| | - Linda K. Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.C.G.); (A.L.R.); (R.P.); (H.G.); (G.L.S.); (Z.H.); (M.M.); (P.J.S.-C.); (G.T.); (L.K.D.)
| | - Christopher L. Netherton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (L.C.G.); (A.L.R.); (R.P.); (H.G.); (G.L.S.); (Z.H.); (M.M.); (P.J.S.-C.); (G.T.); (L.K.D.)
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17
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Cappai S, Loi F, Rolesu S, Coccollone A, Laddomada A, Sgarangella F, Masala S, Bitti G, Floris V, Desini P. Evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of ASF detection with or without the use of on-field tests in different scenarios, in Sardinia. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e14. [PMID: 31940693 PMCID: PMC7113566 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease of domestic pigs and wild boars (WBs). Without a vaccine, early antibody and antigen detection and rapid diagnosis are crucial for the effective prevention of the disease and the employment of control measures. In Sardinia, where 3 different suid populations coexisted closely for a long time, the disease persists since 1978. The recent ASF eradication plan involves more stringent measures to combat free-ranging pigs and any kind of illegality in the pig industry. However, critical issues such as the low level of hunter cooperation with veterinary services and the time required for ASF detection in the WBs killed during the hunting season still remain. Considering the need to deliver true ASF negative carcasses as early as possible, this study focuses on the evaluation and validation of a duplex pen-side test that simultaneously detects antibodies and antigens specific to ASF virus, to improve molecular diagnosis under field conditions. The main goal was to establish the specificity of the two pen-side tests performed simultaneously and to determine their ability to detect the true ASF negative carcasses among the hunted WBs. Blood and organ samples of the WBs hunted during the 2018/2019 hunting seasons were obtained. A total of 160 animals were tested using the pen-side kit test; samples were collected for virological and serological analyses. A specificity of 98% was observed considering the official laboratory tests as gold standards. The new diagnostic techniques could facilitate faster and cost-effective control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cappai
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale della Sardegna, via XX Settembre, 09125 Cagliari, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della sardegna "G.Pegreffi", Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Federica Loi
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale della Sardegna, via XX Settembre, 09125 Cagliari, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della sardegna "G.Pegreffi", Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Sandro Rolesu
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale della Sardegna, via XX Settembre, 09125 Cagliari, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della sardegna "G.Pegreffi", Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Coccollone
- Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale della Sardegna, via XX Settembre, 09125 Cagliari, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della sardegna "G.Pegreffi", Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Laddomada
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della sardegna "G.Pegreffi", Via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Masala
- ATS Sardegna, ASSL Sassari, Servizio di Sanità Animale, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bitti
- ATS Sardegna, ASSL Sassari, Servizio di Sanità Animale, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Floris
- ATS Sardegna, ASSL Sassari, Servizio di Sanità Animale, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Pietro Desini
- ATS Sardegna, ASSL Sassari, Servizio di Sanità Animale, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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