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da Costa MLL, de Oliveira AC, Roque RA. Oxidative stress induction by essential oil from Piper alatipetiolatum (Piperaceae) triggers lethality in the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Pestic Biochem Physiol 2024; 200:105809. [PMID: 38582581 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus is the main vector of lymphatic filariasis in Brazil, which present resistance to commercial insecticides. Nowadays, essential oils (EOs) exhibiting larvicidal activity, such as those derived from Piper alatipetiolatum, provide a promising alternative for vector control, including Culex species. This study aimed to investigate the larvicidal activity and the oxidative stress indicators of the EO from P. alatipetiolatum in Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. The EO was extracted from P. alatipetiolatum leaves using the hydrodistillation method, resulting in a yield of 7.2 ± 0.1%, analysed by gas chromatography coupled with spectrometry and gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (GC-MS and GC-FID), and evaluated against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species (RONS), Catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and Thiol levels were used as oxidative stress indicators. Analysis by CG-MS and CG-FID revealed that the main compound in the EO was the oxygenated sesquiterpene ishwarone, constituting 78.6% of the composition. Furthermore, the EO exhibited larvicidal activity, ranging from 26 to 100%, with an LC50 of 4.53 μg/mL and LC90 of 15.37 μg/mL. This activity was accompanied by a significant increase in RONS production, alterations in CAT, GST, AChE activity, and thiol levels compared to the control groups (p < 0.05). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the larvicidal activity and oxidative stress induced by the EO from P. alatipetiolatum against Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. Therefore, we propose that this EO shows promise as larvicidal agent for the effective control of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza L da Costa
- Laboratório de Controle Biológico e Biotecnologia da Malária e da Dengue, Coordenação Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia,Manaus 69067-375, Amazonas, Brazil.
| | - André C de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Controle Biológico e Biotecnologia da Malária e da Dengue, Coordenação Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia,Manaus 69067-375, Amazonas, Brazil; Central Analítica, Centro de Apoio Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus 69080-900, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rosemary A Roque
- Laboratório de Controle Biológico e Biotecnologia da Malária e da Dengue, Coordenação Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia,Manaus 69067-375, Amazonas, Brazil
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Mangla A, Singh AKS, Goel S. Squamous cell carcinoma of skin in a case of post- filariasis chronic lower limb lymphedema- a case study and review of literature. Int J Surg Case Rep 2024; 116:109355. [PMID: 38325110 PMCID: PMC10864193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2024.109355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE Filariasis, predominantly caused by the parasite Wuchereria Bancrofti, is a key etiological factor in lymphedema development. Lymphedema, characterized by persistent lymphatic obstruction, leads to significant changes in immunological factors and protein composition. These alterations play a crucial role in the delayed diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma within chronic lymphedema contexts. Notably, chronic lymphedema is an infrequent but significant precursor to squamous cell carcinoma, with fewer than 20 cases reported in medical literature, including only 11 cases affecting the lower limbs. The management of squamous cell carcinoma in lymphedema is challenging due to the rarity of cases and the resulting lack of experience among clinicians. CASE PRESENTATION The report focuses on a 69-year-old woman with long-standing right lower limb lymphedema following filariasis. She underwent treatment for a non-healing ulcer in the right gluteal region, diagnosed as moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Following a wide local excision with primary closure, her lower limb swelling persisted, and subsequent diagnosis confirmed regional lymph node metastasis. The patient was then considered for immunotherapy. CLINICAL DISCUSSION This case emphasizes the link between chronic lymphedema and squamous cell carcinoma. It highlights the necessity for a multidisciplinary approach for timely and effective treatment, addressing the rarity and complexity of such cases. CONCLUSION The successful application of immunotherapy in this case illustrates a favorable clinical outcome, marking a significant advancement in treating similar conditions. This finding contributes to the evolving knowledge in this medical field, suggesting immunotherapy as a promising treatment option. METHODS This case report meticulously follows the SCARE 2023 guidelines: updating consensus Surgical Case Report guidelines (Sohrabi et al., 2023) [1]. These guidelines ensure high-quality reporting in surgical case reports. The report details the evaluation, diagnosis, and a comprehensive review of the literature pertaining to a patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and regional nodal metastasis, which developed in the context of post-filariasis chronic lower limb lymphedema. By employing a multidisciplinary approach, this report achieves a thorough and standardized presentation of the case, serving as a benchmark and an additional tool for raising awareness about such rare medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Mangla
- Department of General Surgery, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India.
| | | | - Saket Goel
- Department of General Surgery, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi, India
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Conga DF, Araújo CY, Souza NF, Corrêa JT, Santos JB, Figueiredo EC, Bernal MK, Andrade SL, Silva NW, Pereira WL, Gardner SL, Notarnicola J. Cerebral filariasis infection with Litomosoides in Molossus barnesi (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in the Brazilian eastern Amazon, with comments on Molossinema wimsatti Georgi, Georgi, Jiang and Fronguillo, 1987. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:125. [PMID: 38326631 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
During bacterial and viral pathogen investigation of 30 specimens of bats captured in periurban forest areas in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil, a case of cerebral filariasis was observed. In the course of histopathological examination, adult filariae were found in pseudocystic cavities brain of Molossus barnesi (Molossidae) and classified morphologically as Litomosoides by the shape of the spicules-left spicule with a handle longer than the blade; right spicule curved, with a sclerotized heel supporting a dorsal notch; the area rugosa constituted by a ventral band of small longitudinal crests; tail rounded in males; long esophagus with a slightly glandular distal portion; and a muscular bent vagina. All the specimens lack a stoma (buccal capsule). We compared our filarioids with the description of specimens of Molossinema wimsatti. Morphological characteristics of M. wimsatti resemble the genus Litomosoides. Thus, we believe that M. wimsatti is a synonym of L. molossi Esslinger, 1973, and filarioid specimens from material reported by Lichtenfels et al. (Trans Am Micros Soc 100:216-219, 1981) and from de Souto et al. (J. Helminthol 1195:e65, 2021) most probably correspond to Litomosoides. We suggest that the reduction of the buccal capsule may be attributable to the ectopic location. No evidence of tissue responses by the host was observed. This is the first record of Litomosoides infecting brain tissue of Molossus barnesi from Brazil, representing a record of a new host species. More specimens of bats should be examined in order to find filarioids in the brain and verify its taxonomic position using molecular techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Conga
- Grupo de Medicina da Conservação e Saúde Única, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (IDSM), Estrada Do Bexiga, Tefé, Amazonas, 2584, 69553-225, Brazil.
| | - Camille Y Araújo
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Instituto de Saúde E Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Natália F Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa S/N, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Jean T Corrêa
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Instituto de Saúde E Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Josye B Santos
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Instituto de Saúde E Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Edigleise C Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Instituto de Saúde E Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Marcella K Bernal
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Instituto de Saúde E Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Sara L Andrade
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Instituto de Saúde E Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Neuder W Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Ambientais (PPGCA), Universidade Do Estado Do Pará. Tv. Enéas Pinheiro, 2626, Marco, Belém-PA, Belém, Pará, 66.095-100, Brazil
| | - Washington L Pereira
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Instituto de Saúde E Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves 2501, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Scott Lyell Gardner
- The Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, W 529 Nebraska Hall, University of NE-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0514, USA
| | - Juliana Notarnicola
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS) CONICET- UNaM, Av. Tres Fronteras 183, 3380, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
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Khalphallah A, Al-Daek T, Abdelhamid M, Elmeligy E, El-Hawari SF, Khesruf KA, Nasr HA, Mohamed RH. Camel filariasis (Dipetalonema evansi) and its association with clinical balanoposthitis with reference to prominent changes in clinical findings, serum testosterone, semen analysis, and testicular histopathology. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:1. [PMID: 38172872 PMCID: PMC10763322 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Camel filariasis induced variable clinical syndromes characterized by fever, lethargy, localized dermal lesions, loss of condition, and testicular and scrotal swelling. The objective of the present work focused on clarifying the diagnostic importance of clinical findings, serum testosterone, and semen analysis as well as blood smear and testicular histopathology as a differential tool between only balanoposthitis without filariasis male camels group (OnlyBpgr) and balanoposthitis-filariasis infected male camels group (BpFlgr). The study also monitored the associations between the severity of ticks' infestations in investigated male camels and the occurrence of balanoposthitis only or balanoposthitis with filariasis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The study reported significant correlation between serum testosterone, serum cortisol, and sperm vitality and abnormalities percentages. The study included male camels (n = 250) classified into three groups: healthy control group (Contgr; n = 30), OnlyBpgr (n = 210), and BpFlgr (n = 10). These male camels were clinically and laboratory examined, and skin scraping tests and testicular histopathology were conducted. The study confirmed the association of the changes in clinical findings, whole blood picture, serum testosterone, serum cortisol, and semen analysis, with OnlyBpgr and BpFlgr. These changes were more prominent in BpFlgr than in OnlyBpgr. Skin scraping test results revealed a higher severity of live ticks' infestation in BpFlgr than in OnlyBpgr because, unlike OnlyBpgr, all camels in BpFlgr (n = 10) were suffering from live ticks' infestation. It also concluded the higher efficacy of histopathology of testicular tissues in male camels as a diagnostic tool for adult filaria in balanoposthitis-affected male camels than blood smear because all cases of camel filariasis in the current work were negative for microfilaria on microscopic examination of diurnal blood smear as well as testicular histopathology revealed detection of adult filaria in all camel filariasis associated with balanoposthitis. Strong correlation relationships were demonstrated between serum testosterone, serum cortisol, and semen analysis results. Positive correlations were reported between serum testosterone levels and sperm vitality percentages. However, negative correlations were stated between serum testosterone and each of serum cortisol and sperm abnormalities either in Contgr, OnlyBpgr, or BpFlgr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafat Khalphallah
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Taher Al-Daek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-bayda, 919, Libya
| | - Mahmoud Abdelhamid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81528, Egypt
| | - Enas Elmeligy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Sayed Fathi El-Hawari
- Department of clinical studies, Collage of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A Khesruf
- Department of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Heba A Nasr
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Ragab H Mohamed
- Department of Theriogenology, Obstetrics, and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81528, Egypt
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Hemilembolo MC, Campillo JT, Niama AC, Pion SDS, Missamou F, Boussinesq M, Bileckot RR, Chesnais CB. Loa loa and Mansonella perstans microfilaremia in the department of Lékoumou, Republic of Congo. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:451. [PMID: 38071391 PMCID: PMC10710712 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06056-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loiasis is endemic in the northern and western part of the Republic of Congo. Between 2004 and 2010, surveys were conducted, using the RAPLOA method, in all departments of the Republic of Congo to assess the distribution of loiasis. Prior to 2004, only two parasitological surveys on loiasis had been conducted in Congo and mainly in the Department of Lékoumou, in the southwestern of the country. In 2019, we conducted a parasitological survey in this same department, more than 30 years after the first surveys. METHODS The study was conducted in 21 villages. Loa loa and Mansonella perstans microfilaremia levels were quantified using 50 µl calibrated blood smears. RESULTS A total of 2444 individuals were examined. The median age of the screened individuals was 43 (interquartile range: 30-57, range: 18-91) years old. The overall prevalences of L. loa and M. perstans microfilaremia were 20.0% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 18.0-21.6%] and 1.0% (95% CI 0.6-1.4%) respectively. The proportion of individuals with a microfilarial density of L. loa > 8000 mf/ml and > 30,000 mf/ml were 5.1% (95% CI 4.3-6.1%) and 1.1% (95% CI 0.8-1.7%), respectively. The overall community microfilarial load was 3.4 mf/ml. CONCLUSIONS Prevalences and intensities of L. loa infection remained generally stable between the late 1980s and 2019 in the Lékoumou Department. In contrast, parasitological indicators for M. perstans have declined sharply in the intervening years for an unknown reason.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlhand C Hemilembolo
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), INSERM Unité 1175, Montpellier, France
- Programme National de Lutte Contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé et de la Population, Brazzaville, République du Congo
| | - Jérémy T Campillo
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), INSERM Unité 1175, Montpellier, France
| | - Ange Clauvel Niama
- Faculté des Sciences de la santé de l'Université Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville, République du Congo
| | - Sébastien D S Pion
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), INSERM Unité 1175, Montpellier, France
| | - François Missamou
- Programme National de Lutte Contre l'Onchocercose, Ministère de la Santé et de la Population, Brazzaville, République du Congo
| | - Michel Boussinesq
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), INSERM Unité 1175, Montpellier, France
| | - Richard R Bileckot
- Faculté des Sciences de la santé de l'Université Marien NGOUABI, Brazzaville, République du Congo
| | - Cédric B Chesnais
- TransVIHMI, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), INSERM Unité 1175, Montpellier, France.
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Ehlers LP, Slaviero M, De Lorenzo C, Fagundes-Moreira R, de Souza VK, Perles L, Baggio-Souza V, Bezerra-Santos MA, Modrý D, Benovics M, Panziera W, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP, Soares JF, Otranto D, Sonne L. Pathological findings associated with Dipetalonema spp. (Spirurida, Onchocercidae) infection in two species of Neotropical monkeys from Brazil. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1973-1982. [PMID: 37347285 PMCID: PMC10432332 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Among vector-borne helminths, filarioids of the genus Dipetalonema (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) localize in several tissues and body cavities of several animal species, causing mild to moderate lesions. The pathological findings associated with Dipetalonema spp. infection in Neotropical monkeys from southern Brazil are herein described, along with a fatal case due to filarial polyserositis and entrapment of an intestinal segment. At necropsy, nematodes were observed in abdominal and thoracic cavities, or in the pericardium of 37 (31.3%) out of the 118 individuals examined (i.e., 35 Alouatta guariba clamitans and two Sapajus nigritus). In addition, at histology, 27.0% of positive animals presented microfilarie (inside blood vessels of lung, spleen, liver, and brain) and 8.1% presented adult nematodes in the heart, lung, and liver. In two cases, cross-sections of filarioids were associated with areas of epicardial thickening with intense fibrosis and pyogranulomatous inflammation in the brain, heart, liver, lungs, or spleen. The DNA fragment was amplify using the cox1 gene, sequenced and analyzed to identify the nematode species collected; presence of Wolbachia was assessed in the filarioids using the 16S rRNA gene. At BLAST analysis of the cox1 gene, 10 sequences showed 91.7% nucleotide identity with Dipetalonema gracile, and two with D. gracile (98.5%) and Dipetalonema graciliformis (98.3%). Phylogenetic analyses clustered sequences of the cox1 obtained in this study in two clades corresponding with the host species. Wolbachia sp. endosymbiont was detected in four samples. Data herein reported provide a description of pathological lesions associated with the infection by Dipetalonema spp., suggesting that they may cause disease in Neotropical monkeys. In addition, a better understanding of diversity and biology of Dipetalonema spp. in South America is needed to assess the impact they may cause in native non-human primates from Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Presser Ehlers
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mônica Slaviero
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cíntia De Lorenzo
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renata Fagundes-Moreira
- Laboratório de Protozoologia e Rickettsioses Vetoriais, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Viviane Kelin de Souza
- Laboratório de Protozoologia e Rickettsioses Vetoriais, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lívia Perles
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Vinicius Baggio-Souza
- Laboratório de Protozoologia e Rickettsioses Vetoriais, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - David Modrý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Praha-, Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Biology Center, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Benovics
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Welden Panziera
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Saulo Petinatti Pavarini
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - João Fabio Soares
- Laboratório de Protozoologia e Rickettsioses Vetoriais, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Luciana Sonne
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Sabbah A, Koumako C, El Mouhadi S, Ali A, Minssen L, Vanderbecq Q, Arrivé L. Chyluria: non-enhanced MR lymphography. Insights Imaging 2023; 14:119. [PMID: 37405513 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-023-01461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chyluria is an uncommon medical condition resulting from an abnormal communication between the abdominal lymphatic system and the urinary tract, which results in the presence of chyle in the urine, making it appear milky white. Proper diagnosis is demonstrated by the concentration of urinary lipids. Worldwide, chyluria is most commonly associated with the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti. However, in Europe and North America, where the condition is rare, non-parasitic etiologies predominate. Identifying the cause and location of the uro-lymphatic communication is essential in guiding therapeutic management, but imaging the lymphatic channels remains a challenge. Magnetic resonance (MR) lymphography, a non-invasive free-breathing 3D high-resolution fast-recovery fast spin-echo sequence similar to that used for 3D MR cholangiopancreatography, may demonstrate the cause and location of an abnormal communication between the lymphatic system and urinary tract. In parasitic causes of chyluria, dilated lymphatics vessels communicating with the lymphatic system are demonstrated. In non-parasitic causes of chyluria channel type lymphatic malformations are the most common. Markedly dilated and dysplastic lymphatic vessels communicating with the urinary tract are demonstrated. In addition, other cystic or channel type lymphatic malformations such as thoracic, soft tissue or bone abnormalities may be observed. This review describes the abdominal lymphatic diseases leading to chyluria and presents the technique and images obtained with non-enhanced MR lymphography to enable radiologists in identifying and classifying uro-lymphatic fistulae.Critical relevance statement: Non-enhanced MR lymphography enables the identification and categorization of uro-lymphatic fistulae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Sabbah
- Department of Radiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP) and Sorbonne University, 184 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Cedi Koumako
- Department of Radiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP) and Sorbonne University, 184 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Sanaâ El Mouhadi
- Department of Radiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP) and Sorbonne University, 184 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Amal Ali
- Department of Radiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP) and Sorbonne University, 184 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Lise Minssen
- Department of Radiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP) and Sorbonne University, 184 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Vanderbecq
- Department of Radiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP) and Sorbonne University, 184 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Arrivé
- Department of Radiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP) and Sorbonne University, 184 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France.
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Biney C, Graham GE, Asiedu E, Sakyi SA, Kwarteng A. Wolbachia Ferrochelatase as a potential drug target against filarial infections. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 122:108490. [PMID: 37121168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Filarial infections are among the world's most disturbing diseases caused by 3 major parasitic worms; Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti, and Brugia malayi, affecting more than 500 million people worldwide. Currently used drugs for mass drug administration (MDA) have been met with several challenges including the development of complications in individuals with filaria co-infections and parasitic drug resistance. The filarial endosymbiont, Wolbachia, has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for filariasis elimination, due to the dependence of the filaria on this endosymbiont for survival. Here, we target an important enzyme in the Wolbachia heme biosynthetic pathway (ferrochelatase), using high-throughput virtual screening and molecular dynamics with MM-PBSA calculations. We identified four drug candidates; Nilotinib, Ledipasvir, 3-benzhydryloxy-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, and 2-(4-Amino-piperidin-1-yl)-ethanol as potential small molecules inhibitors as they could compete with the enzyme's natural substrate (Protoporphyrin IX) for active pocket binding. This prevents the worm from receiving the heme molecule from Wolbachia for their growth and survival, resulting in their death. This study which involved targeting enzymes in biosynthetic pathways of the parasitic worms' endosymbiont (Wolbachia), has proven to be an alternative therapeutic option leading to the discovery of new drugs, which will help facilitate the elimination of parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cephas Biney
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Grazia Edumaba Graham
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Asiedu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Asamoah Sakyi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana
| | - Alexander Kwarteng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana; Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana.
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Campillo JT, Hemilembolo MC, Louya F, Bikita P, Pion SDS, Boussinesq M, Missamou F, Chesnais CB. Temporal variability of Loa loa microfilaraemia. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:23. [PMID: 36691079 PMCID: PMC9869825 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diurnal periodicity of Loa loa microfilaraemia is well known but few studies have documented the short- and long-term stability of microfilarial density. It seems stable over time at the community level, but significant variations have been observed at the individual level. METHODS We assessed the temporal variability of L. loa microfilaraemia at 5-day, 1-month and 16-month intervals and analyzed the influence of sex, age, level of microfilaraemia, temperatures and time of sampling on this variability. RESULTS At the community level, L. loa microfilaraemia is very stable over time at 5-day, 1-month and 16-month intervals (Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.92, 0.91 and 0.78, respectively, all three with P < 0.001). However, some individuals had significant variations of up to ± 50% of their initial microfilaraemia at 5-day (33.0%), 1-month (36.5%) and 16-month (62.6%) intervals, even in individuals with an initial microfilaraemia density > 20,000 mf/ml (7.7, 23.1 and 41.4%, respectively, for 5 days, 1 month and 16 months). We do not highlight any external factors that have a major impact on this variability. CONCLUSION Although at the community level, microfilaria density is very stable, we highlight some individuals with large variations in both the short and long term, which may have an important impact on onchocerciasis control campaigns and longitudinal studies evaluating the impact of an intervention on L. loa microfilaraemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy T. Campillo
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141TransVIHMI, INSERM Unité 1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marlhand C. Hemilembolo
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141TransVIHMI, INSERM Unité 1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France ,Programme National de Lutte contre l’Onchocercose, Direction de l’Épidémiologie et de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Santé et de la Population, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Frédéric Louya
- Programme National de Lutte contre l’Onchocercose, Direction de l’Épidémiologie et de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Santé et de la Population, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Paul Bikita
- Programme National de Lutte contre l’Onchocercose, Direction de l’Épidémiologie et de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Santé et de la Population, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Sébastien D. S. Pion
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141TransVIHMI, INSERM Unité 1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Boussinesq
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141TransVIHMI, INSERM Unité 1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - François Missamou
- Programme National de Lutte contre l’Onchocercose, Direction de l’Épidémiologie et de la Lutte contre la Maladie, Ministère de la Santé et de la Population, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Cédric B. Chesnais
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141TransVIHMI, INSERM Unité 1175, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Hatem NA, Pasqualotto AC. Disseminated histoplasmosis in a patient with chronic lymphoedema. Med Mycol Case Rep 2022; 38:18-20. [PMID: 36193195 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A 54 year-old man with lymphopenia secondary to lymphatic filariasis was admitted with dry cough, fever and wasting syndrome. He was diagnosed with sarcoidosis and therapy with corticosteroid was initiated. The patient evolved with worsening of the symptoms. Histoplasma species was recovered in lung biopsy tissue, lung tissue culture, and bone marrow aspirate. The authors describe the first case of disseminated histoplasmosis secondary to lymphatic filariasis, followed by a literature review. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Matsa R, Makam P, Anilakumari R, Sundharesan M, Mathew N, Kannan T. Design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of thiosemicarbazone derivatives as anti-filarial agents. Exp Parasitol 2022; 241:108363. [PMID: 36007586 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Effective macrofilaricidal drugs are not commercially available, and in an endeavour to find out new macrofilaricidal agents, in this research work, thiosemicarbazone derivatives have been prepared and tested against adult Setaria digitata, a cattle filarial parasite, as a model nematode for the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti. Lipinski and Veber rules have been used to design these molecules and found out that all the designed molecules show drug-like molecular properties. The in vitro anti-filarial potential of thiosemicarbazones against S. digitata was carried out using worm motility and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction colorimetric assays at 100 μg/ml concentration for the incubation period of 24 h. The standard drugs used at present for filaria, Albendazole, Ivermectin and Diethylcarbamazine were not able to kill the adult filarial worms effectively. In contrast, phenyl thiosemicarbazones with trifluoromethyl substitution at 3rd and 4th positions, 2-pyrrolyl, and isatinyl made the adult worms immotile and also showed 69%-83% inhibition in formazan formation an indicator of non viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkishore Matsa
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605 014, India
| | - Parameshwar Makam
- Chemical Science Research Group, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - R Anilakumari
- ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Indira Nagar, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - M Sundharesan
- ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Indira Nagar, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Nisha Mathew
- ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Indira Nagar, Puducherry, 605006, India.
| | - Tharanikkarasu Kannan
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605 014, India.
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Chamnanya S, Yanola J, Nachaiwieng W, Lumjuan N, Walton C, Somboon P. Novel real-time PCR assay detects widespread distribution of knock down resistance (kdr) mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, in Thailand. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2022; 186:105172. [PMID: 35973764 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to pyrethroids in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, the major vector of lymphatic filariasis, is being seriously threatened worldwide. Knockdown resistance (kdr), caused by mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene, particularly the L1014F mutation, is an important resistance mechanism. Our aim was to develop a real-time PCR with melt curve analysis to evaluate the distribution of the L1014F mutation in Cx. quinquefasciatus throughout Thailand and to determine the polymorphism pattern of a VGSC gene fragment spanning the L1014F mutation. A total of 3760 females from 18 localities across five regions of Thailand were bio-assayed by exposure to 0.05% deltamethrin WHO papers, showing mortality rates ranging from 2.4% to 83.0%. Genotyping of 753 dead and surviving mosquitoes using our novel real-time PCR assay with melt curve analysis and tetra-primer allele-specific PCR revealed the mutant F1014 allele is closely associated with the deltamethrin resistance phenotype. The L1014F mutation was found at high frequency throughout Thailand, particularly in the North. However, some survivors were homozygous for wild type L1014 allele, which were further sequenced for the IIP-IIS6 region of VGSC gene. The haplotype network of phenotypically characterized individuals indicated the presence of other possible kdr alleles/resistance mechanisms at play including two novel mutations, V978E and D992E. The finding of new putative kdr alleles and widespread distribution of the F1014 allele emphasizes the significant role of kdr mutations in pyrethroid resistance in Thai Cx. quinquefasciatus populations. Monitoring kdr variations and phenotypic resistance is critical for managing resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowanee Chamnanya
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jintana Yanola
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | | | - Nongkran Lumjuan
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Catherine Walton
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Pradya Somboon
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Ihsan BM, Berbudi A, Agoes R, Hanif MI. Microfilaria Positification Test Using Real-Time PCR Technique with HRM (High-Resolution Melting). Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:496-503. [PMID: 34137011 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic examination results in patients with filariasis are often not identified by the presence of microfilaria, so it needs to be checked by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). One PCR method uses High-Resolution Melting (HRM). The purpose of this study was to compare qPCR-HRM with microscopic examination methods to determine the types of microfilaria found in patients with filariasis. 19 samples were examined using a microscopic method and qPCR-HRM. The results of microscopic examination found no type of microfilaria and in qPCR-HRM identified B.malayi and W.bancrofti with peak temperature melting 78.1-78.7 ℃ and 80.2-80.8 ℃. The results of the study based on the comparison of two methods show that the types of microfilaria W.bancrofti and B.malayi can be found using qPCR-HRM.
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Wewer V, Peisker H, Gutbrod K, Al-Bahra M, Menche D, Amambo NG, Fombad FF, Njouendou AJ, Pfarr K, Wanji S, Hoerauf A, Dörmann P. Urine metabolites for the identification of Onchocerca volvulus infections in patients from Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:397. [PMID: 34380554 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04893-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The tropical disease onchocerciasis (river blindness), caused by Onchocerca volvulus filarial nematodes, is targeted for elimination by mass treatment with nematocidal and antimicrobial drugs. Diagnosis of O. volvulus infections is based on counts of skin-borne microfilariae, but additional diagnostic tools, e.g. worm- or host-derived small RNAs, proteins or metabolites, are required for high-throughput screening. N-acetyltyramine-O,β-glucuronide (NATOG) was suggested as a biomarker for onchocerciasis but its viability as diagnostic tool has been challenged. Methods We performed a screening program of urine samples from individuals from Cameroon infected with O. volvulus, Loa loa, Mansonella perstans or a combination thereof. Urine metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Principle component analysis (PCA) revealed that onchocerciasis causes complex changes of the urine metabolome. Results The mean NATOG content was elevated in urine of O. volvulus-infected compared with non-infected individuals, but NATOG levels showed considerable variation. However, 13.8% of all O. volvulus-infected individuals had high NATOG levels never reached by individuals without filarial infections or only infected with L. loa or M. perstans. Therefore, the identification of individuals with high NATOG levels might be used to screen for the elimination of onchocerciasis after mass drug application. Additional metabolites, including a compound identified as cinnamoylglycine, had high PC1/PC2 loadings in the data set. Mean levels of cinnamoylglycine were increased in O. volvulus-infected individuals, and 17.2% of all O. volvulus individuals had elevated cinnamoylglycine levels not reached by the controls. Conclusions On an individual level, NATOG alone had poor discriminative power distinguishing infected from non-infected individuals. However, 13.8% of all O. volvulus-infected individuals had NATOG levels never reached by individuals without filarial infections or infected with only L. loa or M. perstans. Discrimination of O. volvulus infections from controls or individuals suffering from multiple infections was improved by the measurement of additional metabolites, e.g. cinnamoylglycine. Thus, measuring a combination of urine metabolites may provide a way to assess onchocerciasis on the population level. This provides the possibility to design a strategy for large-scale onchocerciasis epidemiological screening programs based on urine rather than invasive techniques. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04893-1.
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Joshi P, Nayak S, Ravina M, Keche A, Rathore V. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: A rare presentation of occult filariasis. Trop Doct 2021; 51:585-587. [PMID: 34056972 DOI: 10.1177/00494755211019913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infections do not usually present with rapidly progressive renal failure but can provoke glomerular lesions which are mostly proliferative. In filarial infection, glomerular involvement is usually mild and transient, and presentation with renal failure is rare. We report occult filariasis presenting as rapidly progressive renal failure due to immune-complex mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Our patient responded to treatment with diethylcarbamazine and a short course of steroid. This case highlights the importance of thorough workup to identify the cause and consideration of filariasis in an endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvati Joshi
- Senior Resident, Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Saurabh Nayak
- Assistant Professor, Department of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Mudalsha Ravina
- Assistant Professor, Department of Nuclear Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Archana Keche
- Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Vinay Rathore
- Assistant Professor, Department of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Bourke BP, Wilkerson RC, Linton YM. Molecular species delimitation reveals high diversity in the mosquito Anopheles tessellatus Theobald, 1901 (Diptera, Culicidae) across its range. Acta Trop 2021; 215:105799. [PMID: 33358735 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles tessellatus is a potentially important vector found across South, East and Southeast Asia. While it was formerly considered a formidable vector of human Plasmodium and filarial parasites in the Maldives, and of lesser importance as a vector of human Plasmodium in Sri Lanka and parts of Indonesia, it is currently of little or unknown health importance in many other parts of its range. This study describes the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships among An. tessellatus populations in nine Asian countries at the COI gene using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inference tree and cluster-based species delimitation approaches. These analyses reveal exceptional levels of genetic diversity in An. tessellatus populations across its known range, and identify up to six putative species in the newly determined Tessellatus Complex. The existence of such cryptic diversity has potentially important consequences for vector management and disease control. Differences in the ecologies and life histories among these species may have considerable impact on vectorial capacity and may go some way towards explaining why An. tessellatus s.l. has such varying degrees of public health importance across its range.
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Kwarteng A, Sylverken A, Asiedu E, Ahuno ST. Genome editing as control tool for filarial infections. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111292. [PMID: 33581654 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human filarial infections are vector-borne nematode infections, which include lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis, and mansonella filariasis. With a high prevalence in developing countries, filarial infections are responsible for some of the most debilitating morbidities and a vicious cycle of poverty and disease. Global initiatives set to eradicate these infections include community mass treatments, vector control, provision of care for morbidity, and search for vaccines. However, there are growing challenges associated with mass treatments, vector control, and antifilarial vaccine development. With the emergence of genome editing tools and successful applications in other infectious diseases, the integration of genetic editing techniques in future control strategies for filarial infections would offer the best option for eliminating filarial infections. In this review, we briefly discuss the mechanisms of the three main genetic editing techniques and explore the potential applications of these powerful tools to control filarial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kwarteng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Augustina Sylverken
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Asiedu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Terkper Ahuno
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana; Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Métais
- Département de Pathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, CHU Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49100, Angers, France.,Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, CHU Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Michalak
- Département de Pathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, CHU Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49100, Angers, France
| | - Audrey Rousseau
- Département de Pathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, CHU Angers, 4, rue Larrey, 49100, Angers, France
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Fercoq F, Remion E, Vallarino-Lhermitte N, Alonso J, Raveendran L, Nixon C, Le Quesne J, Carlin LM, Martin C. Microfilaria-dependent thoracic pathology associated with eosinophilic and fibrotic polyps in filaria-infected rodents. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:551. [PMID: 33160409 PMCID: PMC7648300 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary manifestations are regularly reported in both human and animal filariasis. In human filariasis, the main known lung manifestations are the tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome. Its duration and severity are correlated with the presence of microfilariae. Litomosoides sigmodontis is a filarial parasite residing in the pleural cavity of rodents. This model is widely used to understand the immune mechanisms that are established during infection and for the screening of therapeutic molecules. Some pulmonary manifestations during the patent phase of infection with L. sigmodontis have been described in different rodent hosts more or less permissive to infection. METHODS Here, the permissive Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) was infected with L. sigmodontis. Prevalence and density of microfilariae and adult parasites were evaluated. Lungs were analyzed for pathological signatures using immunohistochemistry and 3D imaging techniques (two-photon and light sheet microscopy). RESULTS Microfilaremia in gerbils was correlated with parasite load, as amicrofilaremic individuals had fewer parasites in their pleural cavities. Fibrotic polypoid structures were observed on both pleurae of infected gerbils. Polyps were of variable size and developed from the visceral mesothelium over the entire pleura. The larger polyps were vascularized and strongly infiltrated by immune cells such as eosinophils, macrophages or lymphocytes. The formation of these structures was induced by the presence of adult filariae since small and rare polyps were observed before patency, but they were exacerbated by the presence of gravid females and microfilariae. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these data emphasize the role of host-specific factors in the pathogenesis of filarial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Fercoq
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Estelle Remion
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nathaly Vallarino-Lhermitte
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Joy Alonso
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lisy Raveendran
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Colin Nixon
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - John Le Quesne
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Leo M Carlin
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1GH, UK
| | - Coralie Martin
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM UMR 7245), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, P52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
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K KN, Wahab S, Djawad K, Wospodo NN, Mulawardi. Lymphedema resulting from filariasis successfully treated by surgery. J Public Health Afr 2020; 11:1059. [PMID: 33209229 PMCID: PMC7656181 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2020.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Filariasis is an infectious disease caused by a filarial worm infection transmitted by mosquito bites. The disease can result in reduced work productivity, disability and social stigma. This disease transmission process begins when a mosquito bite and suck the blood containing the microfilaria. Filarial infections have been grouped into three categories based on their location diseases of the disease: (1) lymphatics, (2) skin, and (3) body cavities. Morbidity is almost entirely due to the species that cause lymphatic diseases, and skin diseases to a lesser degree. A 28-year-old male came with a chief complaint of swollen right leg since four years ago which worsened in the last three months. Upon physical examination, edema, fibrosis, and hyper-pigmented plaques were present on the right lower extremity. The blood microfilariae examination was positive for Wuchereria bancrofti. The lymphedema did not resolve despite of antifilarial treatment and surgery was eventually performed to resect the fibrous tissue and subcutaneous edema. The patient responded well to the treatment with a significant reduction in the edema. No complication was present until two years after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mulawardi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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21
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Thongpiya J, Sa-Nguanraksa D, Samarnthai N, Sarasombath PT. Filariasis of the breast caused by Brugia pahangi: A concomitant finding with invasive ductal carcinoma. Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102203. [PMID: 33027710 PMCID: PMC7532987 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Extralymphatic filariasis is an uncommon phenomenon that can be caused by several lymphatic filarial species, including zoonotic filaria of animal origins. In this study, we report a case of a 64-year-old Thai woman who presented with a lump in her left breast that was diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma. At the same time, a small nodule was found in her right breast, via imaging study, without any abnormal symptoms. A core needle biopsy of the right breast nodule revealed a filarial-like nematode compatible with the adult stage of Brugia sp. A molecular identification of the nematode partial mt 12rRNA gene and ITS1 suggested the causative species as closely related to Brugia pahangi, a zoonotic lymphatic filaria of animals such as cats and dogs. The sequence of the partial mt 12rRNA and ITS1 gene in this patient was 94% and 99% identical to the previously reported sequence of mt 12rRNA and ITS1 genes of B. pahangi. The sequence of ITS1 gene is 99% similar to B. pahangi microfilaria from infected dogs in Bangkok, which was highly suspected of having a zoonotic origin. As far as we know, this is the first case report of B. pahangi filariasis presented with a breast mass concomitantly found in a patient with invasive ductal carcinoma. This raised serious concern regarding the zoonotic transmission of filariasis from natural animal reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerapas Thongpiya
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Doonyapat Sa-Nguanraksa
- Division of Head-Neck and Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Norasate Samarnthai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patsharaporn T Sarasombath
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Costa MBS, de Oliveira CM. Endophytic Fungi in the Fight Against Neglected Tropical Diseases. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:1683-1693. [PMID: 32579496 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200624193300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases are a serious global public health problem and they are one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity, especially in underdeveloped countries. These diseases have several implications for health and they are considered a priority in global eradication programs for disease control. The aim of this mini-review is to report recent studies on the fight against neglected diseases, namely dengue fever, chikungunya, zika, malaria protozoa, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis helminths, filariasis, and tuberculosis bacteria using extracts and isolated substances of endophytic fungi based on their bioactivity profiles in relation to these diseases.
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23
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Alvar J, Alves F, Bucheton B, Burrows L, Büscher P, Carrillo E, Felger I, Hübner MP, Moreno J, Pinazo MJ, Ribeiro I, Sosa-Estani S, Specht S, Tarral A, Wourgaft NS, Bilbe G. Implications of asymptomatic infection for the natural history of selected parasitic tropical diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:231-246. [PMID: 32189034 PMCID: PMC7299918 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Progress has been made in the control or elimination of tropical diseases, with a significant reduction of incidence. However, there is a risk of re-emergence if the factors fueling transmission are not dealt with. Although it is essential to understand these underlying factors for each disease, asymptomatic carriers are a common element that may promote resurgence; their impact in terms of proportion in the population and role in transmission needs to be determined. In this paper, we review the current evidence on whether or not to treat asymptomatic carriers given the relevance of their role in the transmission of a specific disease, the efficacy and toxicity of existing drugs, the Public Health interest, and the benefit at an individual level, for example, in Chagas disease, to prevent irreversible organ damage. In the absence of other control tools such as vaccines, there is a need for safer drugs with good risk/benefit profiles in order to change the paradigm so that it addresses the complete infectious process beyond manifest disease to include treatment of non-symptomatic infected persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alvar
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Fabiana Alves
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Louise Burrows
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Eugenia Carrillo
- WHO Collaborating Cenre for Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Sakud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ingrid Felger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Cenre for Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Sakud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Isabela Ribeiro
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Sosa-Estani
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Centro de Investigación de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIESP-IECS), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabine Specht
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Tarral
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Graeme Bilbe
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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Albuquerque ALD, Araújo TAD, Melo DCTVD, Paiva MHS, Melo FLD, Oliveira CMFD, Ayres CFJ. Development of a molecular xenomonitoring protocol to assess filariasis transmission. Exp Parasitol 2020; 215:107918. [PMID: 32464220 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, lymphatic filariasis (LF), a mosquito-borne neglected tropical disease (NTD), should be eliminated as a public health concern by the end of 2020. To this end, the goals of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) include interrupting transmission through mass drug administration (MDA). After two decades, several countries have implemented MDA and are now ready to confirm whether transmission has been interrupted. The method for detecting the parasites in mosquito vectors known as xenomonitoring is a non-invasive tool for assessing the current transmission status of the filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti (which is responsible for 90% of cases) by their vectors. There are several methods available for detection of the worm in mosquito samples, such as dissection or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, most of these techniques still produce a considerable number of false-negative results. The present study describes a new duplex PCR protocol, which is an improvement on the traditional PCR methodology, enhanced by introducing the actin gene as an endogenous control gene. After adjusting the mosquito pool size, DNA extraction, and WbCx PCR duplex design, we achieved a reliable and sensitive molecular xenomonitoring protocol. This assay was able to eliminate 5% of false negative samples and detected less than one Wb larvae. This high sensitivity is particularly valuable after MDA, when prevalence declines. This new method could reduce the number of false-negative samples, which will enable us to improve our ability to generate accurate results and aid the monitoring strategies used by LF elimination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Lopes de Melo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Sancheti PM, Naikwade RR. Lymphatic filariasis presenting as retroperitoneal cyst. Trop Parasitol 2020; 10:59-61. [PMID: 32775296 PMCID: PMC7365508 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_73_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Filariasis is endemic in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Lymphatic filariasis presents commonly as hydrocele, lymphocele, lymphadenopathy, pitting edema, elephantiasis, or subclinical microfilaremia. Here, we present a case of filariasis presenting as a retroperitoneal cyst, which was diagnosed on identification of microfilaria in the cyst fluid and cyst wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi M Sancheti
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Sancheti Histopathology Laboratory, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul R Naikwade
- Department of Surgery, Gopal Surgical Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Yasin N, Sugerappa Laxmanappa H, Muddapur UM, Cheruvathur J, Uday Prakash SM, Venkataramaiah Thulasiram H. Design, expression, and evaluation of novel multiepitope chimeric antigen of Wuchereria bancrofti for the diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis - A structure-based strategy. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106431. [PMID: 32222640 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Global Program for Elimination Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) is in an advanced stage and requires tools for diagnosing infection, assessing transmission and certification. This study was aimed at developing an antibody-based assay using a chiemric antigen containing multi-B-cell epitopes from antigens highly expressed in different stages of Wuchereria bancrofti to detect LF infection and its transmission. The antigen was express cloned and two indirect ELISA based (IgG1 & IgG4 based) antibody assays were developed using the recombinant antigen. The chimeric antigen displayed 1 and 3-fold reactivity with IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies, respectively in microfilaraial (mf) positive sera when compared to that in sera samples of Non-endemic normal sera (NEN) (O.D, 0.13 ± 0.20 and 0.18 ± 0.07), thus differentiating infected from uninfected individuals. In IgG1 and IgG4 antibody assays, the multiepitope antigen also showed reactivity (O.D, 0.27 ± 0.18 and 0.16 ± 0.03) in a small proportion (18 and 30, respectively out of 156) endemic normal individuals and in IgG1 antibody in a few (4) chronic patients (CP). The antigen did not react with IgG1 or IgG4 antibodies in the sera samples of malaria, scrub typhus, dengue, hookworm, and roundworm helminth cases (0.139 ± 0.018, 0.144 ± 0.007 0.17804 ± 0.007 and 0.162 ± 0.006), thus showing its high specificity. The sensitivity (%) and specificity (%) of the multi-epitope antigen-based IgG1 and IgG4 antibody assays are 100, 98.1 and 100, 99.52, respectively. Thus, the recombinant multiepitope antigen appears to have good potential in detecting active LF infection and in assessing its transmission in endemic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazeer Yasin
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Hoti Sugerappa Laxmanappa
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India.
| | - Uday M Muddapur
- Department of Biotechnology, B.V.B College of Engineering and Technology, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India
| | - Jennifer Cheruvathur
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Division, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - S M Uday Prakash
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India
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27
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Shriram AN, Premkumar A, Krishnamoorthy K, De A, Paul SK, Subramanian S, Vijayachari P, Jambulingam P. Elimination of diurnally sub-periodic Wuchereria bancrofti in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, using mass DEC-fortified salt as a supplementary intervention to MDA. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1467-83. [PMID: 32219550 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06659-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Feasibility of implementing a DEC-fortified (DEC at 0.2% w/w and iodine) salt strategy to hasten elimination of diurnally sub-periodic Wuchereria bancrofti (DspWB) from the lone foci in Nancowry islands, Nicobar district, India, was assessed. This is a two-arm community-based study: one arm (12 villages, population 2936) received double fortified salt along with annual mass drug administration (MDA) of DEC plus albendazole (DEC-salt+MDA-arm), and another (14 villages; population 4840) received MDA under the National Filaria Elimination Programme. DEC salt was distributed on camp mode supplemented by door delivery. Monthly survey was carried out in fixed and random households to assess the coverage, usage of DEC salt and DEC content. The impact on prevalence of mf at community level and antigenaemia among children was assessed. A total of 21 metric tonnes of free-flow DEC salt manufactured by Tamil Nadu Salt Corporation, India, was distributed for 1 year. In the DEC-salt+MDA-arm, > 90% of the households received and used the DEC salt. DEC was within therapeutic range (0.2-0.32% w/w) in the samples collected from kitchens. Community mf prevalence reduced from 2.27 to 0.14% in the DEC-salt-arm (< 1% in all the villages) and 1.26 to 0.74% (> 1% in 4 out of 14 villages) in the MDA-arm. Ag prevalence reduced to zero from 1.0 (DEC-salt+MDA-arm) and 6.3% (MDA-arm) in 2-3 years old, 1.2 and 3.6% from 2.9 in the DEC-salt-arm and 4.5% in the MDA-arm among 6-7 years old. It was feasible to deliver DEC-fortified salt covering > 90% of the households with compliance reaching the elimination target in the islands.
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28
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Sanchez-Godoy F, Juarez-Murguia A, Hernandez-Castro R, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Martinez-Hernandez F, Hernandez-Velasco X. Characterization of aortic and brachiocephalic filariasis by Filarioidea sp (Nematoda:Spirurida:Filarioidea) in Mexican ramphastids. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2020; 11:282-286. [PMID: 32211290 PMCID: PMC7083752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The manuscript presented herein documents the findings of filaria nematodes in 5 keel-billed toucans, and one emerald toucanet, originated from 2 private aviaries in Mexico City during two years. The birds displayed ruffled feathers, depression, inability to perch, convulsions, and sudden death. Furthermore, thickened wall of the aortic and brachiocephalic arteries, with connective tissue proliferation and chondroid metaplasia were observed. Molecular characterization matched Filarioidea sp (Nematoda: Spirurida: Filarioidea). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first documented report of filariae Filarioidea sp. causing mortality in ramphastids in Mexico. This manuscript may contribute to expand current knowledge of filariasis and the health risks and livability of wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.D. Sanchez-Godoy
- Department of Avian Medicine and Zootechnics, College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, UNAM, C.U, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A. Juarez-Murguia
- Private Practice at Petbird Veterinary Clinic Santa Fe, Chilenos 7, María G. García Ruíz, Álvaro Obregón, 01220, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R. Hernandez-Castro
- Department of Pathogenic Agent Ecology, General Hospital “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J. Xicohtencatl-Cortes
- Laboratory of Intestinal Bacteriology, Children Hospital of Mexico “Dr. Federico Gómez”, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - F. Martinez-Hernandez
- Department of Pathogenic Agent Ecology, General Hospital “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - X. Hernandez-Velasco
- Department of Avian Medicine and Zootechnics, College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, UNAM, C.U, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Corresponding author.
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Batirel A, Regmi SK, Singh P, Mert A, Konety BR, Kumar R. Urological infections in the developing world: an increasing problem in developed countries. World J Urol. 2020;38:2681-2691. [PMID: 32108257 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-020-03120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Infectious diseases that often follow geographical distribution patterns are increasingly crossing such boundaries, aided by human travel and commerce. These pose a new challenge to physicians who are required to diagnose previously unseen conditions and address drug-resistant organisms. We review some such common infections. METHODS A literature review was performed for six common urological infections and a narrative review based on recent publications on these infections was compiled. RESULTS In Urology, some infections that are now crossing geographical boundaries include Brucellosis, Schistosomiasis, Tuberculosis, Filariasis, Hydatidosis and emphysematous pyelonephritis. Brucellosis, a zoonotic infection, is common in the Mediterranean areas, Asia, South America and Africa. Infection can involve all parts of the genitourinary tract. Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease, is particularly common in Sub-Saharan Africa and may have bacterial superinfection. Voiding symptoms are common and bladder carcinoma may develop. Tuberculosis affects almost every organ in the body and in the male genital system, often presents with abscesses, nodules, ulcers and infertility that is difficult to manage. Filariasis is caused by two species of worms and is transmitted through a bite from a mosquito carrying larvae of the worm. It causes lymphatic obstruction leading to scrotal edema, hydrocoele to elephantiasis of scrotum. Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a life-threatening suppurative necrotizing infection of the renal parenchyma. While not being geographically limited, it is more common in developing areas with poor health care access. Genitourinary hydatidosis is a rare disease that is associated mainly with renal involvement in the genitourinary tract. Large cysts with destruction of renal parenchyma may be found. CONCLUSIONS Although uncommon, these urological infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality and awareness in all healthcare settings is now an essential requirement.
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Turner JD, Marriott AE, Hong D, O' Neill P, Ward SA, Taylor MJ. Novel anti-Wolbachia drugs, a new approach in the treatment and prevention of veterinary filariasis? Vet Parasitol 2020; 279:109057. [PMID: 32126342 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Filarial nematodes are tissue-dwelling parasitic worms that can cause a range of disfiguring pathologies in humans and potentially lethal infections of companion animals. The bacterial endosymbiont, Wolbachia, is present within most human and veterinary filarial pathogens, including the causative agent of heartworm disease, Dirofilaria immitis. Doxycycline-mediated drug targeting of Wolbachia leads to sterility, clearance of microfilariae and gradual death of adult filariae. This mode of action is attractive in the treatment of filariasis because it avoids severe host inflammatory adverse reactions invoked by rapid-killing anthelmintic agents. However, doxycycline needs to be taken for four weeks to exert curative activity. In this review, we discuss the evidence that Wolbachia drug targeting is efficacious in blocking filarial larval development as well as in the treatment of chronic filarial disease. We present the current portfolio of next-generation anti-Wolbachia candidates discovered through phenotypic screening of chemical libraries and validated in a range of in vitro and in vivo filarial infection models. Several novel chemotypes have been identified with selected narrow-spectrum anti-Wolbachia specificity and superior time-to-kill kinetics compared with doxycycline. We discuss the opportunities of developing these novel anti-Wolbachia agents as either cures, adjunct therapies or new preventatives for the treatment of veterinary filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Turner
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Amy E Marriott
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - David Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul O' Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Steve A Ward
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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31
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Yasin N, Laxmanappa HS, Muddapur UM, Cheruvathur J, Prakash SMU, Thulasiram HV. Structural, molecular, functional and immunological characterization of Wuchereria bancrofti-galectin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:206-217. [PMID: 32035155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Galectins regulate growth and differentiation of immune cells and inflammation through their carbohydrate-binding function in humans, while also play a role in parasite survival. This study focused on the galectin of lymphatic filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti (Wb-Gal). The multiple sequence alignment with other galectins showed that the Wb-Gal belonged to galactoside binding lectin family, particularly tandem repeat type galectin-9. A homology model of Wb-Gal was developed in the I-TASser server using high similarity 3D structures with a quality score of 89.5. Molecular docking and dynamics studies revealed that the CCRD and NCRD of Wb-Gal bind with galactose and lactose. Further, Wb-Gal was cloned into the pET28 vector, expressed in E. coli Rosetta strain and purified by affinity chromatography. In the hemagglutination assays, the rWb-Gal bound to lactose, galactose, and glucose. Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) using different clinical filarial sera showed that the IgG and IgM response was against Wb-Gal x very high in all filarial clinical groups, whereas the IgA and IgG2 response was minimum to negligible. There was an enhanced response of IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies in Microfilaremics (MF) cases compared to Chronic Pathology (CP) and Endemic Normal (EN) individuals. Interestingly, the IgE response was comparatively higher in EN than MF and CP. These studies show that Wb-Gal is a member of the lectin family of proteins binding to different carbohydrates and may have an important role in the pathophysiology of filarial infection which needs to be investigated in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazeer Yasin
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Uday M Muddapur
- Department of Biotechnology, B.V.B College of Engineering and Technology, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India
| | - Jennifer Cheruvathur
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Division, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - S M Udaya Prakash
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India
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Dowd K, Patel B, Blumenthal Z, Rodriguez-Unda N, Bird E. Acute management of Fournier's gangrene in the setting of massive lymphedema. Urol Case Rep 2020; 28:101013. [PMID: 31641598 PMCID: PMC6796707 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2019.101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic, massive lymphedema of the scrotum can pose therapeutic challenges to the urologist. Uncommonly encountered in developed countries, this dilemma can be amplified in the emergent setting. Along with voiding limitations and pain, lymphedema can lead to recurrent subcutaneous infections. Recurrence of infections can lead to a cycle of worsening lymphedema. We report a case of Fournier's gangrene complicated by massive lymphedema of the scrotum and right leg in a 43 year-old man from Panama, presumably filarial. This case highlights the surgical management of a patient requiring emergent intervention and multidisciplinary approach of reconstructive repair in the acute care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belur Patel
- Baylor Scott and White Health, United States
| | | | | | - Erin Bird
- Baylor Scott and White Health, United States
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George S, Joy TM, Kumar A, Panicker KN, George LS, Raj M, Leelamoni K, Nair P. Prevalence of Neglected Tropical Diseases (Leishmaniasis and Lymphatic Filariasis) and Malaria Among a Migrant Labour Settlement in Kerala, India. J Immigr Minor Health 2019; 21:563-9. [PMID: 29860672 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-018-0767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (visceral leismaniasis, lymphatic filariasis) and malaria are endemic in northern states of India. Kerala has become a hub of construction activities employing a large number of migrants from these endemic states. Studies on morbidity pattern among migrants in Kerala are lacking. It is essential to look into the burden of these infections among migrant laborers who can act as reservoirs and are a threat to native population. A cross sectional study was done among migrant laborers in Ernakulam district, Kerala. After getting informed consent, a questionnaire was administered to each participant to collect sociodemographic details and 5 ml of blood was collected for detection of antigens using rapid diagnostic tests (RDT). Of the 309 migrants tested, none of them were positive for leishmaniasis, while 3.8% were positive for malaria and 3.6% for filariasis. With 2.5 million migrant laborers in Kerala, the magnitude of the problem in absolute numbers is enormous. Active surveillance and treatment is needed to prevent the reemergence of these diseases in Kerala.
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Gupta D, Gupta P, Bhardwaj M. Fine-needle aspiration of axillary swelling: Cytodiagnosis of an unusual presentation of filariasis. Cytojournal 2019; 16:25. [PMID: 31897083 PMCID: PMC6909590 DOI: 10.4103/cytojournal.cytojournal_17_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is not routinely used for its identification. However, it has been detected incidentally, while doing FNAC for the evaluation of other lesions. We describe a presentation of occult filariasis with microfilariae (mf) in an isolated axillary swelling wherein FNAC was helpful in establishing the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Gupta
- Address: Department of Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Prajwala Gupta
- Address: Department of Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Minakshi Bhardwaj
- Address: Department of Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Ghimire P, Ghimire PG. Genital filariasis presenting as a vaginal wall cystic lesion. IDCases 2019; 19:e00670. [PMID: 31768314 PMCID: PMC6872808 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaginal cystic lesions are rare incidental findings detected during physical examination and imaging. To our knowledge, filariasis as a cause of vaginal cystic lesions has not been previously reported in the English literature. We present vaginal cystic lesion which posed diagnostic dilemma and was confirmed on cytology to being filarial in etiology. The patient was treated with single-dose of oral diethylcarbamazine and the lesion subsided on follow up scans at three months thus avoiding inadvertent surgeries. Vaginal cystic lesions are rare entities and have multiple etiologies. A high degree of suspicion for filariasis as cause of vaginal cystic lesions should be made in individuals hailing from or have history of travel to endemic regions of filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Ghimire
- Department of Radiology, Nepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Banke, Nepal
- Corresponding author at: Department of Radiology, Nepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Banke, Nepal.
| | - Pragya Gautam Ghimire
- Department of Pathology, Nepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Banke, Nepal
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Hertz MI, Glaessner PM, Rush A, Budge PJ. Brugia malayi galectin 2 is a tandem-repeat type galectin capable of binding mammalian polysaccharides. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2019; 235:111233. [PMID: 31738955 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2019.111233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are among the most abundant excretory/secretory (ES) products of filarial worms, but their role in filarial biology is poorly understood. Galectin-2 (Lec-2), a major component of Brugia malayi extracellular vesicles, is released by filarial worms, and was recently identified in the serum of persons with loiasis. We therefore sought to clone and characterize Lec-2, and to develop reagents to examine its potential as a biomarker and its role in parasite biology. We cloned and expressed recombinant B. malayi Lec-2 (rBmLec-2), generated a Lec-2-specific monoclonal antibody (4B4), and used it to confirm the presence of Lec-2 in B. malayi ES products and whole worm lysate. We show that Lec-2 is absent in B. malayi oocytes, and increases in concentration as embryos mature. Recombinant BmLec-2 hemagglutinates rabbit red blood cells at concentrations less than 1 μg/mL, and this is abrogated by single amino acid substitutions in the predicted carbohydrate recognition domains. rBmLec-2 binds multiple LacNAc oligosaccharides on a mammalian carbohydrate array. Sera from 17/23 (78 %) persons with microfilaremic loiasis and 4/10 (40 %) persons with bancroftian filariasis had detectable antibody to Lec-2 by western blot. Our studies confirm the functionality of BmLec-2 and indicate anti-Lec-2 antibody responses are common in persons with filariasis. These studies set the stage for further examination of the role of Lec-2 in filarial biology and in filarial-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla I Hertz
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Philip M Glaessner
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Amy Rush
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Philip J Budge
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Abstract
In an endemic country like India, the occurrence of filariasis is very common, especially in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. The present study describes the case of a male from a nonendemic state who presented with a testicular lump. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the lump revealed many adult filarial worms. The appearance of adult filarial worms in different sites, other than lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels, are relatively rarer and should always be reported. Filariasis remains asymptomatic for a long time and responds very well to treatment if diagnosed early. Despite the availability of multiple diagnostic options, FNAC holds a great importance in diagnosing filariasis, especially in cases where there are normal eosinophil counts and no peripheral filarial parasite. Finally, careful examination of cytological smear for the parasite in high-risk groups is helpful in labeling the disease in early asymptomatic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar Shukla
- Department of Pathology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anuradha Kusum
- Department of Pathology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deepika Kandari
- Department of Pathology, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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Kondeti PK, Ravi K, Mutheneni SR, Kadiri MR, Kumaraswamy S, Vadlamani R, Upadhyayula SM. Applications of machine learning techniques to predict filariasis using socio-economic factors. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e260. [PMID: 31475670 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268819001481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Filariasis is one of the major public health concerns in India. Approximately 600 million people spread across 250 districts of India are at risk of filariasis. To predict this disease, a pilot scale study was carried out in 30 villages of Karimnagar district of Telangana from 2004 to 2007 to collect epidemiological and socio-economic data. The collected data are analysed by employing various machine learning techniques such as Naïve Bayes (NB), logistic model tree, probabilistic neural network, J48 (C4.5), classification and regression tree, JRip and gradient boosting machine. The performances of these algorithms are reported using sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under ROC curve (AUC). Among all employed classification methods, NB yielded the best AUC of 64% and was equally statistically significant with the rest of the classifiers. Similarly, the J48 algorithm generated 23 decision rules that help in developing an early warning system to implement better prevention and control efforts in the management of filariasis.
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Abstract
Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is a key enzyme of glycolysis which also acts as a mediator of DNA replication and repair in the nucleus. We have cloned and expressed PGK in Brugia malayi. The rBmPGK was found to be 415 amino acid residues long having 45 kDa subunit molecular weight. This enzyme was also identified in different life stages of bovine filarial parasite Setaria cervi. The enzyme activity was highest in microfilarial stage followed by adult female and male as also shown by real time PCR in the present study. Further using BmPGK primers the cDNA prepared from S. cervi was amplified and sequenced which showed 100% homology with Brugia malayi PGK. B. malayi and S. cervi, PGK consists of conserved calmodulin binding domain (CaMBD) having 21 amino acids. In the present study we have shown the CaMBD binds to calcium-calmodulin and regulates its activity. The binding of calmodulin (CaM) with CaMBD was confirmed using calmodulin agarose binding pull down assay, which showed that the rBmPGK binds to CaM agarose-calcium dependent manner. The effect of CaM-Ca2+on the activity of rBmPGK was studied at different concentration of CaM (0.01-5.0 μM) and calcium chloride (0.01-100 μM). The rBmPGK was activated up to 85% in the presence of CaM at 1 μM and 10 μM concentration of CaCl2. Interestingly this activation was abrogated by metal chelator EDTA. Similar results were shown in case of Setaria cervi PGK. A significant increase (90 ± 10) % in ScPGK activity was observed in the presence of CaM and CaCl2 at 1.0 μM and 1.0 mM respectively, further increase in the conc. of CaCl2, the activity of ScPGK was found to be decreased like rBmPGK. Bioinformatics studies have also confirmed the interaction between CaMBD and CaM which showed CaM interacted to Phe 206, Gln 220, Arg 223 and Asn 224 of rBmPGK CaM binding domain. On the basis of these findings, it has been suggested that the activity of filarial PGK could be regulated in cells by Ca2+-CaM depending upon the concentration of calcium. To the best of our knowledge this is first report in filarial parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Faiyaz Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sushma Rathaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Lal P, Bains L, Sawant G, Saini R, Mandal S. Giant filarial retroperitoneal cyst: a diagnostic dilemma. Trop Med Health 2019; 47:37. [PMID: 31223269 PMCID: PMC6567645 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-019-0164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Filarial infections are common in most tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by either Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, or Brugia timori. Extralymphatic filariasis presenting as a primary retroperitoneal mass is very rare despite filariasis being endemic in many regions of India. On review of literature, only a few isolated case reports have been described. Case presentation We report a case of a huge retroperitoneal cystic mass in a 46-year-old patient who presented with a long-standing, painless progressive abdominal swelling. On examination, there was a large, non-tender, firm swelling of size around 20 × 15 cm occupying the left upper and lower quadrant. The computed tomography of the abdomen was suggestive of thin-walled hypodense cyst of size 25.7 × 15 × 14.3 cm. Laboratory investigations and cyst aspirate were inconclusive for a definite diagnosis. On exploration, a 3-kg cystic mass was removed. The diagnosis of filarial origin was confirmed by the demonstration of microfilaria in the cyst wall and immunochromatographic test (ICT) which was positive. Conclusion Retroperitoneal lymphatic cyst of filarial origin is very unusual and requires a high index of suspicion if the patient is an inhabitant of an endemic area. The clinical dilemma cannot be resolved with imaging modalities alone, unless a disease-specific manifestation is there. The retroperitoneal cysts often pose a challenge in their diagnosis and management. Small cysts might respond to medical management, whereas large symptomatic cysts will require excision for the final diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Lal
- 1Department of Surgery, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Lovenish Bains
- 1Department of Surgery, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurish Sawant
- 1Department of Surgery, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Saini
- 1Department of Surgery, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Shramana Mandal
- 2Department of Pathology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Chaudhry K, Khatana S, Dutt N, Mittal Y, Shailja Sharma, Elhence P. Systematic Review of Lesser Known Parasitoses: Maxillofacial Diro filariasis. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2019; 18:180-189. [PMID: 30996536 PMCID: PMC6441424 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-018-1139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dirofilariasis is an endemic disease in tropical and subtropical countries caused by about 40 different species of dirofilari. Dirofilariasis of the oral cavity is extremely rare and is usually seen as mucosal or submucosal nodules. We also present a case of dirofilariasis of the mandibular third molar region submucosally in a 26 year old male patient. PURPOSE To identify, enlist and analyze the cases of dirofilariasis in maxillofacial region reported worldwide so as to understand the clinical presentation and encourage the consideration of helminthic infections as a possible differential diagnosis in maxillofacial swellings. METHODS Two authors KC and SK independently searched the electronic database of PUBMED, OVID, Google Scholar and manual search from other sources. A general search strategy was planned and anatomic areas of interest identified. The search was made within a bracket of 1 month by the independent authors KC and SK who assessed titles, abstracts and full texts of articles based on the decided keywords. The final selection of articles was screened for the cases that were reported in the maxillofacial region including the age, gender, site of occurrence and region of the world reported in. A geographic distribution of the reported cases was tabulated. RESULTS A total number of 265, 97, 1327, 3 articles were identified by PubMed, Ovid, GoogleScholar and manual search respectively. The final articles were manually searched for duplicates and filtered according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria which led to a final list of 58 unique articles that were included in the study. In total 99 cases were identified. CONCLUSION Although intraoral dirofilarial infections are extremely uncommon, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an intraoral or facial swelling that does not completely respond to routine therapy especially in patients from endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shruti Khatana
- Maxillofacial Surgery (Trauma & Emergency), AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Naveen Dutt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Yogesh Mittal
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Jodhpur Dental College, Jodhpur, India
| | - Shailja Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
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Abstract
Approximately 250 million people have been using ivermectin (IVM) annually to combat many parasitic diseases including filariasis, onchocerciasis, strongyloidiasis, scabies and pediculosis. Many clinical studies have proven its efficacy against these diseases and have reported the optimum dose and duration of treatment. Moreover, its antiparasitic range has increased to cover more parasitic infections, but it still requires further exploration, e.g. for trichinosis and myiasis. Furthermore, IVM showed high efficacy in killing vectors of disease-causing parasites such as mosquitoes, sandflies and tsetse flies. The World Health Organization (WHO) has managed many control programmes involving the use of IVM to achieve elimination of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis and to reduce malaria transmission. However, IVM is not exempt from the possibility of resistance and, certainly, its intensive use has led to the emergence of resistance in some parasites. Recent research is investigating the possibility of novel drug delivery systems for IVM that increase its potential to treat a new range of diseases and to overcome the possibility of drug resistance. This review highlights the most common human uses of IVM, with special reference to the new and promising properties of IVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia S Ashour
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
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Pavela R, Maggi F, Iannarelli R, Benelli G. Plant extracts for developing mosquito larvicides: From laboratory to the field, with insights on the modes of action. Acta Trop 2019; 193:236-271. [PMID: 30711422 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, major research efforts have been done to investigate the insecticidal activity of plant-based products against mosquitoes. This is a modern and timely challenge in parasitology, aimed to reduce the frequent overuse of synthetic pesticides boosting resistance development in mosquitoes and causing serious threats to human health and environment. This review covers the huge amount of literature available on plant extracts tested as mosquito larvicides, particularly aqueous and alcoholic ones, due to their easy formulation in water without using surfactants. We analysed results obtained on more than 400 plant species, outlining that 29 of them have outstanding larvicidal activity (i.e., LC50 values below 10 ppm) against major vectors belonging to the genera Anopheles, Aedes and Culex, among others. Furthermore, synergistic and antagonistic effects between plant extracts and conventional pesticides, as well as among selected plant extracts are discussed. The efficacy of pure compounds isolated from the most effective plant extracts and - when available - their mechanism of action, as well as the impact on non-target species, is also covered. These belong to the following class of secondary metabolites: alkaloids, alkamides, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, sterols, flavonoids, coumarins, anthraquinones, xanthones, acetogenonins and aliphatics. Their mode of action on mosquito larvae ranges from neurotoxic effects to inhibition of detoxificant enzymes and larval development and/or midugut damages. In the final section, current drawbacks as well as key challenges for future research, including technologies to synergize efficacy and improve stability - thus field performances - of the selected plant extracts, are outlined. Unfortunately, despite the huge amount of laboratory evidences about their efficacy, only a limited number of studies was aimed to validate their efficacy in the field, nor the epidemiological impact potentially arising from these vector control operations has been assessed. This strongly limits the development of commercial mosquito larvicides of botanical origin, at variance with plant-borne products developed in the latest decades to kill or repel other key arthropod species of medical and veterinary importance (e.g., ticks and lice), as well as mosquito adults. Further research on these issues is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Pavela
- Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 161 06, Prague 6, Ruzyne, Czech Republic
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant'Agostino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Romilde Iannarelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant'Agostino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Chesnais CB, Awaca-Uvon NP, Vlaminck J, Tambwe JP, Weil GJ, Pion SD, Boussinesq M. Risk factors for lymphatic filariasis in two villages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:162. [PMID: 30971305 PMCID: PMC6458702 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known regarding risk factors for lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Central Africa. To expand on what is known, we studied the epidemiology of LF in two endemic villages in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Methods Dependent variables were Wuchereria bancrofti antigenaemia detected with filarial test strips (FTS) and microfilaraemia detected by night blood smears. The following factors were investigated: sex, age, the use of bednets, the use of latrines, hunting, fishing and agricultural activities, history of treatment with anthelmintic drugs, overnight stays in the bush, population density, the number of household members, and distance to rivers. Mixed multivariate logistic regression models were used. Results Two hundred and fifty nine out of 820 (31.6%) of subjects aged ≥ 5 years had W. bancrofti antigenaemia and 11.8% (97/820) had microfilaraemia. Multivariable analysis of risk factors for antigenaemia demonstrated increased risk for males (aOR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.20–2.53, P = 0.003), for older individuals (aOR = 9.12 in those aged > 35 years, 95% CI: 4.47–18.61, P < 0.001), for people not using bednets (aOR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.06–2.33, P = 0.023), for farmers (aOR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.25–3.90, P = 0.006), and for those who live close to a river (aOR = 2.78, 95% CI: 1.14–6.74, P = 0.024). Significant risk factors for microfilaraemia included age, male gender, overnight stay in the bush, and residence close to a river (aOR = 1.86, 2.01, 2.73; P = 0.011, 0.010, 0.041; for the three latter variables, respectively). People who reported having taken levamisole (n = 117) during the prior year had a significantly decreased risk of having filarial antigenaemia (aOR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.21–0.76, P = 0.005). Conclusions Age, sex, not using bednets, and occupation-dependent exposure to mosquitoes were important risk factors for infection with W. bancrofti in this study. The association with levamisole use suggests that the drug may have prevented filarial infections. Other results suggest that transmission often occurs outside of the village. This study provides interesting clues regarding the epidemiology of LF in Central Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric B Chesnais
- IRD UMI 233, INSERM U1175, Université de Montpellier, Unité TransVIHMI, 911 Avenue Agropolis, P.O. Box 64501, 34394, Montpellier, France.
| | - Naomi-Pitchouna Awaca-Uvon
- Programme National de Lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées à Chimiothérapie Préventive, Ministère de la Santé Publique, 36, Avenue de la Justice, C/Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Johnny Vlaminck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Tambwe
- Programme National de Lutte contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées à Chimiothérapie Préventive, Ministère de la Santé Publique, 36, Avenue de la Justice, C/Gombe, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gary J Weil
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8051, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sébastien D Pion
- IRD UMI 233, INSERM U1175, Université de Montpellier, Unité TransVIHMI, 911 Avenue Agropolis, P.O. Box 64501, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Boussinesq
- IRD UMI 233, INSERM U1175, Université de Montpellier, Unité TransVIHMI, 911 Avenue Agropolis, P.O. Box 64501, 34394, Montpellier, France
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Phuakrod A, Sripumkhai W, Jeamsaksiri W, Pattamang P, Juntasaro E, Thienthong T, Foongladda S, Brindley PJ, Wongkamchai S. Diagnosis of feline filariasis assisted by a novel semi-automated microfluidic device in combination with high resolution melting real-time PCR. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:159. [PMID: 30961652 PMCID: PMC6454708 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of filariasis traditionally relies on the detection of circulating microfilariae (mf) using Giemsa-stained thick blood smears. This approach has several limitations. We developed a semi-automated microfluidic device to improve and simplify the detection of filarial nematodes. METHODS The efficiency and repeatability of the microfluidic device was evaluated. Human EDTA blood samples were 'spiked' with B. malayi mf at high, moderate, and low levels, and subsequently tested 10 times. The device was also used for a field survey of feline filariasis in 383 domesticated cats in an area of Narathiwat Province, Thailand, the endemic area of Brugia malayi infection. RESULTS In the control blood arbitrarily spiked with mf, the high level, moderate level and low level mf-positive controls yielded coefficient variation (CV) values of 4.44, 4.16 and 4.66%, respectively, at the optimized flow rate of 6 µl/min. During the field survey of feline filariasis in Narathiwat Province, the device detected mf in the blood of 34 of 383 cats (8.9%) whereas mf were detected in 28 (7.3%) cats using the blood smear test. Genomic DNA was extracted from mf trapped in the device after which high-resolution melting (HRM) real-time PCR assay was carried out, which enabled the simultaneous diagnosis of filarial species. Among the 34 mf-positive samples, 12 were identified as B. malayi, 15 as Dirofilaria immitis and 7 as| D. repens. CONCLUSIONS We developed a semi-automated microfluidic device to detect mf of filarial parasites that could be used to diagnose lymphatic filariasis in human populations. This novel device facilitates rapid, higher-throughput detection and identification of infection with filariae in blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achinya Phuakrod
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Witsaroot Sripumkhai
- Thai Microelectronic Center, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Wutthinan Jeamsaksiri
- Thai Microelectronic Center, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Pattaraluck Pattamang
- Thai Microelectronic Center, National Electronics and Computer Technology Center, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Ekachai Juntasaro
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Therdthai Thienthong
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suporn Foongladda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine & Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sirichit Wongkamchai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Nochot H, Loimek S, Priyavoravong P, Wongkamchai S, Sarasombath PT. Therapeutic efficacy of doxycycline in domestic cats naturally infected with Brugia malayi in field condition. Exp Parasitol 2019; 200:73-78. [PMID: 30953626 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral doxycycline treatment for Brugia malayi as measured by microfilarial and filarial DNA clearance in naturally infected domestic cats. METHODS This study included 8 domestic cats that lived with families that resided in Tak Bai District of Narathiwat Province, which is located in Southern Thailand. The study area is a known B. malayi endemic area. All study cats received doxycycline treatment doses by their respective owners according to a previously described protocol. Briefly, doxycycline (VibraVet@) was given orally once a day during weeks 1-4, 10-11, and 16-17. Blood collections were performed at baseline before treatment, and then every month for 12 months after the initial dose of doxycycline to assess microfilaraemia by Giemsa stain, and filarial DNA detection by high-resolution melt (HRM) real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS One month after the start of doxycycline treatment, five of eight cats were negative for microfilaraemia, and 4 of those were negative for filarial DNA. All cats receiving doxycycline treatment were negative for microfilaria by Giemsa stain, and for filarial DNA by HRM real-time PCR within 8 months after receiving the initial dose of doxycycline treatment. CONCLUSION Administration of oral doxycycline to domestic cats naturally infected with B. malayi in disease endemic areas can significantly reduce microfilaraemia at 1 month and filarial DNA was undetectable by 8 months after the initial dose of doxycycline treatment. No recurrence of microfilaraemia or filarial DNA was observed in study cats at 1 year after the start of doxycycline. Included cats appeared to tolerate doxycycline (VibraVet@) well, with no adverse drug reactions reported by any study cat owner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hathai Nochot
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Sumat Loimek
- Office of Disease Prevention and Control Region 12 Songkhla, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Songkhla, Thailand.
| | | | - Sirichit Wongkamchai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Abstract
Hansen's disease is caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The disease is known to involve the visceral organs including the testis apart from the skin and nerves in the lepromatous pole of leprosy due to widespread hematogenous dissemination of lepra bacilli. Furthermore, there can be testicular pain during the type 2 reaction in Hansen's disease. Filariasis is a disease caused by the parasitic nematode, Wuchereria bancrofti. This infection most commonly results in lymphedema and secondary vaginal hydrocele with an associated epididymo-orchitis. Acute epididymo-orchitis is either seen in the acute phase or as a part of secondary bacterial infections. The particular interest of this paper is to report the case of Hansen's disease who presented with testicular pain and posed a diagnostic dilemma when his pain did not respond to the standard mode of treatment and an alternate rare diagnosis was sought. This case report also emphasizes the need of reconsideration of diagnosis when the patient is not responding to standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Vashisht
- Department of Dermatology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhavni Oberoi
- Department of Dermatology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ruby Venugopal
- Department of Dermatology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sukriti Baveja
- Department of Dermatology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Mulreany LM, Niedringhaus KD, Fenton HMA, Smith C, Smith R, Gardiner CH, Lewis BC, Craig T, Williams BH, Garner MM, Cleveland CA, Yabsley MJ. Filarial dermatitis caused by Filaria taxideae in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) from the western United States. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2018; 14:155-160. [PMID: 31014722 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Filaria taxideae is a common subcutaneous filarial parasite of American badgers (Taxidea taxus) that has also been reported in skunks in the Western USA. Dermatitis associated with this parasite has been reported in badgers and skunks; however, many individuals have no gross lesions. With the exception of a captive red panda in California, there have been no reports of F. taxidae infection in domestic or exotic/pet animals. In this case series, we document F. taxideae in domestic ferrets from California, Texas, and Colorado and describe the clinical presentation, gross and histologic lesions, and the molecular characterization of this parasite. In two cases, ferrets were positive on Dirofilaria immitis antigen tests but had no evidence of heartworm infection suggesting that F. taxideae antigens can cross-react. These findings indicate that F. taxideae should be considered in cases of dermatitis in ferrets in areas where this parasite may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Mulreany
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 205 Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Kevin D Niedringhaus
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Heather M A Fenton
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Government of the Northwest Territories, 5(th) Floor, Scotia Centre, P.O. Box 1320, Yellowknife, NT XIA 2L9, Canada.
| | | | - Richard Smith
- Smith Veterinary Services, El Dorado Hills, CA 95762, USA
| | - Chris H Gardiner
- Veterinary Pathology Service, Joint Pathology Center, 606 Stephen Sitter Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Barbara C Lewis
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, P.O. Drawer 3040, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Thomas Craig
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, P.O. Drawer 3040, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Bruce H Williams
- Veterinary Pathology Service, Joint Pathology Center, 606 Stephen Sitter Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | | | - Christopher A Cleveland
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, 180 E Green Street, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Wildlife Health Building, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, 180 E Green Street, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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GINANDJAR P, SARASWATI LD, SUPARYANTO D, SAKUNDARNO M, SUPALI T. The Prevalence of Lymphatic Filariasis in Elementary School Children Living in Endemic Areas: A Baseline Survey Prior to Mass Drug Administration in Pekalongan District-Indonesia. Iran J Public Health 2018; 47:1484-1492. [PMID: 30524978 PMCID: PMC6277735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND WHO initiated lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination globally. Pekalongan District, as LF endemic area, started a program of mass drug administration (MDA) to combat LF in 2015. This study aimed to determine prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti infection prior to the MDA. METHODS LF infection was detected by the existence of circulating filarial antigen (CFA) W. bancrofti using immunochromatographic card test (ICT). The study population consisted of 1404 elementary school (ES) students living in Pekalongan District. Overall, 1033 were selected as study subjects. Prevalence survey was also conducted on 436 general population in areas where infected students were found. RESULTS The subjects ranged from 7-17 yr old (mean 9.85±1.296) and equally distributed between both sexes. Prevalence of W. bancrofti infection was 1.98% in children. Infection was mostly found in older students (12 yr old), male, in 6th grade, but did not differ significantly (P=0.129, 0.376, and 0.212 respectively). On the other hand, distribution of infection was significantly different by school (P=0.009) and sub-district (P=0000). Most of children with LF infection were found in Tirto Sub District. In general population, the prevalence of W. bancrofti infection in Tirto was 4.4%. Proportion of infection in males (12.2%) was greater than females (3.8%), with 78.9% of positive cases were in adult over 20 yr old. CONCLUSION Cases of W. bancrofti infection exist in Pekalongan District, both in children and adults. Implementation of MDA must be carefully monitored in order to achieve elimination target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praba GINANDJAR
- Dept. of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia,Doctoral Program of Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia,Corresponding Author:
| | - Lintang Dian SARASWATI
- Dept. of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Dedy SUPARYANTO
- Master Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia,District Health Office, Pekalongan District, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Mateus SAKUNDARNO
- Dept. of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia,Master Program of Epidemiology, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Taniawati SUPALI
- Dept. of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Abstract
Filariasis is a global health problem and is a major social and economical burden in tropical countries in Asia, Africa and few of the South American countries [1,2]. In india, filariasis endemic in number of states including Bihar, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu is found chiefly along the banks of rivers and sea coastal areas. We present a case of 28 year female patient who presented with lump in her left breast for three months and was not associated with pain or discharge from nipple. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) showed live adult filarial worm along with various stages of filariasis such as microfilaria, adult filaria and embryonated eggs of adult gravid female worm. In the world the largest number of filarial cases occur in India and about 600 million people live in endemic areas. Despite the huge number of people affected worldwide, it is quite rare to find microfilaria in routine cytological smears and body fluids. Filariasis of the breast is an uncommon condition and can cause a diagnostic dilemma. Hence, a high index of suspicion, particularly in patient from endemic areas, should be kept in mind so as to avoid surgical measures.
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