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Chaudhary J, Sharma V, Jain A, Sharma D, Chopra B, Dhingra AK. A Profound Insight into the Structure-activity Relationship of Ubiquitous Scaffold Piperazine: An Explicative Review. Med Chem 2024; 20:17-29. [PMID: 37815177 DOI: 10.2174/0115734064244117230923172611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive research in the field of drug discovery and development, still there is a need to develop novel molecular entities. Literature reveals a substantial heterocyclic nucleus named, piperazine, which shows an immense therapeutic voyage. For several decades, molecules having the piperazine nucleus have entered the market as a drug exhibiting biological potential. It was known to possess antipsychotic, antihistamine, antianginal, antidepressant, anticancer, antiviral, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory activity with a specific basis for structural activity relationship. Thus, it is regarded as a key structural feature in most of the already available therapeutic drugs in the market. Reports also suggest that the extensive utilization of these currently available drugs having a piperazine nucleus shows increasing tolerance significantly day by day. In addition to this, various other factors like solubility, low bioavailability, cost-effectiveness, and imbalance between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics profile limit their utilization. Focusing on that issues, various structural modification studies were performed on the piperazine moiety to develop new derivatives/analogs to overcome the problems associated with available marketed drugs. Thus, this review article aims to gain insight into the number of structural modifications at the N-1 and N-4 positions of the piperazine scaffold. This SAR approach may prove to be the best way to overcome the above-discussed drawbacks and lead to the design of drug molecules with better efficacy and affinity. Hence, there is an urgent need to focus on the structural features of this scaffold which paves further work for deeper exploration and may help medicinal chemists as well as pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Chaudhary
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwer (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwer (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Akash Jain
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwer (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Diksha Sharma
- Research Scholar, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Bhawna Chopra
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar, Haryana, India
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Sahu B, Bhatia R, Kaur D, Choudhary D, Rawat R, Sharma S, Kumar B. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of oxadiazole clubbed piperazine derivatives as potential antidepressant agents. Bioorg Chem 2023; 136:106544. [PMID: 37116324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Piperazine derivatives have been of great interest to medicinal chemists in the development of antidepressant drugs due to their distinct molecular and structural features along with their pharmacological profile. In this study, we have designed and synthesized a series of 10 compounds of piperazine clubbed oxadiazole derivatives (5a-j) and screened for their MAO inhibitory activity. Compound 5f and 5 g were found to be the most potent MAO-A inhibitors of the series with IC50 values of 0.96 ± 0.04 µM µM and 0.81 ± 0.03 µM, respectively with a selectivity index of 18-folds and 9-folds over MAO-B isoform. The compounds were found to be reversible inhibitors of MAO-A with no cytotoxicity against SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. The compounds also displayed good antioxidant activity. Further, in vivo TST studies revealed that both the compounds 5f and 5 g possessed good anti-depressant-like activity and reduced the immobility time significantly although were found inactive in FST studies. The molecular docking studies revealed that both compounds fit well at the active site of MAO-A enzyme as similar to clorgyline and form a stable complex. The results were confirmed via molecular dynamic studies which demonstrate the stable complex formation between MAO-A and 5f & 5 g. The appropriate drug-like characteristics with favourable ADMET profile, these molecules presented this piperazine clubbed oxadiazole structural framework as a key pharmacophore for the development of new antidepressant molecules along with strong candidature for further clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Dilpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Diksha Choudhary
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, 140401 Punjab, India
| | - Ravi Rawat
- School of Health Sciences & Technology, UPES University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Shilpa Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Bennett University, Greater Noida 201310, India
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246174, India; Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India.
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Karaytuğ MO, Balcı N, Türkan F, Gürbüz M, Demirkol ME, Namlı Z, Tamam L, Gülçin İ. Piperazine derivatives with potent drug moiety as efficient acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and glutathione S-transferase inhibitors. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23259. [PMID: 36419212 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholinesterases catalyze the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), a naturally occurring neurotransmitter, into choline and acetic acid, allowing the nervous system to function properly. In the human body, cholinesterases come in two types, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE; E.C.3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; E.C.3.1.1.8). Both cholinergic enzyme inhibitors are essential in the biochemical processes of the human body, notably in the brain. On the other hand, GSTs are found all across nature and are the principal Phase II detoxifying enzymes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Specific isozymes are identified as therapeutic targets because they are overexpressed in various malignancies and may have a role in the genesis of other diseases such as neurological disorders, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and especially cancer cell. Piperazine chemicals have a role in many biological processes and have fascinating pharmacological properties. As a result, therapeutically effective piperazine research is becoming more prominent. Half maximal inhibition concentrations (IC50 ) of piperazine derivatives were found in ranging of 4.59-6.48 µM for AChE, 4.85-8.35 µM for BChE, and 3.94-8.66 µM for GST. Also, piperazine derivatives exhibited Ki values of 8.04 ± 5.73-61.94 ± 54.56, 0.24 ± 0.03-32.14 ± 16.20, and 7.73 ± 1.13-22.97 ± 9.10 µM toward AChE, BChE, and GST, respectively. Consequently, the inhibitory properties of the AChE/BChE and GST enzymes have been compared to Tacrine (for AChE and BChE) and Etacrynic acid (for GST).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Onur Karaytuğ
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Balcı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fikret Türkan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Iğdır University, Iğdır, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Gürbüz
- St. Elisabeth KrankenhausKlinik Fur Psychiatrie Und, Psychotherapie, Hattingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Emin Demirkol
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Namlı
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Lut Tamam
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - İlhami Gülçin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Evaluation of the inhibitory effects and the mechanism of terpenoids on Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. Acta Trop 2023; 237:106741. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bravo-Alfaro DA, Ochoa-Rodríguez LR, Villaseñor-Ortega F, Luna-Barcenas G, García HS. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) improves the oral bioavailability of betulinic acid. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Potential of Triterpenic Natural Compound Betulinic Acid for Neglected Tropical Diseases New Treatments. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040831. [PMID: 35453582 PMCID: PMC9027248 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases are one of the most important public health problems in many countries around the world. Among them are leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and malaria, which contribute to more than 250 million infections worldwide. There is no validated vaccine to prevent these infections and the treatments available are obsolete, highly toxic, and non-effective due to parasitic drug resistance. Additionally, there is a high incidence of these diseases, and they may require hospitalization, which is expensive to the public health systems. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new treatments to improve the management of infected people, control the spread of resistant strains, and reduce health costs. Betulinic acid (BA) is a triterpene natural product which has shown antiparasitic activity against Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Plasmodium. Here, we review the main results regarding the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of BA and its derivatives against these parasites. Some chemical modifications of BA have been shown to improve its activities against the parasites. Further improvement on studies of drug-derived, as well as structure–activity relationship, are necessary for the development of new betulinic acid-based treatments.
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Kuczynska K, Bończak B, Rárová L, Kvasnicová M, Strnad M, Pakulski Z, Cmoch P, Fiałkowski M. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of 1,2,3-triazoles derived from 2,3-seco-dihydrobetulin via a click chemistry approach. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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da Silva EF, de Vargas AS, Willig JB, de Oliveira CB, Zimmer AR, Pilger DA, Buffon A, Gnoatto SCB. Synthesis and antileukemic activity of an ursolic acid derivative: A potential co-drug in combination with imatinib. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 344:109535. [PMID: 34051208 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Imatinib, a specific Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is the most commonly used drug in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. However, optimal response is not achieved in up to 33% of patients. Therefore, development of novel therapeutic strategies for chronic myeloid leukemia is critical. Betulinic (1) and ursolic (2) acids are natural pentacyclic triterpenes that exhibit antileukemic activities. In this study, we evaluated the effects of pharmacomodulations at the C-3 position of the triterpene moiety of betulinic and ursolic acids on their activity against K562 leukemia cells. Six new derivatives (1a-2c) were synthesized and evaluated for pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects in mammalian and leukemic cells. 2c derivative containing an amine group at the C-3 position of ursolic acid was the most active against leukemia cells with an IC50 value of 5.2 μM after 48 h of treatment. 2c did not exhibit cytotoxic effects against VERO and HepG2 cells and human lymphocytes, showing a good selectivity index for cancer over normal cells. Induced cell death by apoptosis via caspases 3 and 8, and also caused cell cycle arrest as evidenced by accumulation of cells in the G1 phase and decreased cell population in the G2 phase. Furthermore, co-treatment of 2c with imatinib, the chemotherapy drug most commonly used to treat leukemia, resulted in a synergistic effect. Our findings provide a strong rationale for further investigation of combination therapy using the 2c derivative and imatinib in pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elenilson F da Silva
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Artur S de Vargas
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Julia B Willig
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Cytological Analysis, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Cristiane B de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Aline R Zimmer
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Diogo A Pilger
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Cytological Analysis, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Andréia Buffon
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Cytological Analysis, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Simone C B Gnoatto
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
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Broichhagen J, Kilian N. Chemical Biology Tools To Investigate Malaria Parasites. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2219-2236. [PMID: 33570245 PMCID: PMC8360121 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic diseases like malaria tropica have been shaping human evolution and history since the beginning of mankind. After infection, the response of the human host ranges from asymptomatic to severe and may culminate in death. Therefore, proper examination of the parasite's biology is pivotal to deciphering unique molecular, biochemical and cell biological processes, which in turn ensure the identification of treatment strategies, such as potent drug targets and vaccine candidates. However, implementing molecular biology methods for genetic manipulation proves to be difficult for many parasite model organisms. The development of fast and straightforward applicable alternatives, for instance small-molecule probes from the field of chemical biology, is essential. In this review, we will recapitulate the highlights of previous molecular and chemical biology approaches that have already created insight and understanding of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. We discuss current developments from the field of chemical biology and explore how their application could advance research into this parasite in the future. We anticipate that the described approaches will help to close knowledge gaps in the biology of P. falciparum and we hope that researchers will be inspired to use these methods to gain knowledge - with the aim of ending this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Broichhagen
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP)Robert-Roessle-Strasse 1013125BerlinGermany
| | - Nicole Kilian
- Centre for Infectious DiseasesParasitologyHeidelberg University HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 32469120HeidelbergGermany
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Lugiņina J, Linden M, Bazulis M, Kumpiņš V, Mishnev A, Popov SA, Golubeva TS, Waldvogel SR, Shults EE, Turks M. Electrosynthesis of Stable Betulin‐Derived Nitrile Oxides and their Application in Synthesis of Cytostatic Lupane‐Type Triterpenoid‐Isoxazole Conjugates. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jevgeņija Lugiņina
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry RigaTechnical University P. Valdena Str.3 Riga 1007 Latvia
| | - Martin Linden
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 Mainz 55128 Germany
| | - Māris Bazulis
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry RigaTechnical University P. Valdena Str.3 Riga 1007 Latvia
| | - Viktors Kumpiņš
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry RigaTechnical University P. Valdena Str.3 Riga 1007 Latvia
| | - Anatoly Mishnev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Aizkraukles Str. 21 Riga 1006 Latvia
| | - Sergey A. Popov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Academician Lavrentjev Ave. 9 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Tatiana S. Golubeva
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics Acad. Lavrentyev Ave., 10 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 Mainz 55128 Germany
| | - Elvira E. Shults
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry Academician Lavrentjev Ave. 9 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Māris Turks
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry RigaTechnical University P. Valdena Str.3 Riga 1007 Latvia
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Chemical Strategies towards the Synthesis of Betulinic Acid and Its More Potent Antiprotozoal Analogues. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041081. [PMID: 33670791 PMCID: PMC7922983 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA, 3β-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpene acid present predominantly in Betula ssp. (Betulaceae) and is also widely spread in many species belonging to different plant families. BA presents a wide spectrum of remarkable pharmacological properties, such as cytotoxic, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antimicrobial activities, including antiprotozoal effects. The present review first describes the sources of BA and discusses the chemical strategies to produce this molecule starting from betulin, its natural precursor. Next, the antiprotozoal properties of BA are briefly discussed and the chemical strategies for the synthesis of analogues displaying antiplasmodial, antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities are systematically presented. The antiplasmodial activity described for BA was moderate, nevertheless, some C-3 position acylated analogues showed an improvement of this activity and the hybrid models—with artesunic acid—showed the most interesting properties. Some analogues also presented more intense antileishmanial activities compared with BA, and, in addition to these, heterocycles fused to C-2/C-3 positions and amide derivatives were the most promising analogues. Regarding the antitrypanosomal activity, some interesting antitrypanosomal derivatives were prepared by amide formation at the C-28 carboxylic group of the lupane skeleton. Considering that BA can be produced either by isolation of different plant extracts or by chemical transformation of betulin, easily obtained from Betula ssp., it could be said that BA is a molecule of great interest as a starting material for the synthesis of novel antiprotozoal agents.
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12
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Majhi S, Das D. Chemical derivatization of natural products: Semisynthesis and pharmacological aspects- A decade update. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Jain A, Chaudhary J, Khaira H, Chopra B, Dhingra A. Piperazine: A Promising Scaffold with Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Potential. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2020; 71:62-72. [PMID: 33336346 DOI: 10.1055/a-1323-2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Piperazine, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic has acquired an inimitable position in medicinal chemistry because of its versatile structure, which has fascinated researchers to design novel piperazine based molecules having various biological actions. The subsistence of various compounds possessing diverse pharmacological activities in the literature further confirms this fact. Currently available analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs are associated with side effects that limit their use. Moreover, the literature reveals the incredible anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of piperazine derivatives along with their method of synthesis, therefore; the present review has been designed to collate the development made in this area that will surely be advantageous in designing novel piperazine based candidates with enhanced efficacy and less toxicity. An extensive literature survey was carried by scrutinizing peer reviewed articles from worldwide scientific databases available on GOOGLE, SCOPUS, PUBMED, and only relevant studies published in English were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Jain
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwer (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - Jasmine Chaudhary
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwer (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - Harpreet Khaira
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwer (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - Bhawna Chopra
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar, Haryana, India
| | - Ashwani Dhingra
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar, Haryana, India
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Linzke M, Yan SLR, Tárnok A, Ulrich H, Groves MR, Wrenger C. Live and Let Dye: Visualizing the Cellular Compartments of the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Cytometry A 2019; 97:694-705. [PMID: 31738009 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the deadliest diseases worldwide and it is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium spp. Parasite visualization is an important tool for the correct detection of malarial cases but also to understand its biology. Advances in visualization techniques promote new insights into the complex life cycle and biology of Plasmodium parasites. Live cell imaging by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry are the foundation of the visualization technique for malaria research. In this review, we present an overview of possibilities in live cell imaging of the malaria parasite. We discuss some of the state-of-the-art techniques to visualize organelles and processes of the parasite and discuss limitation and advantages of each technique. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Linzke
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Sun Liu Rei Yan
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University Leipzig, D-04107, Härtelstraße 16-18, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Matthew R Groves
- Structural Biology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, 9713AV, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
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Giniyatullina GV, Kazakova OB, Baikova IP, Yamansarov EY, Osterman IA, Komarova ES, Skvortsov DA, Saltikova IV, Majouga AG, Ivanenkov YA. Synthesis and Сytotoxicity of A-Azepanobetulinic Acid N-Methyl-Piperazinylamide. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19860670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of A-azepanobetulinic acid N-methylpiperazinylamide was performed through a series of transformations (oximation, Beckmann rearrangement, reduction) of previously synthesized betulonic acid N-methylpiperazinylamide. In vitro cytotoxic activity was detected for the obtained compound against a number of cancer cell lines, and its potential was revealed as an antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnara V. Giniyatullina
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Oxana B. Kazakova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | - Irina P. Baikova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation
| | | | - Ilya A. Osterman
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina S. Komarova
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Russian Federation
| | | | - Irina V. Saltikova
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander G. Majouga
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation
- National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yan A. Ivanenkov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics Russian Academy of Science (IBG RAS) Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
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16
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17
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Amiri S, Dastghaib S, Ahmadi M, Mehrbod P, Khadem F, Behrouj H, Aghanoori MR, Machaj F, Ghamsari M, Rosik J, Hudecki A, Afkhami A, Hashemi M, Los MJ, Mokarram P, Madrakian T, Ghavami S. Betulin and its derivatives as novel compounds with different pharmacological effects. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 38:107409. [PMID: 31220568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Betulin (B) and Betulinic acid (BA) are natural pentacyclic lupane-structure triterpenoids which possess a wide range of pharmacological activities. Recent evidence indicates that B and BA have several properties useful for the treatment of metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and neurological disorders. In the current review, we discuss B and BA structures and derivatives and then comprehensively explain their pharmacological effects in relation to various diseases. We also explain antiviral, antibacterial and anti-cancer effects of B and BA. Finally, we discuss the delivery methods, in which these compounds most effectively target different systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Amiri
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sanaz Dastghaib
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of IRAN, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Khadem
- Department of Immunology, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Hamid Behrouj
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohamad-Reza Aghanoori
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-344 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mahdi Ghamsari
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-344 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Hudecki
- Institue of Non-Ferrous Metals, ul. Sowińskiego 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Abbas Afkhami
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zahedan University of Medical Science, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Marek J Los
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, ul Bolesława Krzywoustego 8, Gliwice, Poland; Linkocare Life Sciences AB, Teknikringen 10, Plan 3, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady College of Medicine, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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18
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Zhang Y, Xhaard H, Ghemtio L. Predictive classification models and targets identification for betulin derivatives as Leishmania donovani inhibitors. J Cheminform 2018; 10:40. [PMID: 30120601 PMCID: PMC6097978 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-018-0291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulin derivatives have been proven effective in vitro against Leishmania donovani amastigotes, which cause visceral leishmaniasis. Identifying the molecular targets and molecular mechanisms underlying their action is a currently an unmet challenge. In the present study, we tackle this problem using computational methods to establish properties essential for activity as well as to screen betulin derivatives against potential targets. Recursive partitioning classification methods were explored to develop predictive models for 58 diverse betulin derivatives inhibitors of L. donovani amastigotes. The established models were validated on a testing set, showing excellent performance. Molecular fingerprints FCFP_6 and ALogP were extracted as the physicochemical properties most extensively involved in separating inhibitors from non-inhibitors. The potential targets of betulin derivatives inhibitors were predicted by in silico target fishing using structure-based pharmacophore searching and compound-pharmacophore-target-pathway network analysis, first on PDB and then among L. donovani homologs using a PSI-BLAST search. The essential identified proteins are all related to protein kinase family. Previous research already suggested members of the cyclin-dependent kinase family and MAP kinases as Leishmania potential drug targets. The PSI-BLAST search suggests two L. donovani proteins to be especially attractive as putative betulin target, heat shock protein 83 and membrane transporter D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhou Zhang
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leo Ghemtio
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
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19
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Bitencourt FG, de Brum Vieira P, Meirelles LC, Rigo GV, da Silva EF, Gnoatto SCB, Tasca T. Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity of ursolic acid derivative: a promising alternative. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1573-1580. [PMID: 29572567 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is an extracellular parasite that binds to the epithelium of the human urogenital tract and causes the sexually transmitted infection, trichomoniasis. In view of increased resistance to drugs belonging to the 5-nitroimidazole class, new treatment alternatives are urgently needed. In this study, eight semisynthetized triterpene derivatives were evaluated for in vitro anti-T. vaginalis activity. Ursolic acid and its derivative, 3-oxime-urs-12-en-28-oic-ursolic acid (9), presented the best anti-T. vaginalis activity when compared to other derivatives, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 25 μM. Moreover, 9 was active against several T. vaginalis fresh clinical isolates. Hemolysis assay demonstrated that 9 presented a low hemolytic effect. Importantly, 25 μM 9 was not cytotoxic against the Vero cell lineage. Finally, we demonstrated that compound 9 acts synergistically with metronidazole against a T. vaginalis metronidazole-resistant isolate. This report reveals the high potential of the triterpenoid derivative 9 as trichomonicidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Gobbi Bitencourt
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Brum Vieira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Lucia Collares Meirelles
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Graziela Vargas Rigo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Elenilson Figueiredo da Silva
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Síntese Orgânica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Simone Cristina Baggio Gnoatto
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Síntese Orgânica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
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20
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Diedrich D, Wildner AC, Silveira TF, Silva GNS, Santos FD, da Silva EF, do Canto VP, Visioli F, Gosmann G, Bergold AM, Zimmer AR, Netz PA, Gnoatto SCB. SERCA plays a crucial role in the toxicity of a betulinic acid derivative with potential antimalarial activity. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 287:70-77. [PMID: 29604267 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most significant infectious diseases that affect poor populations in tropical areas throughout the world. Plants have been shown to be a good source for the development of new antimalarial chemotherapeutic agents, as shown for the discovery of quinine and artemisinin derivatives. Our research group has been working with semisynthetic triterpene derivatives that show potential antimalarial activity toward different strains of Plasmodium falciparum by specifically modulating calcium pathways in the parasite. Promising results were obtained for nanomolar concentrations of the semisynthetic betulinic acid derivative LAFIS13 against the P. falciparum 3D7 strain in vitro, with a selectivity index of 18 compared to a mammalian cell line. Continuing these studies, we present here in vitro and in vivo toxicological evaluations of this compound, followed by docking studies with PfATP6, a sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca+2-ATPase (SERCA) protein. LAFIS13 showed an LD50 between 300 and 50 mg/kg, and the acute administration of 50 mg/kg (i.p.) had no negative effects on hematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters. Based on the results of the in vitro assays, LAFIS13 not exerted significant effects on coagulation parameters of human peripheral blood, but a hemolytic activity was verified at higher concentrations. According to the molecular docking study, the PfATP6 protein may be a target for LAFIS13, which corroborates its previously reported modulatory effects on calcium homeostasis in the parasite. Notably, LAFIS13 showed a higher selectivity for the mammalian SERCA protein than for PfATP6, thus impairing the selectivity between parasite and host. In summary, the direct interaction with calcium pumps and the hemolytic potential of the compound proved to be plausible mechanism of LAFIS13 toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Diedrich
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Andreia C Wildner
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Thayse F Silveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Gloria N S Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Francine Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Elenilson F da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa P do Canto
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Grace Gosmann
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Ana M Bergold
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Aline R Zimmer
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Netz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Simone C B Gnoatto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, Brazil.
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21
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Cargnin ST, Staudt AF, Medeiros P, de Medeiros Sol Sol D, de Azevedo Dos Santos AP, Zanchi FB, Gosmann G, Puyet A, Garcia Teles CB, Gnoatto SB. Semisynthesis, cytotoxicity, antimalarial evaluation and structure-activity relationship of two series of triterpene derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 28:265-272. [PMID: 29326018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe the semisynthesis of two series of ursolic and betulinic acid derivatives through designed by modifications at the C-3 and C-28 positions and demonstrate their antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum (W2 strain). Structural modifications at C-3 were more advantageous to antimalarial activity than simultaneous modifications at C-3 and C-28 positions. The ester derivative, 3β-butanoyl betulinic acid (7b), was the most active compound (IC50 = 3.4 µM) and it did not exhibit cytotoxicity against VERO nor HepG2 cells (CC50 > 400 µM), showing selectivity towards parasites (selectivity index > 117.47). In combination with artemisinin, compound 7b showed an additive effect (CI = 1.14). While docking analysis showed a possible interaction of 7b with the Plasmodium protease PfSUB1, with an optimum binding affinity of -7.02 kcal/mol, the rather low inhibition displayed on a Bacillus licheniformis subtilisin A protease activity assay (IC50 = 93 µM) and the observed accumulation of ring forms together with a delay of appearance of trophozoites in vitro suggests that the main target of 3β-butanoyl betulinic acid on Plasmodium may be related to other molecules and processes pertaining to the ring stage. Therefore, compound 7b is the most promising compound for further studies on antimalarial chemotherapy. The results obtained in this study provide suitable information about scaffolds to develop novel antimalarials from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Tasca Cargnin
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Síntese Orgânica, Faculdade de Fármacia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa Finkler Staudt
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Síntese Orgânica, Faculdade de Fármacia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Medeiros
- Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária e Leishmaniose, FIOCRUZ, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Grace Gosmann
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Síntese Orgânica, Faculdade de Fármacia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Puyet
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Simone Baggio Gnoatto
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Síntese Orgânica, Faculdade de Fármacia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Cargnin ST, Gnoatto SB. Ursolic acid from apple pomace and traditional plants: A valuable triterpenoid with functional properties. Food Chem 2017; 220:477-489. [PMID: 27855928 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apple juice production generates a large amount of residue comprising mainly peels, seeds, and pulp, known as apple pomace. In the global context, Brazil ranks 11th in apple production and thousands of tons of apple pomace are produced every year. This by-product is little explored, since it is a rich and heterogeneous mixture, containing interesting phytochemical groups. Among them, ursolic acid (UA) has attracted attention because of its therapeutic potential. UA is a pentacyclic triterpene found too in several traditional plants, and has shown several functional properties such as antibacterial, antiprotozoal, anti-inflammatory and antitumor. Therefore, this review attempts to shed some light on the economical viability of apple and apple pomace as sources of bioactive compounds, highlighting the UA extraction, and its main functional properties published in the last 5years (2010-2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Tasca Cargnin
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Simone Baggio Gnoatto
- Phytochemistry and Organic Synthesis Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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23
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Hübner DPG, de Brum Vieira P, Frasson AP, Menezes CB, Senger FR, Santos da Silva GN, Baggio Gnoatto SC, Tasca T. Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity of betulinic acid derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:476-484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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24
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Banzouzi JT, Soh PN, Ramos S, Toto P, Cavé A, Hemez J, Benoit-Vical F. Samvisterin, a new natural antiplasmodial betulin derivative from Uapaca paludosa (Euphorbiaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 173:100-104. [PMID: 26192809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Uapaca paludosa is used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria. MATERIALS AND METHODS A bioguided fractionation of U. paludosa trunk bark extracts was performed on the basis of their antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. RESULTS A new natural betulin derivative named samvisterin (2) was isolated. In addition, 12 already known compounds were isolated from U. paludosa and tested against P. falciparum: squalene (1); lupeol (3), betulonic acid methyl ester (4), β-sitosterol (5), stigmasterol (6), betulin (7), betulinic acid (8), pentadecanoic acid (9), palmitic acid (10), margaric acid (11), stearic acid (12), methyl palmitate (13). With the exception of betulinic acid, all were isolated for the first time from U. paludosa. Their chemical structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The antiplasmodial activity of compounds 1-8 was confirmed on the chloroquine-resistant strain of P. falciparum, FcM29-Cameroon, with IC50 values ranging from 0.7μg/ml (for 1) to 30μg/mL (for 3). The cytotoxicity of the fractions and isolated compounds was also determined on KB and Vero cell lines in order to determine the cytotoxicity/activity ratio of each one. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained with samvisterin (2) show that this new compound is the most promising of the series, with a weak cytotoxicity leading to the best selectivity index values.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Banzouzi
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN-CNRS) UPR2301, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Médecins d'Afrique (CERMA), 43, rue des Glycines, 91600 Savigny sur Orge, France.
| | - P Njomnang Soh
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) UPR8241, 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - S Ramos
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN-CNRS) UPR2301, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - P Toto
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN-CNRS) UPR2301, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - A Cavé
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), UMR 5048 CNRS/UM1- 554 Inserm/UM1, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - J Hemez
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN-CNRS) UPR2301, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - F Benoit-Vical
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) UPR8241, 205, route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université de Toulouse III, UPS, INPT, F-31077 Toulouse cedex 4, France.
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