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Elkanah SO, Elkanah DS, Akafyi DE, Kela S, Anyanwu G, Samaila AB. Prevalence and clinical manifestations of Bancroftian filariasis in northern Taraba State, Nigeria. S Afr J Infect Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.4102/sajid.v37i1.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Medeiros ZM, Vieira AVB, Xavier AT, Bezerra GSN, Lopes MDFC, Bonfim CV, Aguiar-Santos AM. Lymphatic Filariasis: A Systematic Review on Morbidity and Its Repercussions in Countries in the Americas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:316. [PMID: 35010576 PMCID: PMC8751179 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) is a program that aims to eliminate lymphatic filariasis by 2030. The GPELF strategy is based on interrupting transmission using mass drug administration (MDA) and, in parallel, managing morbidity cases. However, it has been seen that there is a shortage of research in the literature and public policies regarding this last pillar. In this study, we reviewed the literature and available information regarding the burden of filarial morbidity. In addition, we identified that in the Americas, the implementation of structured services with regard to morbidity assistance in the Americas was scarce. We formed a review that aimed to assess the pathogenesis, epidemiology, repercussions, and treatment of filarial morbidity in countries in the Americas where lymphatic filariasis is endemic. Structured searches were carried out on PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, and Web of Science databases without time and language restrictions. Three reviewers evaluated the 2150 studies and performed data extraction, and quality assessment by assigning scores to the studies found. The current literature and available information on the burden of filarial morbidity, as well as the implementation of structured services with regard to morbidity assistance in the Americas, were all found to be scarce. Now that this knowledge gap has been identified, both health services and researchers need to seek the implementation and enhancement of the maintenance of GPELF strategies that relate to the morbidity pillar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulma M. Medeiros
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (Z.M.M.); (A.T.X.); (A.M.A.-S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife 50100-130, Brazil
| | - Amanda V. B. Vieira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (Z.M.M.); (A.T.X.); (A.M.A.-S.)
| | - Amanda T. Xavier
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (Z.M.M.); (A.T.X.); (A.M.A.-S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife 50100-130, Brazil
| | - Gilberto S. N. Bezerra
- Materials Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland;
| | | | - Cristine V. Bonfim
- Ministério da Educação, Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, Diretoria de Pesquisas Sociais, Recife 52061-540, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Aguiar-Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife 50670-420, Brazil; (Z.M.M.); (A.T.X.); (A.M.A.-S.)
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Niles RA, Thickstun CR, Cox H, Dilliott D, Burgert-Brucker CR, Harding-Esch EM, Clementson N, Sampson A, Alexandre JS, Morice Trejos AC, Scholte RGC, Krentel A. Assessing factors influencing communities' acceptability of mass drug administration for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Guyana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009596. [PMID: 34543269 PMCID: PMC8452018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guyana is one of four countries in the Latin American Region where lymphatic filariasis (LF) remains endemic. In preparation for the introduction of a new triple drug therapy regimen (ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole (IDA)) in 2019, an acceptability study was embedded within sentinel site mapping in four regions to assess mass drug administration (MDA) coverage and compliance, acceptability, and perceptions about treatment and disease. The results from this survey would inform the rollout of IDA in Guyana in 2019. METHODS Data collection for the study occurred in August 2019, using a validated questionnaire administered by trained enumerators. Across all regions, a total of 1,248 participants were sampled by the Filarial Mapping team. Four-hundred and fifty-one participants aged over 18 years were randomly selected for participation in an expanded acceptability questionnaire. All data were captured in Secure Data Kit (SDK). RESULTS Acceptability was measured using a mean acceptability score. Unadjusted mean scores ranged from 24.6 to 29.3, with 22.5 as the threshold of acceptability. Regional variation occurred across many indicators of interest: self-rated understanding about LF, mechanisms of LF transmission, LF drug safety and history of treatment during MDA. Region IV (Georgetown) recorded higher knowledge about LF, but lower compliance and acceptability. Number of pills was not perceived as a concern. CONCLUSION Acceptability of MDA was good across all four regions under study. Results from this study set a baseline level for key indicators and acceptability, from which the acceptability of IDA can be measured. Regional variations across indicators suggest that localized approaches should be considered for social mobilization and MDA delivery to capture these contextual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza A. Niles
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Charles R. Thickstun
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Horace Cox
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | | | | | - Emma M. Harding-Esch
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikita Clementson
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Annastacia Sampson
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Jean Seme Alexandre
- Neglected, Tropical, and Vector Borne Diseases, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Ana C. Morice Trejos
- Neglected, Tropical, and Vector Borne Diseases, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Ronaldo G. Carvalho Scholte
- Neglected, Tropical, and Vector Borne Diseases, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Alison Krentel
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Kima A, Guiguemde K, Serme M, Meda Z, Bougma R, Djiatsa J, Bougouma C, Drabo F. [Lymphatic Filariasis Transmission Assessment Survey in Burkina Faso in Connection with 4 Districts]. MEDECINE TROPICALE ET SANTE INTERNATIONALE 2021; 1:mtsibulletin.n1.2021.83. [PMID: 35586585 PMCID: PMC9022747 DOI: 10.48327/mtsibulletin.n1.2021.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective In this impact survey on the preventive chemotherapy against lymphatic filariasis, the national neglected tropical diseases programme team conducted a Transmission Assessment Survey in the health districts of Leo, Sapouy, Boromo and Dedougou. The purpose of this study was to assess lymphatic filariasis transmission in these four districts (included in two evaluation units (EU): Boucle du Mouhoun 3 and Centre-Ouest 2 after more than ten to thirteen years of mass drug treatment. Methodology The study was a cross sectional survey which targeted the school aged children based on the cluster survey method conducted at community level. Results Among the 1649 school aged children covered by the survey in the Centre Ouest EU, four were found positive at the Filariasis Test Strip (FTS), i.e. the proportion of children with circulating filarial antigens (i.e. with live adult stages of W. bancrofti ) was 0.24%. In the BMH3 EU, none of the 1716 children tested was FTS-positive. Conclusion From the findings, we can infer that filariasis transmission has been interrupted in these districts and that mass treatment with albendazole and ivermectin can be stopped.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kima
- Programme national de lutte contre les maladies tropicales négligées, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,*
| | - K.T. Guiguemde
- Laboratoire de parasitologie UFR-SDS, Université Ouaga 1 Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - M. Serme
- Programme national de lutte contre les maladies tropicales négligées, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Z.C. Meda
- Institut supérieur des sciences de la santé, Université NAZI BONI, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - R. Bougma
- Programme national de lutte contre les maladies tropicales négligées, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - J.P. Djiatsa
- ONG Helen Keller International, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - C. Bougouma
- Programme national de lutte contre les maladies tropicales négligées, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - F. Drabo
- Programme national de lutte contre les maladies tropicales négligées, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Kondeti PK, Ravi K, Mutheneni SR, Kadiri MR, Kumaraswamy S, Vadlamani R, Upadhyayula SM. Applications of machine learning techniques to predict filariasis using socio-economic factors. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e260. [PMID: 31475670 PMCID: PMC6805759 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819001481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Filariasis is one of the major public health concerns in India. Approximately 600 million people spread across 250 districts of India are at risk of filariasis. To predict this disease, a pilot scale study was carried out in 30 villages of Karimnagar district of Telangana from 2004 to 2007 to collect epidemiological and socio-economic data. The collected data are analysed by employing various machine learning techniques such as Naïve Bayes (NB), logistic model tree, probabilistic neural network, J48 (C4.5), classification and regression tree, JRip and gradient boosting machine. The performances of these algorithms are reported using sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under ROC curve (AUC). Among all employed classification methods, NB yielded the best AUC of 64% and was equally statistically significant with the rest of the classifiers. Similarly, the J48 algorithm generated 23 decision rules that help in developing an early warning system to implement better prevention and control efforts in the management of filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phani Krishna Kondeti
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kumar Ravi
- Centre for Excellence in Analytics, Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology, Hyderabad-500 057, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivasa Rao Mutheneni
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Madhusudhan Rao Kadiri
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sriram Kumaraswamy
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500 007, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Vadlamani
- Centre for Excellence in Analytics, Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology, Hyderabad-500 057, Telangana, India
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Eneanya OA, Garske T, Donnelly CA. The social, physical and economic impact of lymphedema and hydrocele: a matched cross-sectional study in rural Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:332. [PMID: 31014256 PMCID: PMC6480436 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease and a major cause of disability worldwide. To effectively plan morbidity management programmes, it is important to estimate disease burden and evaluate the needs of patients. This study aimed to estimate patient numbers and characterise the physical, social and economic impact of LF in in rural Nigeria. METHODS This is a matched cross-sectional study which identified lymphedema and hydrocele patients with the help of district health officers and community-directed distributors of mass drug administration programmes. A total of 52 cases were identified and matched to 52 apparently disease-free controls, selected from the same communities and matched by age and sex. Questionnaires and narrative interviews were used to characterise the physical, social and economic impact of lymphedema and hydrocele. RESULTS Forty-eight cases with various stages of lower limb lymphedema, and 4 with hydrocele were identified. 40% of all cases reported feeling stigma and were 36 times (95% CI: 5.18-1564.69) more likely to avoid forms of social participation. Although most cases engaged in some form of income-generating activity, these were low paid employment, and on average cases spent significantly less time than controls working. The economic effects of lower income were exacerbated by increased healthcare spending, as cases were 86 times (95% CI: 17.48-874.90) more likely to spend over US $125 on their last healthcare payment. CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of patient-search as a means of estimating the burden of LF morbidity in rural settings. Findings from this work also confirm that LF causes considerable psychosocial and economic suffering, all of which adversely affect the mental health of patients. It is therefore important to incorporate mental health care as a major component of morbidity management programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obiora A. Eneanya
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Tini Garske
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Christl A. Donnelly
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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O'Neill M, Ballesteros C, Tritten L, Burkman E, Zaky WI, Xia J, Moorhead A, Williams SA, Geary TG. Profiling the macrofilaricidal effects of flubendazole on adult female Brugia malayi using RNAseq. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2016; 6:288-296. [PMID: 27733308 PMCID: PMC5196492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of microfilaricidal drugs for the control of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) necessitates prolonged yearly dosing. Prospects for elimination or eradication of these diseases would be enhanced by the availability of a macrofilaricidal drug. Flubendazole (FLBZ), a benzimidazole anthelmintic, is an appealing candidate. FLBZ has demonstrated potent macrofilaricidal effects in a number of experimental rodent models and in one human trial. Unfortunately, FLBZ was deemed unsatisfactory for use in mass drug administration campaigns due to its limited oral bioavailability. A new formulation that enables sufficient bioavailability following oral administration could render FLBZ an effective treatment for onchocerciasis and LF. Identification of drug-derived effects is important in ascertaining a dosage regimen which is predicted to be lethal to the parasite in situ. In previous histological studies, exposure to FLBZ induced damage to tissues required for reproduction and survival at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. However, more precise and quantitative indices of drug effects are needed. This study assessed drug effects using a transcriptomic approach to confirm effects observed histologically and to identify genes which were differentially expressed in treated adult female Brugia malayi. Comparative analysis across different concentrations (1 μM and 5 μM) and durations (48 and 120 h) provided an overview of the processes which are affected by FLBZ exposure. Genes with dysregulated expression were consistent with the reproductive effects observed via histology in our previous studies. This study revealed transcriptional changes in genes involved in embryo development. Additionally, significant downregulation was observed in genes encoding cuticle components, which may reflect changes in developing embryos, the adult worm cuticle or both. These data support the hypothesis that FLBZ acts predominantly on rapidly dividing cells, and provides a basis for selecting molecular markers of drug-induced damage which may be of use in predicting efficacious FLBZ regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeghan O'Neill
- Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Cristina Ballesteros
- Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Lucienne Tritten
- Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Erica Burkman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Filariasis Research Reagent Resource Center, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA
| | - Weam I Zaky
- Filariasis Research Reagent Resource Center, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA
| | - Jianguo Xia
- Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada; Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Andrew Moorhead
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Filariasis Research Reagent Resource Center, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA
| | - Steven A Williams
- Filariasis Research Reagent Resource Center, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA
| | - Timothy G Geary
- Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada.
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An In Vitro/In Vivo Model to Analyze the Effects of Flubendazole Exposure on Adult Female Brugia malayi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004698. [PMID: 27145083 PMCID: PMC4856366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Current control strategies for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) rely on prolonged yearly or twice-yearly mass administration of microfilaricidal drugs. Prospects for near-term elimination or eradication of these diseases would be improved by availability of a macrofilaricide that is highly effective in a short regimen. Flubendazole (FLBZ), a benzimidazole anthelmintic registered for control of human gastrointestinal nematode infections, is a potential candidate for this role. FLBZ has profound and potent macrofilaricidal effects in many experimental animal models of filariases and in one human trial for onchocerciasis after parental administration. Unfortunately, the marketed formulation of FLBZ provides very limited oral bioavailability and parenteral administration is required for macrofilaricidal efficacy. A new formulation that provided sufficient oral bioavailability could advance FLBZ as an effective treatment for onchocerciasis and LF. Short-term in vitro culture experiments in adult filariae have shown that FLBZ damages tissues required for reproduction and survival at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. The current study characterized the long-term effects of FLBZ on adult Brugia malayi by maintaining parasites in jirds for up to eight weeks following brief drug exposure (6–24 hr) to pharmacologically relevant concentrations (100 nM—10 μM) in culture. Morphological damage following exposure to FLBZ was observed prominently in developing embryos and was accompanied by a decrease in microfilarial output at 4 weeks post-exposure. Although FLBZ exposure clearly damaged the parasites, exposed worms recovered and were viable 8 weeks after treatment. Onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis are debilitating diseases caused by infections with filarial nematodes. The World Health Organization aims to eliminate these infections as public health problems. Despite prolonged control efforts, including chemotherapy through mass drug administration (MDA), transmission and infections persist. Addition of a microfilaricide that is efficacious in a short regimen would enhance prospects for achieving elimination goals. We investigated the long-term effects of the macrofilaricidal drug, flubendazole (FLBZ), on Brugia malayi. Adult parasites were exposed in culture to FLBZ at pharmacologically relevant concentrations (100 nM—10 μM) for up to 24 hr prior to implantation into the abdominal cavity of a jird for long-term maintenance. The greatest drug effect was on embryogenesis; morphological damage was most evident in early developmental stages. There was also a decrease in the release of microfilaria (mf) from the adult. Interestingly, no damage was observed to fully formed mf. Although further studies are required to determine to what extent these findings can be extrapolated to a field setting, an exposure profile which may produce similar effects in vivo has been defined.
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Moraga P, Cano J, Baggaley RF, Gyapong JO, Njenga SM, Nikolay B, Davies E, Rebollo MP, Pullan RL, Bockarie MJ, Hollingsworth TD, Gambhir M, Brooker SJ. Modelling the distribution and transmission intensity of lymphatic filariasis in sub-Saharan Africa prior to scaling up interventions: integrated use of geostatistical and mathematical modelling. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:560. [PMID: 26496983 PMCID: PMC4620019 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is one of the neglected tropical diseases targeted for global elimination. The ability to interrupt transmission is, partly, influenced by the underlying intensity of transmission and its geographical variation. This information can also help guide the design of targeted surveillance activities. The present study uses a combination of geostatistical and mathematical modelling to predict the prevalence and transmission intensity of LF prior to the implementation of large-scale control in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS A systematic search of the literature was undertaken to identify surveys on the prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia (mf), based on blood smears, and on the prevalence of antigenaemia, based on the use of an immuno-chromatographic card test (ICT). Using a suite of environmental and demographic data, spatiotemporal multivariate models were fitted separately for mf prevalence and ICT-based prevalence within a Bayesian framework and used to make predictions for non-sampled areas. Maps of the dominant vector species of LF were also developed. The maps of predicted prevalence and vector distribution were linked to mathematical models of the transmission dynamics of LF to infer the intensity of transmission, quantified by the basic reproductive number (R0). RESULTS The literature search identified 1267 surveys that provide suitable data on the prevalence of mf and 2817 surveys that report the prevalence of antigenaemia. Distinct spatial predictions arose from the models for mf prevalence and ICT-based prevalence, with a wider geographical distribution when using ICT-based data. The vector distribution maps demonstrated the spatial variation of LF vector species. Mathematical modelling showed that the reproduction number (R0) estimates vary from 2.7 to 30, with large variations between and within regions. CONCLUSIONS LF transmission is highly heterogeneous, and the developed maps can help guide intervention, monitoring and surveillance strategies as countries progress towards LF elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Moraga
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Jorge Cano
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Rebecca F Baggaley
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - John O Gyapong
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Sammy M Njenga
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Birgit Nikolay
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | - Maria P Rebollo
- NTD Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, USA.
| | - Rachel L Pullan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Moses J Bockarie
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School for Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | - T Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Warwick Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, Warwick Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. .,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Manoj Gambhir
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Simon J Brooker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Rahumatullah A, Ahmad A, Noordin R, Lim TS. Delineation of BmSXP antibody V-gene usage from a lymphatic filariasis based immune scFv antibody library. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:512-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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