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Ghézali G, Ribot J, Curry N, Pillet LE, Boutet-Porretta F, Mozheiko D, Calvo CF, Ezan P, Perfettini I, Lecoin L, Janel S, Zapata J, Escartin C, Etienne-Manneville S, Kaminski CF, Rouach N. Connexin 30 locally controls actin cytoskeleton and mechanical remodeling in motile astrocytes. Glia 2024. [PMID: 38982826 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
During brain maturation, astrocytes establish complex morphologies unveiling intense structural plasticity. Connexin 30 (Cx30), a gap-junction channel-forming protein expressed postnatally, dynamically regulates during development astrocyte morphological properties by controlling ramification and extension of fine processes. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. Here, we found in vitro that Cx30 interacts with the actin cytoskeleton in astrocytes and inhibits its structural reorganization and dynamics during cell migration. This translates into an alteration of local physical surface properties, as assessed by correlative imaging using stimulated emission depletion (STED) super resolution imaging and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Specifically, Cx30 impaired astrocyte cell surface topology and cortical stiffness in motile astrocytes. As Cx30 alters actin organization, dynamics, and membrane physical properties, we assessed whether it controls astrocyte migration. We found that Cx30 reduced persistence and directionality of migrating astrocytes. Altogether, these data reveal Cx30 as a brake for astrocyte structural and mechanical plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Ghézali
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Labex Memolife, Université PSL, Paris, France
- Doctoral School N° 158, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Ribot
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Labex Memolife, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Nathan Curry
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laure-Elise Pillet
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Labex Memolife, Université PSL, Paris, France
- Doctoral School N°562, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Flora Boutet-Porretta
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Labex Memolife, Université PSL, Paris, France
- Doctoral School N° 158, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Daria Mozheiko
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Labex Memolife, Université PSL, Paris, France
- Doctoral School N° 158, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Charles-Félix Calvo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Labex Memolife, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Ezan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Labex Memolife, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Perfettini
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Paris, France
| | - Laure Lecoin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Labex Memolife, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Janel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jonathan Zapata
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Labex Memolife, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Carole Escartin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Clemens F Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nathalie Rouach
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, Labex Memolife, Université PSL, Paris, France
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Kitaeva AB, Gorshkov AP, Kusakin PG, Sadovskaya AR, Tsyganova AV, Tsyganov VE. Tubulin Cytoskeleton Organization in Cells of Determinate Nodules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:823183. [PMID: 35557719 PMCID: PMC9087740 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.823183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell differentiation is based on rearrangements of the tubulin cytoskeleton; this is also true for symbiotic nodules. Nevertheless, although for indeterminate nodules (with a long-lasting meristem) the organization of microtubules during nodule development has been studied for various species, for determinate ones (with limited meristem activity) such studies are rare. Here, we investigated bacteroid morphology and dynamics of the tubulin cytoskeleton in determinate nodules of four legume species: Glycine max, Glycine soja, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Lotus japonicus. The most pronounced differentiation of bacteroids was observed in G. soja nodules. In meristematic cells in incipient nodules of all analyzed species, the organization of both cortical and endoplasmic microtubules was similar to that described for meristematic cells of indeterminate nodules. In young infected cells in developing nodules of all four species, cortical microtubules formed irregular patterns (microtubules were criss-crossed) and endoplasmic ones were associated with infection threads and infection droplets. Surprisingly, in uninfected cells the patterns of cortical microtubules differed in nodules of G. max and G. soja on the one hand, and P. vulgaris and L. japonicus on the other. The first two species exhibited irregular patterns, while the remaining two exhibited regular ones (microtubules were oriented transversely to the longitudinal axis of cell) that are typical for uninfected cells of indeterminate nodules. In contrast to indeterminate nodules, in mature determinate nodules of all four studied species, cortical microtubules formed a regular pattern in infected cells. Thus, our analysis revealed common patterns of tubulin cytoskeleton in the determinate nodules of four legume species, and species-specific differences were associated with the organization of cortical microtubules in uninfected cells. When compared with indeterminate nodules, the most pronounced differences were associated with the organization of cortical microtubules in nitrogen-fixing infected cells. The revealed differences indicated a possible transition during evolution of infected cells from anisotropic growth in determinate nodules to isodiametric growth in indeterminate nodules. It can be assumed that this transition provided an evolutionary advantage to those legume species with indeterminate nodules, enabling them to host symbiosomes in their infected cells more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Kitaeva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Artemii P. Gorshkov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pyotr G. Kusakin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Anna V. Tsyganova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Viktor E. Tsyganov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Saint Petersburg Scientific Center RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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3
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Nakai R, Azuma T, Nakaso Y, Sawa S, Demura T. Development of a dynamic imaging method for gravitropism in pea sprouts using clinical magnetic resonance imaging system. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:437-442. [PMID: 33850431 PMCID: PMC8034701 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.1020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a useful technique, only a few studies have investigated the dynamic behavior of small subjects using MRI owing to constraints such as experimental space and signal amount. In this study, to acquire high-resolution continuous three-dimensional gravitropism data of pea (Pisum sativum) sprouts, we developed a small-bore MRI signal receiver coil that can be used in a clinical MRI and adjusted the imaging sequence. It was expected that such an arrangement would improve signal sensitivity and improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the acquired image. All MRI experiments were performed using a 3.0-T clinical MRI scanner. An SNR comparison using an agarose gel phantom to confirm the improved performance of the small-bore receiver coil and an imaging experiment of pea sprouts exhibiting gravitropism were performed. The SNRs of the images acquired with a standard 32-channel head coil and the new small-bore receiver coil were 5.23±0.90 and 57.75±12.53, respectively. The SNR of the images recorded using the new coil was approximately 11-fold higher than that of the standard coil. In addition, when the accuracy of MR imaging that captures the movement of pea sprout was verified, the difference in position information from the optical image was found to be small and could be used for measurements. These results of this study enable the application of a clinical MRI system for dynamic plant MRI. We believe that this study is a significant first step in the development of plant MRI technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Nakai
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, 46 Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Azuma
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakaso
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0862, Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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Higaki T, Akita K, Katoh K. Coefficient of variation as an image-intensity metric for cytoskeleton bundling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22187. [PMID: 33349642 PMCID: PMC7752905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of cytoskeletal bundling is a fundamental experimental method in the field of cell biology. Although the skewness of the pixel intensity distribution derived from fluorescently-labeled cytoskeletons has been widely used as a metric to evaluate the degree of bundling in digital microscopy images, its versatility has not been fully validated. Here, we applied the coefficient of variation (CV) of intensity values as an alternative metric, and compared its performance with skewness. In synthetic images representing extremely bundled conditions, the CV successfully detected degrees of bundling that could not be distinguished by skewness. On actual microscopy images, CV was better than skewness, especially on variable-angle epifluorescence microscopic images or stimulated emission depletion and confocal microscopy images of very small areas of around 1 μm2. When blur or noise was added to synthetic images, CV was found to be robust to blur but deleteriously affected by noise, whereas skewness was robust to noise but deleteriously affected by blur. For confocal images, CV and skewness showed similar sensitivity to noise, possibly because optical blurring is often present in microscopy images. Therefore, in practical use with actual microscopy images, CV may be more appropriate than skewness, unless the image is extremely noisy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Kae Akita
- Department of Chemical Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Katoh
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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5
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Abstract
A transition from qualitative to quantitative descriptors of morphology has been facilitated through the growing field of morphometrics, representing the conversion of shapes and patterns into numbers. The analysis of plant form at the macromorphological scale using morphometric approaches quantifies what is commonly referred to as a phenotype. Quantitative phenotypic analysis of individuals with contrasting genotypes in turn provides a means to establish links between genes and shapes. The path from a gene to a morphological phenotype is, however, not direct, with instructive information progressing both across multiple scales of biological complexity and through nonintuitive feedback, such as mechanical signals. In this review, we explore morphometric approaches used to perform whole-plant phenotyping and quantitative approaches in capture processes in the mesoscales, which bridge the gaps between genes and shapes in plants. Quantitative frameworks involving both the computational simulation and the discretization of data into networks provide a putative path to predicting emergent shape from underlying genetic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
| | - George W Bassel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
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6
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Evaluation of artifacts of cochlear implant electrodes in cone beam computed tomography. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:1381-1386. [PMID: 32671538 PMCID: PMC8057993 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) offers a valid alternative to conventional Computed Tomography (CT). A possible radiation dose reduction with the use of CBCT in postoperative imaging of CIs is of great importance. Whether the visualization of Cochlear Implant (CI) electrodes in CBCT correlates with the radiation dose applied was investigated in this study. Methods We compared the visualization quality of Contour Advance CIs to Straight CIs from Cochlear using CBCT with varying tube parameters on whole-head specimen. Results The internal diameter of the cochlea decreases from base to apex, resulting in a significantly different intracochlear positioning of the two tested CI models. While electrodes of the Contour Advance series are located close to the modiolus, thus closer to the spiral ganglion neurons, those of the Straight series are located further away. The artifact portion of the electrode amounts to 50–70% of the radiological diameter of the electrode. An increase in artifact portion from the base (electrode #1 approx. 50%) to the apex (electrode #20 approx. 70%) of the cochlea was observed. The visualization of electrodes in the medial and apical part of the cochlea is limited due to artifact overlapping. There was no correlation between the artifact size and the applied radiation dose. Conclusion The results indicate that a reduction of the radiation dose by up to 45% of the currently applied radiation dose of standard protocols would be possible. Investigations of the effects on subjective image quality still need to be performed.
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Li X, Diao M, Zhang Y, Chen G, Huang S, Chen N. Guard Cell Microfilament Analyzer Facilitates the Analysis of the Organization and Dynamics of Actin Filaments in Arabidopsis Guard Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112753. [PMID: 31195605 PMCID: PMC6600335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is involved in regulating stomatal movement, which forms distinct actin arrays within guard cells of stomata with different apertures. How those actin arrays are formed and maintained remains largely unexplored. Elucidation of the dynamic behavior of differently oriented actin filaments in guard cells will enhance our understanding in this regard. Here, we initially developed a program called ‘guard cell microfilament analyzer’ (GCMA) that enables the selection of individual actin filaments and analysis of their orientations semiautomatically in guard cells. We next traced the dynamics of individual actin filaments and performed careful quantification in open and closed stomata. We found that de novo nucleation of actin filaments occurs at both dorsal and ventral sides of guard cells from open and closed stomata. Interestingly, most of the nucleated actin filaments elongate radially and longitudinally in open and closed stomata, respectively. Strikingly, radial filaments tend to form bundles whereas longitudinal filaments tend to be removed by severing and depolymerization in open stomata. By contrast, longitudinal filaments tend to form bundles that are severed less frequently in closed stomata. These observations provide insights into the formation and maintenance of distinct actin arrays in guard cells in stomata of different apertures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Min Diao
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- iHuman Institute, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yanan Zhang
- OLYMPUS (CHINA) CO., LTD, Beijing 100027, China.
| | - Guanlin Chen
- Baidu Online Network Technology (Beijing) CO., LTD, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Naizhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Möller B, Zergiebel L, Bürstenbinder K. Quantitative and Comparative Analysis of Global Patterns of (Microtubule) Cytoskeleton Organization with CytoskeletonAnalyzer2D. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1992:151-171. [PMID: 31148037 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9469-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton plays important roles in cell morphogenesis. To investigate the mechanisms of cytoskeletal organization, for example, during growth or development, in genetic studies, or in response to environmental stimuli, image analysis tools for quantitative assessment are needed. Here, we present a method for texture measure-based quantification and comparative analysis of global microtubule cytoskeleton patterns and subsequent visualization of output data. In contrast to other approaches that focus on the extraction of individual cytoskeletal fibers and analysis of their orientation relative to the growth axis, CytoskeletonAnalyzer2D quantifies cytoskeletal organization based on the analysis of local binary patterns. CytoskeletonAnalyzer2D thus is particularly well suited to study cytoskeletal organization in cells where individual fibers are difficult to extract or which lack a clearly defined growth axis, such as leaf epidermal pavement cells. The tool is available as ImageJ plugin and can be combined with publicly available software and tools, such as R and Cytoscape, to visualize similarity networks of cytoskeletal patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Möller
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Luise Zergiebel
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), Germany.
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9
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Pop MA, Croitoru C, Bedő T, Geamăn V, Radomir I, Cosnită M, Zaharia SM, Chicos LA, Milosan I. Structural changes during 3D printing of bioderived and synthetic thermoplastic materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Alin Pop
- Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Science; Colina Universitatii Street; no. 1, 500084, Brasov Romania
| | - Cătălin Croitoru
- Department of Materials Engineering and Welding; Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering; Colina Universitatii Street, no. 1, 500084, Brasov Romania
| | - Tibor Bedő
- Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Science; Colina Universitatii Street; no. 1, 500084, Brasov Romania
| | - Virgil Geamăn
- Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Science; Colina Universitatii Street; no. 1, 500084, Brasov Romania
| | - Irinel Radomir
- Department of Mathematics and Informatics; Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics; 29 Eroilor Avenue, 500036, Brasov Romania
| | - Mihaela Cosnită
- Department of Product Design, Mechatronics and Environment; Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Product Design and Environment; Colina Universitatii Street, no. 1, 500068, Brasov Romania
| | - Sebastian Marian Zaharia
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering; Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Technological Engineering and Industrial Management; Mihai Viteazu Street, no. 5, 500174, Brasov Romania
| | - Lucia Antoaneta Chicos
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering; Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Technological Engineering and Industrial Management; Mihai Viteazu Street, no. 5, 500174, Brasov Romania
| | - Ioan Milosan
- Transilvania University of Brasov, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Materials Science; Colina Universitatii Street; no. 1, 500084, Brasov Romania
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10
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Eng RC, Sampathkumar A. Getting into shape: the mechanics behind plant morphogenesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 46:25-31. [PMID: 30036706 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The process of shape change in cells and tissues inevitably involves the modification of structural elements, therefore it is necessary to integrate mechanics with biochemistry to develop a full understanding of morphogenesis. Here, we discuss recent findings on the role of biomechanics and biochemical processes in plant cell growth and development. In particular, we focus on how the plant cytoskeleton components, which are known to regulate morphogenesis, are influenced by biomechanical stress. We also discuss new insights into the role that pectin plays in biomechanics and morphogenesis. Using the jigsaw-shaped pavement cells of the leaf as a case study, we review new findings on the biomechanics behind the morphogenesis of these intricately-shaped cell types. Finally, we summarize important quantitative techniques that has allowed for the testing and the generation of hypotheses that link biomechanics to morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Christopher Eng
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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11
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Bou Daher F, Chen Y, Bozorg B, Clough J, Jönsson H, Braybrook SA. Anisotropic growth is achieved through the additive mechanical effect of material anisotropy and elastic asymmetry. eLife 2018; 7:e38161. [PMID: 30226465 PMCID: PMC6143341 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast directional growth is a necessity for the young seedling; after germination, it needs to quickly penetrate the soil to begin its autotrophic life. In most dicot plants, this rapid escape is due to the anisotropic elongation of the hypocotyl, the columnar organ between the root and the shoot meristems. Anisotropic growth is common in plant organs and is canonically attributed to cell wall anisotropy produced by oriented cellulose fibers. Recently, a mechanism based on asymmetric pectin-based cell wall elasticity has been proposed. Here we present a harmonizing model for anisotropic growth control in the dark-grown Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyl: basic anisotropic information is provided by cellulose orientation) and additive anisotropic information is provided by pectin-based elastic asymmetry in the epidermis. We quantitatively show that hypocotyl elongation is anisotropic starting at germination. We present experimental evidence for pectin biochemical differences and wall mechanics providing important growth regulation in the hypocotyl. Lastly, our in silico modelling experiments indicate an additive collaboration between pectin biochemistry and cellulose orientation in promoting anisotropic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Bou Daher
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Yuanjie Chen
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Behruz Bozorg
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics GroupLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Jack Clough
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Henrik Jönsson
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics GroupLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Siobhan A Braybrook
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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12
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Wang Y, Ji Y, Fu Y, Guo H. Ethylene-induced microtubule reorientation is essential for fast inhibition of root elongation in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:864-877. [PMID: 29752856 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule reorientation is a long-standing observation that has been implicated in regulating the inhibitory effect of ethylene on axial elongation of plant cells. However, the signaling mechanism underlying ethylene-induced microtubule reorientation has remained elusive. Here, we reveal, by live confocal imaging and kinetic root elongation assays, that the time courses of ethylene-induced microtubule reorientation and root elongation inhibition are highly correlated, and that microtubule reorientation is required for the full responsiveness of root elongation to ethylene treatment. Our genetic analysis demonstrated that the effect of ethylene on microtubule orientation and root elongation is mainly transduced through the canonical linear ethylene signaling pathway. By using pharmacological and genetic analyses, we demonstrate further that the TIR1/AFBs-Aux/IAAs-ARFs auxin signaling pathway, but not the ABP1-ROP6-RIC1 auxin signaling branch, is essential for ethylene-induced microtubule reorientation and root elongation inhibition. Together, these findings offer evidence for the functional significance and elucidate the signaling mechanism for ethylene-induced microtubule reorientation in fast root elongation inhibition in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichuan Wang
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yusi Ji
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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13
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Abstract
Recent evidence has implicated collagen, particularly fibrillar collagen, in a number of diseases ranging from osteogenesis imperfecta and asthma to breast and ovarian cancer. A key property of collagen that has been correlated with disease has been the alignment of collagen fibers. Collagen can be visualized using a variety of imaging techniques including second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy, polarized light microscopy, and staining with dyes or antibodies. However, there exists a great need to easily and robustly quantify images from these modalities for individual fibers in specified regions of interest and with respect to relevant boundaries. Most currently available computational tools rely on calculation of pixel-wise orientation or global window-wise orientation that do not directly calculate or give visible fiber-wise information and do not provide relative orientation against boundaries. We describe and detail how to use a freely available, open-source MATLAB software framework that includes two separate but linked packages "CurveAlign" and "CT-FIRE" that can address this need by either directly extracting individual fibers using an improved fiber tracking algorithm or directly finding optimal representation of fiber edges using the curvelet transform. This curvelet-based framework allows the user to measure fiber alignment on a global, region of interest, and fiber basis. Additionally, users can measure fiber angle relative to manually or automatically segmented boundaries. This tool does not require prior experience of programming or image processing and can handle multiple files, enabling efficient quantification of collagen organization from biological datasets.
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14
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Hong L, Dumond M, Zhu M, Tsugawa S, Li CB, Boudaoud A, Hamant O, Roeder AHK. Heterogeneity and Robustness in Plant Morphogenesis: From Cells to Organs. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:469-495. [PMID: 29505739 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Development is remarkably reproducible, producing organs with the same size, shape, and function repeatedly from individual to individual. For example, every flower on the Antirrhinum stalk has the same snapping dragon mouth. This reproducibility has allowed taxonomists to classify plants and animals according to their morphology. Yet these reproducible organs are composed of highly variable cells. For example, neighboring cells grow at different rates in Arabidopsis leaves, sepals, and shoot apical meristems. This cellular variability occurs in normal, wild-type organisms, indicating that cellular heterogeneity (or diversity in a characteristic such as growth rate) is either actively maintained or, at a minimum, not entirely suppressed. In fact, cellular heterogeneity can contribute to producing invariant organs. Here, we focus on how plant organs are reproducibly created during development from these highly variable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Hong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; , ,
| | - Mathilde Dumond
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon CEDEX 07, France; , ,
- Current affiliation: Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Mingyuan Zhu
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; , ,
| | - Satoru Tsugawa
- Theoretical Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Chun-Biu Li
- Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon CEDEX 07, France; , ,
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon CEDEX 07, France; , ,
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; , ,
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15
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Plohovska SH, Krasylenko YA, Yemets AI. Nitric oxide modulates actin filament organization in
Arabidopsis thaliana
primary root cells at low temperatures. Cell Biol Int 2018; 43:1020-1030. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana H. Plohovska
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and GenomicsNational Academy of Sciences of UkraineOsipovskogo St., 2aKyiv04123 Ukraine
| | - Yuliya A. Krasylenko
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and GenomicsNational Academy of Sciences of UkraineOsipovskogo St., 2aKyiv04123 Ukraine
| | - Alla I. Yemets
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and GenomicsNational Academy of Sciences of UkraineOsipovskogo St., 2aKyiv04123 Ukraine
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16
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Paez-Garcia A, Sparks JA, de Bang L, Blancaflor EB. Plant Actin Cytoskeleton: New Functions from Old Scaffold. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69944-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Tsugawa S, Hervieux N, Hamant O, Boudaoud A, Smith RS, Li CB, Komatsuzaki T. Extracting Subcellular Fibrillar Alignment with Error Estimation: Application to Microtubules. Biophys J 2017; 110:1836-1844. [PMID: 27119643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The order and orientation of cortical microtubule (CMT) arrays and their dynamics play an essential role in plant morphogenesis. To extract detailed CMT alignment structures in an objective, local, and accurate way, we propose an error-based extraction method that applies to general fluorescence intensity data on three-dimensional cell surfaces. Building on previous techniques to quantify alignments, our method can determine the statistical error for specific local regions, or the minimal scales of local regions for a desired accuracy goal. After validating our method with synthetic images with known alignments, we demonstrate the ability of our method to quantify subcellular CMT alignments on images with microtubules marked with green fluorescent protein in various cell types. Our method could also be applied to detect alignment structures in other fibrillar elements, such as actin filaments, cellulose, and collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Tsugawa
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020 Japan
| | - Nathan Hervieux
- Plant Reproduction and Development Lab., INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Oliver Hamant
- Plant Reproduction and Development Lab., INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Plant Reproduction and Development Lab., INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Chun-Biu Li
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020 Japan.
| | - Tamiki Komatsuzaki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020 Japan.
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18
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Roy R, Bassham DC. TNO1, a TGN-localized SNARE-interacting protein, modulates root skewing in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:73. [PMID: 28399805 PMCID: PMC5387210 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The movement of plant roots within the soil is key to their ability to interact with the environment and maximize anchorage and nutrient acquisition. Directional growth of roots occurs by a combination of sensing external cues, hormonal signaling and cytoskeletal changes in the root cells. Roots growing on slanted, impenetrable growth medium display a characteristic waving and skewing, and mutants with deviations in these phenotypes assist in identifying genes required for root movement. Our study identifies a role for a trans-Golgi network-localized protein in root skewing. RESULTS We found that Arabidopsis thaliana TNO1 (TGN-localized SYP41-interacting protein), a putative tethering factor localized at the trans-Golgi network, affects root skewing. tno1 knockout mutants display enhanced root skewing and epidermal cell file rotation. Skewing of tno1 roots increases upon microtubule stabilization, but is insensitive to microtubule destabilization. Microtubule destabilization leads to severe defects in cell morphology in tno1 seedlings. Microtubule array orientation is unaffected in the mutant roots, suggesting that the increase in cell file rotation is independent of the orientation of microtubule arrays. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that TNO1 modulates root skewing in a mechanism that is dependent on microtubules but is not linked to disruption of the orientation of microtubule arrays. In addition, TNO1 is required for maintenance of cell morphology in mature regions of roots and the base of hypocotyls. The TGN-localized SNARE machinery might therefore be important for appropriate epidermal cell file rotation and cell expansion during root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Roy
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, 1035B Roy J Carver Co-Lab, 1111 WOI Rd, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
- Interdepartmental Genetics Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
- Current Address: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108 USA
| | - Diane C. Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, 1035B Roy J Carver Co-Lab, 1111 WOI Rd, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
- Interdepartmental Genetics Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
- Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
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19
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Higaki T. Quantitative evaluation of cytoskeletal organizations by microscopic image analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5685/plmorphol.29.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Higaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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20
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Fricker MD, Moger J, Littlejohn GR, Deeks MJ. Making microscopy count: quantitative light microscopy of dynamic processes in living plants. J Microsc 2016; 263:181-91. [PMID: 27145353 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell theory has officially reached 350 years of age as the first use of the word 'cell' in a biological context can be traced to a description of plant material by Robert Hooke in his historic publication 'Micrographia: or some physiological definitions of minute bodies'. The 2015 Royal Microscopical Society Botanical Microscopy meeting was a celebration of the streams of investigation initiated by Hooke to understand at the subcellular scale how plant cell function and form arises. Much of the work presented, and Honorary Fellowships awarded, reflected the advanced application of bioimaging informatics to extract quantitative data from micrographs that reveal dynamic molecular processes driving cell growth and physiology. The field has progressed from collecting many pixels in multiple modes to associating these measurements with objects or features that are meaningful biologically. The additional complexity involves object identification that draws on a different type of expertise from computer science and statistics that is often impenetrable to biologists. There are many useful tools and approaches being developed, but we now need more interdisciplinary exchange to use them effectively. In this review we show how this quiet revolution has provided tools available to any personal computer user. We also discuss the oft-neglected issue of quantifying algorithm robustness and the exciting possibilities offered through the integration of physiological information generated by biosensors with object detection and tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Julian Moger
- Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, U.K
| | | | - Michael J Deeks
- Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, U.K
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21
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Breuer D, Nikoloski Z. DeFiNe: an optimisation-based method for robust disentangling of filamentous networks. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18267. [PMID: 26666975 PMCID: PMC4678892 DOI: 10.1038/srep18267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thread-like structures are pervasive across scales, from polymeric proteins to root systems to galaxy filaments, and their characteristics can be readily investigated in the network formalism. Yet, network links usually represent only parts of filaments, which, when neglected, may lead to erroneous conclusions from network-based analyses. The existing alternatives to detect filaments in network representations require tuning of parameters over a large range of values and treat all filaments equally, thus, precluding automated analysis of diverse filamentous systems. Here, we propose a fully automated and robust optimisation-based approach to detect filaments of consistent intensities and angles in a given network. We test and demonstrate the accuracy of our solution with contrived, biological, and cosmic filamentous structures. In particular, we show that the proposed approach provides powerful automated means to study properties of individual actin filaments in their network context. Our solution is made publicly available as an open-source tool, "DeFiNe", facilitating decomposition of any given network into individual filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Breuer
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Systems Biology and Mathematical Modeling, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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22
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Dong B, Yang X, Zhu S, Bassham DC, Fang N. Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy Imaging of Microtubule Arrays in Intact Arabidopsis thaliana Seedling Roots. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15694. [PMID: 26503365 PMCID: PMC4621606 DOI: 10.1038/srep15694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy has generated tremendous success in revealing detailed subcellular structures in animal cells. However, its application to plant cell biology remains extremely limited due to numerous technical challenges, including the generally high fluorescence background of plant cells and the presence of the cell wall. In the current study, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) imaging of intact Arabidopsis thaliana seedling roots with a spatial resolution of 20-40 nm was demonstrated. Using the super-resolution images, the spatial organization of cortical microtubules in different parts of a whole Arabidopsis root tip was analyzed quantitatively, and the results show the dramatic differences in the density and spatial organization of cortical microtubules in cells of different differentiation stages or types. The method developed can be applied to plant cell biological processes, including imaging of additional elements of the cytoskeleton, organelle substructure, and membrane domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Xiaochen Yang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Shaobin Zhu
- Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Diane C. Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Ning Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3965, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
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23
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Wilson MH, Holman TJ, Sørensen I, Cancho-Sanchez E, Wells DM, Swarup R, Knox JP, Willats WGT, Ubeda-Tomás S, Holdsworth M, Bennett MJ, Vissenberg K, Hodgman TC. Multi-omics analysis identifies genes mediating the extension of cell walls in the Arabidopsis thaliana root elongation zone. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:10. [PMID: 25750913 PMCID: PMC4335395 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell wall composition is important for regulating growth rates, especially in roots. However, neither analyses of cell wall composition nor transcriptomes on their own can comprehensively reveal which genes and processes are mediating growth and cell elongation rates. This study reveals the benefits of carrying out multiple analyses in combination. Sections of roots from five anatomically and functionally defined zones in Arabidopsis thaliana were prepared and divided into three biological replicates. We used glycan microarrays and antibodies to identify the major classes of glycans and glycoproteins present in the cell walls of these sections, and identified the expected decrease in pectin and increase in xylan from the meristematic zone (MS), through the rapid and late elongation zones (REZ, LEZ) to the maturation zone and the rest of the root, including the emerging lateral roots. Other compositional changes included extensin and xyloglucan levels peaking in the REZ and increasing levels of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGP) epitopes from the MS to the LEZ, which remained high through the subsequent mature zones. Immuno-staining using the same antibodies identified the tissue and (sub)cellular localization of many epitopes. Extensins were localized in epidermal and cortex cell walls, while AGP glycans were specific to different tissues from root-hair cells to the stele. The transcriptome analysis found several gene families peaking in the REZ. These included a large family of peroxidases (which produce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) needed for cell expansion), and three xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase genes (XTH17, XTH18, and XTH19). The significance of the latter may be related to a role in breaking and re-joining xyloglucan cross-bridges between cellulose microfibrils, a process which is required for wall expansion. Knockdowns of these XTHs resulted in shorter root lengths, confirming a role of the corresponding proteins in root extension growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Wilson
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Tara J. Holman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Glycobiology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ester Cancho-Sanchez
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Darren M. Wells
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - J. Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | - William G. T. Willats
- Plant Glycobiology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Ubeda-Tomás
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Michael Holdsworth
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Malcolm J. Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Laboratory of Plant Growth and Development, Department of Biology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - T. Charlie Hodgman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
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24
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Wilson MH, Holman TJ, Sørensen I, Cancho-Sanchez E, Wells DM, Swarup R, Knox JP, Willats WGT, Ubeda-Tomás S, Holdsworth M, Bennett MJ, Vissenberg K, Hodgman TC. Multi-omics analysis identifies genes mediating the extension of cell walls in the Arabidopsis thaliana root elongation zone. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015. [PMID: 25750913 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00010/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell wall composition is important for regulating growth rates, especially in roots. However, neither analyses of cell wall composition nor transcriptomes on their own can comprehensively reveal which genes and processes are mediating growth and cell elongation rates. This study reveals the benefits of carrying out multiple analyses in combination. Sections of roots from five anatomically and functionally defined zones in Arabidopsis thaliana were prepared and divided into three biological replicates. We used glycan microarrays and antibodies to identify the major classes of glycans and glycoproteins present in the cell walls of these sections, and identified the expected decrease in pectin and increase in xylan from the meristematic zone (MS), through the rapid and late elongation zones (REZ, LEZ) to the maturation zone and the rest of the root, including the emerging lateral roots. Other compositional changes included extensin and xyloglucan levels peaking in the REZ and increasing levels of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGP) epitopes from the MS to the LEZ, which remained high through the subsequent mature zones. Immuno-staining using the same antibodies identified the tissue and (sub)cellular localization of many epitopes. Extensins were localized in epidermal and cortex cell walls, while AGP glycans were specific to different tissues from root-hair cells to the stele. The transcriptome analysis found several gene families peaking in the REZ. These included a large family of peroxidases (which produce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) needed for cell expansion), and three xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase genes (XTH17, XTH18, and XTH19). The significance of the latter may be related to a role in breaking and re-joining xyloglucan cross-bridges between cellulose microfibrils, a process which is required for wall expansion. Knockdowns of these XTHs resulted in shorter root lengths, confirming a role of the corresponding proteins in root extension growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Wilson
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Tara J Holman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Glycobiology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ester Cancho-Sanchez
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Darren M Wells
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
| | - William G T Willats
- Plant Glycobiology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Ubeda-Tomás
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Michael Holdsworth
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Laboratory of Plant Growth and Development, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - T Charlie Hodgman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
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25
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Lopez D, Tocquard K, Venisse JS, Legué V, Roeckel-Drevet P. Gravity sensing, a largely misunderstood trigger of plant orientated growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:610. [PMID: 25414717 PMCID: PMC4220637 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gravity is a crucial environmental factor regulating plant growth and development. Plants have the ability to sense a change in the direction of gravity, which leads to the re-orientation of their growth direction, so-called gravitropism. In general, plant stems grow upward (negative gravitropism), whereas roots grow downward (positive gravitropism). Models describing the gravitropic response following the tilting of plants are presented and highlight that gravitropic curvature involves both gravisensing and mechanosensing, thus allowing to revisit experimental data. We also discuss the challenge to set up experimental designs for discriminating between gravisensing and mechanosensing. We then present the cellular events and the molecular actors known to be specifically involved in gravity sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lopez
- Clermont Université – Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAFAubière, France
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAFClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Kévin Tocquard
- Clermont Université – Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAFAubière, France
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAFClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Stéphane Venisse
- Clermont Université – Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAFAubière, France
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAFClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valerie Legué
- Clermont Université – Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAFAubière, France
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAFClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Patricia Roeckel-Drevet
- Clermont Université – Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAFAubière, France
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAFClermont-Ferrand, France
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26
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Abstract
Cell biology heavily relies on the behavior of fibrillar structures, such as the cytoskeleton, yet the analysis of their behavior in tissues often remains qualitative. Image analysis tools have been developed to quantify this behavior, but they often involve an image pre-processing stage that may bias the output and/or they require specific software. Here we describe FibrilTool, an ImageJ plug-in based on the concept of nematic tensor, which can provide a quantitative description of the anisotropy of fiber arrays and their average orientation in cells, directly from raw images obtained by any form of microscopy. FibrilTool has been validated on microtubules, actin and cellulose microfibrils, but it may also help analyze other fibrillar structures, such as collagen, or the texture of various materials. The tool is ImageJ-based, and it is therefore freely accessible to the scientific community and does not require specific computational setup. The tool provides the average orientation and anisotropy of fiber arrays in a given region of interest (ROI) in a few seconds.
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27
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Jacques E, Lewandowski M, Buytaert J, Fierens Y, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. MicroFilament Analyzer identifies actin network organizations in epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana roots. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e24821. [PMID: 23656865 PMCID: PMC3909063 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in the cells' growth and development during different developmental stages and it undergoes many rearrangements. In order to describe the arrangements of the F-actin cytoskeleton in root epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana, the recently developed software MicroFilament Analyzer (MFA) was exploited. This software enables high-throughput identification and quantification of the orientation of filamentous structures on digital images in a highly standardized and fast way. Using confocal microscopy and transgenic GFP-FABD2-GFP plants the actin cytoskeleton was visualized in the root epidermis. MFA analysis revealed that during the early stages of cell development F-actin is organized in a mainly random pattern. As the cells grow, they preferentially adopt a longitudinal organization, a pattern that is also preserved in the largest cells. In the evolution from young to old cells, an approximately even distribution of transverse, oblique or combined orientations is always present besides the switch from random to a longitudinal oriented actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Jacques
- University of Antwerp; Biology Department; Plant Growth and Development; Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Michal Lewandowski
- University of Antwerp; Biology Department; Plant Growth and Development; Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jan Buytaert
- University of Antwerp; Physics Department; Research group Laboratory of Biomedical Physics and Optics; Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Verbelen
- University of Antwerp; Biology Department; Plant Growth and Development; Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- University of Antwerp; Biology Department; Plant Growth and Development; Antwerpen, Belgium
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