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Kharazian N, Dehkordi FJ, Xiang CL. Metabolomics-based profiling of five Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) species using untargeted data analysis workflow. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024. [PMID: 39003613 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The genus Salvia L., a member of the family Lamiaceae, is a keystone genus with a wide range of medicinal properties. It possesses a rich metabolite source that has long been used to treat different disorders. OBJECTIVES Due to a deficiency of untargeted metabolomic profiling in the genus Salvia, this work attempts to investigate a comprehensive mass spectral library matching, computational data annotations, exclusive biomarkers, specific chemotypes, intraspecific metabolite profile variation, and metabolite enrichment by a case study of five medicinal species of Salvia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Aerial parts of each species were subjected to QTRAP liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis workflow based on untargeted metabolites. A comprehensive and multivariate analysis was acquired on the metabolite dataset utilizing MetaboAnalyst 6.0 and the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) Web Platform. RESULTS The untargeted approach empowered the identification of 117 metabolites by library matching and 92 nodes annotated by automated matching. A machine learning algorithm as substructural topic modeling, MS2LDA, was further implemented to explore the metabolite substructures, resulting in four Mass2Motifs. The automated library newly discovered a total of 23 metabolites. In addition, 87 verified biomarkers of library matching, 58 biomarkers of GNPS annotations, and 11 specific chemotypes were screened. CONCLUSION Integrative spectral library matching and automated annotation by the GNPS platform provide comprehensive metabolite profiling through a workflow. In addition, QTRAP LC-MS/MS with multivariate analysis unveiled reliable information about inter and intraspecific levels of differentiation. The rigorous investigation of metabolite profiling presents a large-scale overview and new insights for chemotaxonomy and pharmaceutical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaz Kharazian
- Department of Botany, Central Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Jafari Dehkordi
- Department of Botany, Central Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of New Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Chun-Lei Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Myoli A, Choene M, Kappo AP, Madala NE, van der Hooft JJJ, Tugizimana F. Charting the Cannabis plant chemical space with computational metabolomics. Metabolomics 2024; 20:62. [PMID: 38796627 PMCID: PMC11127828 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-024-02125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The chemical classification of Cannabis is typically confined to the cannabinoid content, whilst Cannabis encompasses diverse chemical classes that vary in abundance among all its varieties. Hence, neglecting other chemical classes within Cannabis strains results in a restricted and biased comprehension of elements that may contribute to chemical intricacy and the resultant medicinal qualities of the plant. OBJECTIVES Thus, herein, we report a computational metabolomics study to elucidate the Cannabis metabolic map beyond the cannabinoids. METHODS Mass spectrometry-based computational tools were used to mine and evaluate the methanolic leaf and flower extracts of two Cannabis cultivars: Amnesia haze (AMNH) and Royal dutch cheese (RDC). RESULTS The results revealed the presence of different chemical compound classes including cannabinoids, but extending it to flavonoids and phospholipids at varying distributions across the cultivar plant tissues, where the phenylpropnoid superclass was more abundant in the leaves than in the flowers. Therefore, the two cultivars were differentiated based on the overall chemical content of their plant tissues where AMNH was observed to be more dominant in the flavonoid content while RDC was more dominant in the lipid-like molecules. Additionally, in silico molecular docking studies in combination with biological assay studies indicated the potentially differing anti-cancer properties of the two cultivars resulting from the elucidated chemical profiles. CONCLUSION These findings highlight distinctive chemical profiles beyond cannabinoids in Cannabis strains. This novel mapping of the metabolomic landscape of Cannabis provides actionable insights into plant biochemistry and justifies selecting certain varieties for medicinal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhona Myoli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Mpho Choene
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - Abidemi Paul Kappo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | | | - Justin J J van der Hooft
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa.
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands.
| | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa.
- International Research and Development Division, Omnia Group, Ltd., Bryanston, Johannesburg, 2021, South Africa.
- National Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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3
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Gomes PWP, Mannochio-Russo H, Schmid R, Zuffa S, Damiani T, Quiros-Guerrero LM, Caraballo-Rodríguez AM, Zhao HN, Yang H, Xing S, Charron-Lamoureux V, Chigumba DN, Sedio BE, Myers JA, Allard PM, Harwood TV, Tamayo-Castillo G, Kang KB, Defossez E, Koolen HHF, da Silva MN, E Silva CYY, Rasmann S, Walker TWN, Glauser G, Chaves-Fallas JM, David B, Kim H, Lee KH, Kim MJ, Choi WJ, Keum YS, de Lima EJSP, de Medeiros LS, Bataglion GA, Costa EV, da Silva FMA, Carvalho ARV, Reis JDE, Pamplona S, Jeong E, Lee K, Kim GJ, Kil YS, Nam JW, Choi H, Han YK, Park SY, Lee KY, Hu C, Dong Y, Sang S, Morrison CR, Borges RM, Teixeira AM, Lee SY, Lee BS, Jeong SY, Kim KH, Rutz A, Gaudry A, Bruelhart E, Kappers IF, Karlova R, Meisenburg M, Berdaguer R, Tello JS, Henderson D, Cayola L, Wright SJ, Allen DN, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Baltzer JL, Lutz JA, McMahon SM, Parker GG, Parker JD, Northen TR, Bowen BP, Pluskal T, van der Hooft JJJ, Carver JJ, Bandeira N, Pullman BS, Wolfender JL, Kersten RD, Wang M, Dorrestein PC. plantMASST - Community-driven chemotaxonomic digitization of plants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.13.593988. [PMID: 38798440 PMCID: PMC11118438 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.13.593988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the distribution of hundreds of thousands of plant metabolites across the plant kingdom presents a challenge. To address this, we curated publicly available LC-MS/MS data from 19,075 plant extracts and developed the plantMASST reference database encompassing 246 botanical families, 1,469 genera, and 2,793 species. This taxonomically focused database facilitates the exploration of plant-derived molecules using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra. This tool will aid in drug discovery, biosynthesis, (chemo)taxonomy, and the evolutionary ecology of herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Wender P Gomes
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Helena Mannochio-Russo
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robin Schmid
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Simone Zuffa
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tito Damiani
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luis-Manuel Quiros-Guerrero
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrés Mauricio Caraballo-Rodríguez
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Haoqi Nina Zhao
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Heejung Yang
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shipei Xing
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Charron-Lamoureux
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Desnor N Chigumba
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian E Sedio
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Republic of Panama
| | - Jonathan A Myers
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Thomas V Harwood
- The DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Giselle Tamayo-Castillo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2061 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Emmanuel Defossez
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Botanical garden of Neuchâtel
| | | | - Milton Nascimento da Silva
- Laboratory of Liquid Chromatography, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Consuelo Yumiko Yoshioka E Silva
- Laboratory of Liquid Chromatography, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Tom W N Walker
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - José Miguel Chaves-Fallas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Department of Biology and Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Bruno David
- Green Mission Pierre Fabre, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien, BP 13562, 31562 Toulouse, France
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University, 32, Dongguk-ro, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University, 32, Dongguk-ro, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea
| | - Myeong Ji Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University, 32, Dongguk-ro, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea
| | - Won Jun Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University, 32, Dongguk-ro, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea
| | - Young-Sam Keum
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University, 32, Dongguk-ro, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10326, Korea
| | | | - Lívia Soman de Medeiros
- Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, SP, 09972-270, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Alice Rhelly V Carvalho
- Laboratory of Liquid Chromatography, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - José Diogo E Reis
- Laboratory of Liquid Chromatography, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Sônia Pamplona
- Laboratory of Liquid Chromatography, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Eunah Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungha Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Seo Kil
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Core Research Support Center for Natural Products and Medical Materials, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
- Core Research Support Center for Natural Products and Medical Materials, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Kyong Han
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Young Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Yong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Changling Hu
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Yilun Dong
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Colin R Morrison
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Brackenridge Field Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ricardo Moreira Borges
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrew Magno Teixeira
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Seo Yoon Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Soo Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Yun Jeong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Adriano Rutz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Gaudry
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Edouard Bruelhart
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Iris F Kappers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rumyana Karlova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mara Meisenburg
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Berdaguer
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Sebastián Tello
- Latin America Department, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Henderson
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Leslie Cayola
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - David N Allen
- Department of Biology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, USA
| | | | | | - James A Lutz
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Geoffrey G Parker
- Forest Ecology Group, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - John D Parker
- Forest Ecology Group, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - Trent R Northen
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division and the DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Benjamin P Bowen
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division and the DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Tomáš Pluskal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Justin J J van der Hooft
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Jeremy J Carver
- Center for Computational Mass Spectrometry, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego 92093-0404, United States
| | - Nuno Bandeira
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin S Pullman
- Center for Computational Mass Spectrometry, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego 92093-0404, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roland D Kersten
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mingxun Wang
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Quiros-Guerrero LM, Allard PM, Nothias LF, David B, Grondin A, Wolfender JL. Comprehensive mass spectrometric metabolomic profiling of a chemically diverse collection of plants of the Celastraceae family. Sci Data 2024; 11:415. [PMID: 38649352 PMCID: PMC11035674 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural products exhibit interesting structural features and significant biological activities. The discovery of new bioactive molecules is a complex process that requires high-quality metabolite profiling data to properly target the isolation of compounds of interest and enable their complete structural characterization. The same metabolite profiling data can also be used to better understand chemotaxonomic links between species. This Data Descriptor details a dataset resulting from the untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolite profiling of 76 natural extracts of the Celastraceae family. The spectral annotation results and related chemical and taxonomic metadata are shared, along with proposed examples of data reuse. This data can be further studied by researchers exploring the chemical diversity of natural products. This can serve as a reference sample set for deep metabolome investigation of this chemically rich plant family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis-Manuel Quiros-Guerrero
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Louis-Felix Nothias
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruno David
- Green Mission Department, Herbal Products Laboratory, Pierre Fabre Research Institute, Toulouse, France
| | - Antonio Grondin
- Green Mission Department, Herbal Products Laboratory, Pierre Fabre Research Institute, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Mutabdžija L, Myoli A, de Jonge NF, Damiani T, Schmid R, van der Hooft JJJ, Tugizimana F, Pluskal T. Studying Plant Specialized Metabolites Using Computational Metabolomics Strategies. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2788:97-136. [PMID: 38656511 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3782-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites have diversified vastly over the course of plant evolution, and they are considered key players in complex interactions between plants and their environment. The chemical diversity of these metabolites has been widely explored and utilized in agriculture and crop enhancement, the food industry, and drug development, among other areas. However, the immensity of the plant metabolome can make its exploration challenging. Here we describe a protocol for exploring plant specialized metabolites that combines high-resolution mass spectrometry and computational metabolomics strategies, including molecular networking, identification of structural motifs, as well as prediction of chemical structures and metabolite classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Mutabdžija
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Akhona Myoli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Niek F de Jonge
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tito Damiani
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Robin Schmid
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Justin J J van der Hooft
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- International Research and Development Division, Omnia Group, Ltd, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tomáš Pluskal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.
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6
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Shi W, Hu S, Song W, Huang Y, Shi C, Wang S. Uncovering the first complete chloroplast genomics, comparative analysis, and phylogenetic relationships of the medicinal plants Rhamnus cathartica and Frangula alnus ( Rhamnaceae). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:855-869. [PMID: 37520808 PMCID: PMC10382440 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnus cathartica and Frangula alnus are economically valuable medicinal plants from the Rhamnaceae family. However, their chloroplast genome structure, phylogenetic position, relationships, and evolution remain poorly understood. Herein, the complete chloroplast genome resources of R. cathartica and F. alnus have been added. The first comparative analysis of the Rhamnus and Frangula species based on complete chloroplast genomes was provided. The chloroplast genomes of R. cathartica and F. alnus exhibited a quadripartite structure, with total lengths of 161,149 bp and 161,255 bp, respectively. The lack of the infA and psbL genes does not negatively impact the normal functioning of Rhamnus and Frangula species. The rpl20 and rpl33 genes are undergoing rapid evolution. Rhamnus and Frangula species prefer amino acids with A/U-terminal codons. There were between 100 and 126 simple sequence repeats and between 38 and 100 long repeats. Several highly divergent intergenic regions (trnK-UUU-trnQ-UUG, atpH-atpI, trnY-GUA-trnE-UUC, trnG-GCC-trnfM-CAU, trnT-UGU-trnF-GAA, rpl20-rps12, and rpl22-rps19) and highly divergent genes (ycf3, ndhA, rpl32, and ycf1) were identified, which could serve as potential phylogenetic markers due to their variability. We reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among Rhamnus species and F. alnus using complete chloroplast genomes. There is no significant correlation between the medicinal value of the species analyzed and their phylogenetic relationships. These results provide valuable insights for understanding the phylogenetic relationship and evolution of Rhamnus and Frangula species. These findings could serve as a foundation for future studies on the Rhamnaceae. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01331-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Shi
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042 China
| | - Siqi Hu
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042 China
| | - Weicai Song
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042 China
| | - Yahui Huang
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042 China
| | - Chao Shi
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042 China
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204 China
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042 China
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7
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Lima NM, Dos Santos GF, da Silva Lima G, Vaz BG. Advances in Mass Spectrometry-Metabolomics Based Approaches. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1439:101-122. [PMID: 37843807 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-41741-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly selective and sensitive analytical techniques are necessary for microbial metabolomics due to the complexity of the microbial sample matrix. Hence, mass spectrometry (MS) has been successfully applied in microbial metabolomics due to its high precision, versatility, sensitivity, and wide dynamic range. The different analytical tools using MS have been employed in microbial metabolomics investigations and can contribute to the discovery or accelerate the search for bioactive substances. The coupling with chromatographic and electrophoretic separation techniques has resulted in more efficient technologies for the analysis of microbial compounds occurring in trace levels. This book chapter describes the current advances in the application of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in the search for new biologically active agents from microbial sources; the development of new approaches for in silico annotation of natural products; the different technologies employing mass spectrometry imaging to deliver more comprehensive analysis and elucidate the metabolome involved in ecological interactions as they enable visualization of the spatial dispersion of small molecules. We also describe other ambient ionization techniques applied to the fingerprint of microbial natural products and modern techniques such as ion mobility mass spectrometry used to microbial metabolomic analyses and the dereplication of natural microbial products through MS.
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8
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The use of ecological analytical tools as an unconventional approach for untargeted metabolomics data analysis: the case of Cecropia obtusifolia and its adaptive responses to nitrate starvation. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:1467-1493. [PMID: 36199002 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Plant metabolomics studies haves revealed new bioactive compounds. However, like other omics disciplines, the generated data are not fully exploited, mainly because the commonly performed analyses focus on elucidating the presence/absence of distinctive metabolites (and/or their precursors) and not on providing a holistic view of metabolomic changes and their participation in organismal adaptation to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Therefore, spectral libraries generated from Cecropia obtusifolia cell suspension cultures in a previous study were considered as a case study and were reanalyzed herein. These libraries were obtained from a time-course experiment under nitrate starvation conditions using both electrospray ionization modes. The applied methodology included the use of ecological analytical tools in a systematic four-step process, including a population analysis of metabolite α diversity, richness, and evenness (i); a chemometrics analysis to identify discriminant groups (ii); differential metabolic marker identification (iii); and enrichment analyses and annotation of active metabolic pathways enriched by differential metabolites (iv). Our species α diversity results referring to the diversity of metabolites represented by mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) values detected at a specific retention time (rt) (an uncommon way to analyze untargeted metabolomic data) suggest that the metabolome is dynamic and is modulated by abiotic stress. A total of 147 and 371 m/z_rt pairs was identified as differential markers responsive to nitrate starvation in ESI- and ESI+ modes, respectively. Subsequent enrichment analysis showed a high degree of completeness of biosynthetic pathways such as those of brassinosteroids, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids.
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9
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Mass spectrometry data on specialized metabolome of medicinal plants used in East Asian traditional medicine. Sci Data 2022; 9:528. [PMID: 36030263 PMCID: PMC9420114 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional East Asian medicine not only serves as a potential source of drug discovery, but also plays an important role in the healthcare systems of Korea, China, and Japan. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based untargeted metabolomics is a key methodology for high-throughput analysis of the complex chemical compositions of medicinal plants used in traditional East Asian medicine. This Data Descriptor documents the deposition to a public repository of a re-analyzable raw LC-MS/MS dataset of 337 medicinal plants listed in the Korean Pharmacopeia, in addition to a reference spectral library of 223 phytochemicals isolated from medicinal plants. Enhanced by recently developed repository-level data analysis pipelines, this information can serve as a reference dataset for MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomic analysis of plant specialized metabolites.
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10
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Advances in Plant Metabolomics and Its Applications in Stress and Single-Cell Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136985. [PMID: 35805979 PMCID: PMC9266571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, the post-genomic era envisaged high-throughput technologies, resulting in more species with available genome sequences. In-depth multi-omics approaches have evolved to integrate cellular processes at various levels into a systems biology knowledge base. Metabolomics plays a crucial role in molecular networking to bridge the gaps between genotypes and phenotypes. However, the greater complexity of metabolites with diverse chemical and physical properties has limited the advances in plant metabolomics. For several years, applications of liquid/gas chromatography (LC/GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been constantly developed. Recently, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)-MS has shown utility in resolving isomeric and isobaric metabolites. Both MS and NMR combined metabolomics significantly increased the identification and quantification of metabolites in an untargeted and targeted manner. Thus, hyphenated metabolomics tools will narrow the gap between the number of metabolite features and the identified metabolites. Metabolites change in response to environmental conditions, including biotic and abiotic stress factors. The spatial distribution of metabolites across different organs, tissues, cells and cellular compartments is a trending research area in metabolomics. Herein, we review recent technological advancements in metabolomics and their applications in understanding plant stress biology and different levels of spatial organization. In addition, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in multiple stress interactions, multi-omics, and single-cell metabolomics.
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11
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Mannochio-Russo H, de Almeida RF, Nunes WDG, Bueno PCP, Caraballo-Rodríguez AM, Bauermeister A, Dorrestein PC, Bolzani VS. Untargeted Metabolomics Sheds Light on the Diversity of Major Classes of Secondary Metabolites in the Malpighiaceae Botanical Family. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:854842. [PMID: 35498703 PMCID: PMC9047359 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.854842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural products produced by plants are one of the most investigated natural sources, which substantially contributed to the development of the natural products field. Even though these compounds are widely explored, the literature still lacks comprehensive investigations aiming to explore the evolution of secondary metabolites produced by plants, especially if classical methodologies are employed. The development of sensitive hyphenated techniques and computational tools for data processing has enabled the study of large datasets, being valuable assets for chemosystematic studies. Here, we describe a strategy for chemotaxonomic investigations using the Malpighiaceae botanical family as a model. Our workflow was based on MS/MS untargeted metabolomics, spectral searches, and recently described in silico classification tools, which were mapped into the latest molecular phylogeny accepted for this family. The metabolomic analysis revealed that different ionization modes and extraction protocols significantly impacted the chemical profiles, influencing the chemotaxonomic results. Spectral searches within public databases revealed several clades or genera-specific molecular families, being potential chemical markers for these taxa, while the in silico classification tools were able to expand the Malpighiaceae chemical space. The classes putatively annotated were used for ancestral character reconstructions, which recovered several classes of metabolites as homoplasies (i.e., non-exclusive) or synapomorphies (i.e., exclusive) for all sampled clades and genera. Our workflow combines several approaches to perform a comprehensive evolutionary chemical study. We expect it to be used on further chemotaxonomic investigations to expand chemical knowledge and reveal biological insights for compounds classes in different biological groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Mannochio-Russo
- NuBBE, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Rafael F. de Almeida
- Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, Science, Ecosystem Stewardship, Diversity and Livelihoods, Richmond, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lamol Lab, Feira de Santana State University (UEFS), Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Wilhan D. G. Nunes
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia (IFRO), Ji-Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paula C. P. Bueno
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Andrés M. Caraballo-Rodríguez
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Anelize Bauermeister
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Vanderlan S. Bolzani
- NuBBE, Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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12
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Huang D, Zhang C, Chen J, Xiao Y, Li M, Sun L, Qiu S, Chen W. Computational Workflow to Study the Diversity of Secondary Metabolites in Fourteen Different Isatis Species. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050907. [PMID: 35269530 PMCID: PMC8909408 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The screening of real features among thousands of ions remains a great challenge in the study of metabolomics. In this research, a workflow designed based on the MetaboFR tool and “feature-rating” rule was developed to screen the real features in large-scale data analyses. Seventy-four reference standards were used to test the feasibility, with 83.21% of real features being obtained after MetaboFR processing. Moreover, the full workflow was applied for systematic characterization of 14 species of the genus Isatis, with the result that 87.72% of real features were retained and 69.19% of the in-source fragments were removed. To gain insights into metabolite diversity within this plant family, 1697 real features were tentatively identified, including lipids, phenylpropanoids, organic acids, indole derivatives, etc. Indole derivatives were demonstrated to be the best chemical markers with which to differentiate different species. The rare existence of indole derivatives in Isatis cappadocica (cap) and Isatis cappadocica subsp. Steveniana (capS) indicates that the biosynthesis of indole derivatives could play a key role in driving the chemical diversity and evolution of genus Isatis. Our workflow provides the foundations for the exploration of real features in metabolomics, and has the potential to reveal the chemical composition and marker metabolites of secondary metabolites in plant fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doudou Huang
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (D.H.); (C.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Chen Zhang
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (D.H.); (C.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (D.H.); (C.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Ying Xiao
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (D.H.); (C.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Mingming Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Lianna Sun
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (D.H.); (C.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.X.); (L.S.)
| | - Shi Qiu
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (D.H.); (C.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.X.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (W.C.)
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; (D.H.); (C.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.X.); (L.S.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China;
- Correspondence: (S.Q.); (W.C.)
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13
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Combination of GC-MS Molecular Networking and Larvicidal Effect against Aedes aegypti for the Discovery of Bioactive Substances in Commercial Essential Oils. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051588. [PMID: 35268689 PMCID: PMC8912102 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a neglected disease, present mainly in tropical countries, with more than 5.2 million cases reported in 2019. Vector control remains the most effective protective measure against dengue and other arboviruses. Synthetic insecticides based on organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, neonicotinoids and oxadiazines are unattractive due to their high degree of toxicity to humans, animals and the environment. Conversely, natural-product-based larvicides/insecticides, such as essential oils, present high efficiency, low environmental toxicity and can be easily scaled up for industrial processes. However, essential oils are highly complex and require modern analytical and computational approaches to streamline the identification of bioactive substances. This study combined the GC-MS spectral similarity network approach with larvicidal assays as a new strategy for the discovery of potential bioactive substances in complex biological samples, enabling the systematic and simultaneous annotation of substances in 20 essential oils through LC50 larvicidal assays. This strategy allowed rapid intuitive discovery of distribution patterns between families and metabolic classes in clusters, and the prediction of larvicidal properties of acyclic monoterpene derivatives, including citral, neral, citronellal and citronellol, and their acetate forms (LC50 < 50 µg/mL).
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14
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Nakabayashi R. Sample Preparation, Data Acquisition, and Data Analysis for 15N-Labeled and Nonlabeled Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2505:59-68. [PMID: 35732936 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2349-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent approaches developed in metabolomics using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) enabled us to assign a part of specialized metabolites in plants. However, the approaches are not good enough for the rest of the metabolites, which are still unknown. To characterize the unknown metabolites, more appropriate and precise approaches need to be developed. Here, a procedure to analyze 15N-labeled and nonlabeled LC-MS/MS data for identification of monoterpene indole alkaloids was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan.
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15
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Beniddir MA, Kang KB, Genta-Jouve G, Huber F, Rogers S, van der Hooft JJJ. Advances in decomposing complex metabolite mixtures using substructure- and network-based computational metabolomics approaches. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1967-1993. [PMID: 34821250 PMCID: PMC8597898 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00023c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2020Recently introduced computational metabolome mining tools have started to positively impact the chemical and biological interpretation of untargeted metabolomics analyses. We believe that these current advances make it possible to start decomposing complex metabolite mixtures into substructure and chemical class information, thereby supporting pivotal tasks in metabolomics analysis including metabolite annotation, the comparison of metabolic profiles, and network analyses. In this review, we highlight and explain key tools and emerging strategies covering 2015 up to the end of 2020. The majority of these tools aim at processing and analyzing liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry fragmentation data. We start with defining what substructures are, how they relate to molecular fingerprints, and how recognizing them helps to decompose complex mixtures. We continue with chemical classes that are based on the presence or absence of particular molecular scaffolds and/or functional groups and are thus intrinsically related to substructures. We discuss novel tools to mine substructures, annotate chemical compound classes, and create mass spectral networks from metabolomics data and demonstrate them using two case studies. We also review and speculate about the opportunities that NMR spectroscopy-based metabolome mining of complex metabolite mixtures offers to discover substructures and chemical classes. Finally, we will describe the main benefits and limitations of the current tools and strategies that rely on them, and our vision on how this exciting field can develop toward repository-scale-sized metabolomics analyses. Complementary sources of structural information from genomics analyses and well-curated taxonomic records are also discussed. Many research fields such as natural products discovery, pharmacokinetic and drug metabolism studies, and environmental metabolomics increasingly rely on untargeted metabolomics to gain biochemical and biological insights. The here described technical advances will benefit all those metabolomics disciplines by transforming spectral data into knowledge that can answer biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi A Beniddir
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 rue J.-B Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Grégory Genta-Jouve
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire (C-TAC), UMR CNRS 8038, CiTCoM, Université de Paris, 4, Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Evolution, Interactions des Systèmes Amazoniens (LEEISA), USR 3456, Université De Guyane, CNRS Guyane, 275 Route de Montabo, 97334 Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Florian Huber
- Netherlands eScience Center, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Rogers
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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16
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Gericke O, Fowler RM, Heskes AM, Bayly MJ, Semple SJ, Ndi CP, Stærk D, Løland CJ, Murphy DJ, Buirchell BJ, Møller BL. Navigating through chemical space and evolutionary time across the Australian continent in plant genus Eremophila. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:555-578. [PMID: 34324744 PMCID: PMC9292440 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Eremophila is the largest genus in the plant tribe Myoporeae (Scrophulariaceae) and exhibits incredible morphological diversity across the Australian continent. The Australian Aboriginal Peoples recognize many Eremophila species as important sources of traditional medicine, the most frequently used plant parts being the leaves. Recent phylogenetic studies have revealed complex evolutionary relationships between Eremophila and related genera in the tribe. Unique and structurally diverse metabolites, particularly diterpenoids, are also a feature of plants in this group. To assess the full dimension of the chemical space of the tribe Myoporeae, we investigated the metabolite diversity in a chemo-evolutionary framework applying a combination of molecular phylogenetic and state-of-the-art computational metabolomics tools to build a dataset involving leaf samples from a total of 291 specimens of Eremophila and allied genera. The chemo-evolutionary relationships are expounded into a systematic context by integration of information about leaf morphology (resin and hairiness), environmental factors (pollination and geographical distribution), and medicinal properties (traditional medicinal uses and antibacterial studies), augmenting our understanding of complex interactions in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gericke
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDK‐1871Denmark
| | - Rachael M. Fowler
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.3010Australia
| | - Allison M. Heskes
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDK‐1871Denmark
| | - Michael J. Bayly
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.3010Australia
| | - Susan J. Semple
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research CentreSchool of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSA5000Australia
| | - Chi P. Ndi
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research CentreSchool of Pharmacy and Medical SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSA5000Australia
| | - Dan Stærk
- Department of Drug Design and PharmacologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDK‐2100Denmark
| | - Claus J. Løland
- Department of NeuroscienceFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDK‐2100Denmark
| | | | | | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDK‐1871Denmark
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Ntie-Kang F, Telukunta KK, Fobofou SAT, Chukwudi Osamor V, Egieyeh SA, Valli M, Djoumbou-Feunang Y, Sorokina M, Stork C, Mathai N, Zierep P, Chávez-Hernández AL, Duran-Frigola M, Babiaka SB, Tematio Fouedjou R, Eni DB, Akame S, Arreyetta-Bawak AB, Ebob OT, Metuge JA, Bekono BD, Isa MA, Onuku R, Shadrack DM, Musyoka TM, Patil VM, van der Hooft JJJ, da Silva Bolzani V, Medina-Franco JL, Kirchmair J, Weber T, Tastan Bishop Ö, Medema MH, Wessjohann LA, Ludwig-Müller J. Computational Applications in Secondary Metabolite Discovery (CAiSMD): an online workshop. J Cheminform 2021; 13:64. [PMID: 34488889 PMCID: PMC8419829 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-021-00546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the major conclusions of the online open-access workshop "Computational Applications in Secondary Metabolite Discovery (CAiSMD)" that took place from 08 to 10 March 2021. Invited speakers from academia and industry and about 200 registered participants from five continents (Africa, Asia, Europe, South America, and North America) took part in the workshop. The workshop highlighted the potential applications of computational methodologies in the search for secondary metabolites (SMs) or natural products (NPs) as potential drugs and drug leads. During 3 days, the participants of this online workshop received an overview of modern computer-based approaches for exploring NP discovery in the "omics" age. The invited experts gave keynote lectures, trained participants in hands-on sessions, and held round table discussions. This was followed by oral presentations with much interaction between the speakers and the audience. Selected applicants (early-career scientists) were offered the opportunity to give oral presentations (15 min) and present posters in the form of flash presentations (5 min) upon submission of an abstract. The final program available on the workshop website ( https://caismd.indiayouth.info/ ) comprised of 4 keynote lectures (KLs), 12 oral presentations (OPs), 2 round table discussions (RTDs), and 5 hands-on sessions (HSs). This meeting report also references internet resources for computational biology in the area of secondary metabolites that are of use outside of the workshop areas and will constitute a long-term valuable source for the community. The workshop concluded with an online survey form to be completed by speakers and participants for the goal of improving any subsequent editions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, P. O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kiran K. Telukunta
- Tarunavadaanenasaha Muktbharatonnayana Samstha Foundation, Hyderabad, India
| | - Serge A. T. Fobofou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Victor Chukwudi Osamor
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Colege of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Km. 10 Idiroko Rd, Ogun Ota, Nigeria
| | - Samuel A. Egieyeh
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, 7535 South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, 7535 South Africa
| | - Marilia Valli
- Nuclei of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products (NuBBE), Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University–UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Sorokina
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Conrad Stork
- Center for Bioinformatics, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neann Mathai
- Department of Chemistry and Computational Biology Unit (CBU), University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Paul Zierep
- Pharmaceutical Bioinformatics, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana L. Chávez-Hernández
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miquel Duran-Frigola
- Ersilia Open Source Initiative, Cambridge, UK
- Joint IRB-BSC-CRG Programme in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Smith B. Babiaka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, P. O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Donatus B. Eni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, P. O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Simeon Akame
- Department of Immunology, School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, BP 7871, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Oyere T. Ebob
- Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, P. O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jonathan A. Metuge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, P. O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Boris D. Bekono
- Department of Physics, Ecole Normale Supérieure, University of Yaoundé I, BP. 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mustafa A. Isa
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Lab, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria
| | - Raphael Onuku
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Daniel M. Shadrack
- Department of Chemistry, St. John’s University of Tanzania, P. O. Box 47, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Thommas M. Musyoka
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140 South Africa
| | - Vaishali M. Patil
- Computer Aided Drug Design Lab, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, 201206 India
| | | | - Vanderlan da Silva Bolzani
- Nuclei of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products (NuBBE), Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University–UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - José L. Medina-Franco
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tilmann Weber
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140 South Africa
| | - Marnix H. Medema
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ludger A. Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Nakabayashi R, Yamada Y, Nishizawa T, Mori T, Asano T, Kuwabara M, Saito K. Tandem Mass Spectrum Similarity-Based Network Analysis Using 13C-Labeled and Non-labeled Metabolome Data to Identify the Biosynthetic Pathway of the Blood Pressure-Lowering Asparagus Metabolite Asparaptine A. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8571-8577. [PMID: 34269574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathway of asparaptine, a naturally occurring inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in vitro, is largely unknown in Asparagus officinalis. To determine which metabolites are involved in the pathway, we performed tandem mass spectrum similarity-based metabolome network analysis using 13C-labeled and non-labeled valine-fed asparagus calluses. We revealed that S-(2-carboxy-n-propyl)-cysteine as an intermediate and two new metabolites as asparaptine analogues, lysine- and histidine-type conjugates, are involved in the pathway. Asparaptine was therefore renamed asparaptine A (arginine type), and the two analogues were named asparaptines B (lysine type) and C (histidine type). Oral feeding of asparaptine A to a hypertensive mouse breed showed that this metabolite lowers both the blood pressure and heart rate within 2 h and the effect of asparaptine A wears off after 2 days. These results suggest that asparaptine A may not only have effects as an ACE inhibitor but also have β-antagonistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nishizawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Asano
- Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | | | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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19
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Tinte MM, Chele KH, van der Hooft JJJ, Tugizimana F. Metabolomics-Guided Elucidation of Plant Abiotic Stress Responses in the 4IR Era: An Overview. Metabolites 2021; 11:445. [PMID: 34357339 PMCID: PMC8305945 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly challenged by changing environmental conditions that include abiotic stresses. These are limiting their development and productivity and are subsequently threatening our food security, especially when considering the pressure of the increasing global population. Thus, there is an urgent need for the next generation of crops with high productivity and resilience to climate change. The dawn of a new era characterized by the emergence of fourth industrial revolution (4IR) technologies has redefined the ideological boundaries of research and applications in plant sciences. Recent technological advances and machine learning (ML)-based computational tools and omics data analysis approaches are allowing scientists to derive comprehensive metabolic descriptions and models for the target plant species under specific conditions. Such accurate metabolic descriptions are imperatively essential for devising a roadmap for the next generation of crops that are resilient to environmental deterioration. By synthesizing the recent literature and collating data on metabolomics studies on plant responses to abiotic stresses, in the context of the 4IR era, we point out the opportunities and challenges offered by omics science, analytical intelligence, computational tools and big data analytics. Specifically, we highlight technological advancements in (plant) metabolomics workflows and the use of machine learning and computational tools to decipher the dynamics in the chemical space that define plant responses to abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena M. Tinte
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.M.T.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Kekeletso H. Chele
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.M.T.); (K.H.C.)
| | | | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.M.T.); (K.H.C.)
- International Research and Development Division, Omnia Group, Ltd., Johannesburg 2021, South Africa
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20
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Ekaney LYE, Eni DB, Ntie-Kang F. Chemical similarity methods for analyzing secondary metabolite structures. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The relation that exists between the structure of a compound and its function is an integral part of chemoinformatics. The similarity principle states that “structurally similar molecules tend to have similar properties and similar molecules exert similar biological activities”. The similarity of the molecules can either be studied at the structure level or at the descriptor level (properties level). Generally, the objective of chemical similarity measures is to enhance prediction of the biological activities of molecules. In this article, an overview of various methods used to compare the similarity between metabolite structures has been provided, including two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) approaches. The focus has been on methods description; e.g. fingerprint-based similarity in which the molecules under study are first fragmented and their fingerprints are computed, 2D structural similarity by comparing the Tanimoto coefficients and Euclidean distances, as well as the use of physiochemical properties descriptor-based similarity methods. The similarity between molecules could also be measured by using data mining (clustering) techniques, e.g. by using virtual screening (VS)-based similarity methods. In this approach, the molecules with the desired descriptors or /and structures are screened from large databases. Lastly, SMILES-based chemical similarity search is an important method for studying the exact structure search, substructure search and also descriptor similarity. The use of a particular method depends upon the requirements of the researcher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Y. E. Ekaney
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , University of Buea , P.O. Box 63 , Buea , Cameroon
| | - Donatus B. Eni
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , University of Buea , P.O. Box 63 , Buea , Cameroon
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Yaoundé I , Yaoundé , Cameroon
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , University of Buea , P.O. Box 63 , Buea , Cameroon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3 , Halle (Saale) , 06120 Germany
- Department of Informatics and Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 5 Prague 6 , Dejvice , 166 28 Czech Republic
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21
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Padilla-González GF, Diazgranados M, Da Costa FB. Effect of the Andean Geography and Climate on the Specialized Metabolism of Its Vegetation: The Subtribe Espeletiinae (Asteraceae) as a Case Example. Metabolites 2021; 11:220. [PMID: 33916648 PMCID: PMC8065660 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Andean mountains are 'center stage' to some of the most spectacular examples of plant diversifications, where geographic isolation and past climatic fluctuations have played a major role. However, the influence of Andean geography and climate as drivers of metabolic variation in Andean plants is poorly elucidated. Here, we studied the influence of those factors on the metabolome of the subtribe Espeletiinae (Asteraceae) using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry data of over two hundred samples from multiple locations. Our results demonstrate that metabolic profiles can discriminate Espeletiinae taxa at different geographic scales, revealing inter- and intraspecific metabolic variations: at the country level, segregation between Colombian and Venezuelan taxa was observed; regionally, between páramo massifs; and locally, between páramo complexes. Metabolic differences in Espeletiinae were mainly explained by geographic isolation, although differences in taxonomic genera, temperature, and elevation, were also important. Furthermore, we found that different species inhabiting the same páramo complex showed stronger chemical similarities than the same species at different locations, corroborating that geographic isolation represents the main driver of metabolic change in Espeletiinae. The current study serves as a starting point to fill in the gaps in how Andean geography and climate have shaped the metabolism of its vegetation and reveal the potential of untargeted metabolomics to study the environmental physiology of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo F. Padilla-González
- AsterBioChem Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-903, Brazil;
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Road, London TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Mauricio Diazgranados
- Millennium Seed Bank, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Ardingly, West Sussex, Haywards Heath RH17 6TN, UK;
| | - Fernando B. Da Costa
- AsterBioChem Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-903, Brazil;
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Ranking Metabolite Sets by Their Activity Levels. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11020103. [PMID: 33670102 PMCID: PMC7916825 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Related metabolites can be grouped into sets in many ways, e.g., by their participation in series of chemical reactions (forming metabolic pathways), or based on fragmentation spectral similarities or shared chemical substructures. Understanding how such metabolite sets change in relation to experimental factors can be incredibly useful in the interpretation and understanding of complex metabolomics data sets. However, many of the available tools that are used to perform this analysis are not entirely suitable for the analysis of untargeted metabolomics measurements. Here, we present PALS (Pathway Activity Level Scoring), a Python library, command line tool, and Web application that performs the ranking of significantly changing metabolite sets over different experimental conditions. The main algorithm in PALS is based on the pathway level analysis of gene expression (PLAGE) factorisation method and is denoted as mPLAGE (PLAGE for metabolomics). As an example of an application, PALS is used to analyse metabolites grouped as metabolic pathways and by shared tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns. A comparison of mPLAGE with two other commonly used methods (overrepresentation analysis (ORA) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA)) is also given and reveals that mPLAGE is more robust to missing features and noisy data than the alternatives. As further examples, PALS is also applied to human African trypanosomiasis, Rhamnaceae, and American Gut Project data. In addition, normalisation can have a significant impact on pathway analysis results, and PALS offers a framework to further investigate this. PALS is freely available from our project Web site.
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Chemical Profiling Provides Insights into the Metabolic Machinery of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Deep-Sea Microbes. mSystems 2020; 5:5/6/e00824-20. [PMID: 33172970 PMCID: PMC7657597 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00824-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine microbes are known to degrade hydrocarbons; however, microbes inhabiting deep-sea sediments remain largely unexplored. Previous studies into the classical pathways of marine microbial metabolism reveal diverse chemistries; however, metabolic profiling of marine microbes cultured with hydrocarbons is limited. In this study, taxonomic (amplicon sequencing) profiles of two environmental deep-sea sediments (>1,200 m deep) were obtained, along with taxonomic and metabolomic (mass spectrometry-based metabolomics) profiles of microbes harbored in deep-sea sediments cultured with hydrocarbons as the sole energy source. Samples were collected from the Gulf of México (GM) and cultured for 28 days using simple (toluene, benzene, hexadecane, and naphthalene) and complex (petroleum API 40) hydrocarbon mixtures as the sole energy sources. The sediment samples harbored diverse microbial communities predominantly classified into Woeseiaceae and Kiloniellaceae families, whereas Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae families prevailed after sediments were cultured with hydrocarbons. Chemical profiling of microbial metabolomes revealed diverse chemical groups belonging primarily to the lipids and lipid-like molecules superclass, as well as the organoheterocyclic compound superclass (ClassyFire annotation). Metabolomic data and prediction of functional profiles indicated an increase in aromatic and alkane degradation in samples cultured with hydrocarbons. Previously unreported metabolites, identified as intermediates in the degradation of hydrocarbons, were annotated as hydroxylated polyunsaturated fatty acids and carboxylated benzene derivatives. In summary, this study used mass spectrometry-based metabolomics coupled to chemoinformatics to demonstrate how microbes from deep-sea sediments could be cultured in the presence of hydrocarbons. This study also highlights how this experimental approach can be used to increase the understanding of hydrocarbon degradation by deep-sea sediment microbes.IMPORTANCE High-throughput technologies and emerging informatics tools have significantly advanced knowledge of hydrocarbon metabolism by marine microbes. However, research into microbes inhabiting deep-sea sediments (>1,000 m) is limited compared to those found in shallow waters. In this study, a nontargeted and nonclassical approach was used to examine the diversity of bacterial taxa and the metabolic profiles of hydrocarbon-degrading deep-sea microbes. In conclusion, this study used metabolomics and chemoinformatics to demonstrate that microbes from deep-sea sediment origin thrive in the presence of toxic and difficult-to-metabolize hydrocarbons. Notably, this study provides evidence of previously unreported metabolites and the global chemical repertoire associated with the metabolism of hydrocarbons by deep-sea microbes.
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Padilla-González GF, Amrehn E, Frey M, Gómez-Zeledón J, Kaa A, Costa FBD, Spring O. Metabolomic and Gene Expression Studies Reveal the Diversity, Distribution and Spatial Regulation of the Specialized Metabolism of Yacón ( Smallanthus sonchifolius, Asteraceae). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124555. [PMID: 32604977 PMCID: PMC7348818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Smallanthus sonchifolius, also known as yacón, is an Andean crop species commercialized for its nutraceutical and medicinal properties. The tuberous roots of yacón accumulate a diverse array of probiotic and bioactive metabolites including fructooligosaccharides and caffeic acid esters. However, the metabolic diversity of yacón remains unexplored, including the site of biosynthesis and accumulation of key metabolite classes. We report herein a multidisciplinary approach involving metabolomics, gene expression and scanning electron microscopy, to provide a comprehensive analysis of the diversity, distribution and spatial regulation of the specialized metabolism in yacón. Our results demonstrate that different metabolic fingerprints and gene expression patterns characterize specific tissues, organs and cultivars of yacón. Manual inspection of mass spectrometry data and molecular networking allowed the tentative identification of 71 metabolites, including undescribed structural analogues of known bioactive compounds. Imaging by scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of a new type of glandular trichome in yacón bracts, with a distinctive metabolite profile. Furthermore, the high concentration of sesquiterpene lactones in capitate glandular trichomes and the restricted presence of certain flavonoids and caffeic acid esters in underground organs and internal tissues suggests that these metabolites could be involved in protective and ecological functions. This study demonstrates that individual organs and tissues make specific contributions to the highly diverse and specialized metabolome of yacón, which is proving to be a reservoir of previously undescribed molecules of potential significance in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo F. Padilla-González
- AsterBioChem Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av do café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil;
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kew Green Road, London TW9 3AB, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-20-8332-5375
| | - Evelyn Amrehn
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, BW, Germany; (E.A.); (M.F.); (J.G.-Z.); (A.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Maximilian Frey
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, BW, Germany; (E.A.); (M.F.); (J.G.-Z.); (A.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Javier Gómez-Zeledón
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, BW, Germany; (E.A.); (M.F.); (J.G.-Z.); (A.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Alevtina Kaa
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, BW, Germany; (E.A.); (M.F.); (J.G.-Z.); (A.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Fernando B. Da Costa
- AsterBioChem Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av do café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil;
| | - Otmar Spring
- Department of Biochemistry of Plant Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599 Stuttgart, BW, Germany; (E.A.); (M.F.); (J.G.-Z.); (A.K.); (O.S.)
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25
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Thapsigargins and induced chemical defence in Thapsia garganica. CHEMOECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-020-00315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Molecular Network-Guided Alkaloid Profiling of Aerial Parts of Papaver nudicaule L. Using LC-HRMS. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112636. [PMID: 32517053 PMCID: PMC7321159 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Papaver nudicaule L. (Iceland poppy) is widely used for ornamental purposes. A previous study demonstrated the alleviation of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation mediated by P. nudicaule extract through nuclear factor-kappa B and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inactivation. As isoquinoline alkaloids are chemical markers and bioactive constituents of Papaver species, the present study investigated the alkaloid profile of aerial parts of five P. nudicaule cultivars with different flower colors and a P. rhoeas cropped for two years. A combination of liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and molecular networking was used to cluster isoquinoline alkaloids in the species and highlight the possible metabolites. Aside from the 12 compounds, including rotundine, muramine, and allocryptopine, identified from Global Natural Products Social library and reported information, 46 structurally related metabolites were quantitatively investigated. Forty-two and 16 compounds were proposed for chemical profiles of P. nudicaule and P. rhoeas, respectively. Some species-specific metabolites showed similar fragmentation patterns. The alkaloid abundance of P. nudicaule differed depending on the flower color, and the possible chemical markers were proposed. These results show that molecular networking-guided dereplication allows investigation of unidentified metabolites. The derived chemical profile may facilitate evaluation of P. nudicaule quality for pharmacological applications.
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Fraser PD, Aharoni A, Hall RD, Huang S, Giovannoni JJ, Sonnewald U, Fernie AR. Metabolomics should be deployed in the identification and characterization of gene-edited crops. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:897-902. [PMID: 31923321 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gene-editing techniques are currently revolutionizing biology, allowing far greater precision than previous mutagenic and transgenic approaches. They are becoming applicable to a wide range of plant species and biological processes. Gene editing can rapidly improve a range of crop traits, including disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, yield, nutritional quality and additional consumer traits. Unlike transgenic approaches, however, it is not facile to forensically detect gene-editing events at the molecular level, as no foreign DNA exists in the elite line. These limitations in molecular detection approaches are likely to focus more attention on the products generated from the technology than on the process in itself. Rapid advances in sequencing and genome assembly increasingly facilitate genome sequencing as a means of characterizing new varieties generated by gene-editing techniques. Nevertheless, subtle edits such as single base changes or small deletions may be difficult to distinguish from normal variation within a genotype. Given these emerging scenarios, downstream 'omics' technologies reflective of edited affects, such as metabolomics, need to be used in a more prominent manner to fully assess compositional changes in novel foodstuffs. To achieve this goal, metabolomics or 'non-targeted metabolite analysis' needs to make significant advances to deliver greater representation across the metabolome. With the emergence of new edited crop varieties, we advocate: (i) concerted efforts in the advancement of 'omics' technologies, such as metabolomics, and (ii) an effort to redress the use of the technology in the regulatory assessment for metabolically engineered biotech crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Robert D Hall
- Wageningen Research, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - James J Giovannoni
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Chevrette MG, Gutiérrez-García K, Selem-Mojica N, Aguilar-Martínez C, Yañez-Olvera A, Ramos-Aboites HE, Hoskisson PA, Barona-Gómez F. Evolutionary dynamics of natural product biosynthesis in bacteria. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 37:566-599. [PMID: 31822877 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00048h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2008 up to 2019The forces of biochemical adaptive evolution operate at the level of genes, manifesting in complex phenotypes and the global biodiversity of proteins and metabolites. While evolutionary histories have been deciphered for some other complex traits, the origins of natural product biosynthesis largely remain a mystery. This fundamental knowledge gap is surprising given the many decades of research probing the genetic, chemical, and biophysical mechanisms of bacterial natural product biosynthesis. Recently, evolutionary thinking has begun to permeate this otherwise mechanistically dominated field. Natural products are now sometimes referred to as 'specialized' rather than 'secondary' metabolites, reinforcing the importance of their biological and ecological functions. Here, we review known evolutionary mechanisms underlying the overwhelming chemical diversity of bacterial secondary metabolism, focusing on enzyme promiscuity and the evolution of enzymatic domains that enable metabolic traits. We discuss the mechanisms that drive the assembly of natural product biosynthetic gene clusters and propose formal definitions for 'specialized' and 'secondary' metabolism. We further explore how biosynthetic gene clusters evolve to synthesize related molecular species, and in turn how the biological and ecological roles that emerge from metabolic diversity are acted on by selection. Finally, we reconcile chemical, functional, and genetic data into an evolutionary model, the dynamic chemical matrix evolutionary hypothesis, in which the relationships between chemical distance, biomolecular activity, and relative fitness shape adaptive landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc G Chevrette
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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MolNetEnhancer: Enhanced Molecular Networks by Integrating Metabolome Mining and Annotation Tools. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9070144. [PMID: 31315242 PMCID: PMC6680503 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9070144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics has started to embrace computational approaches for chemical interpretation of large data sets. Yet, metabolite annotation remains a key challenge. Recently, molecular networking and MS2LDA emerged as molecular mining tools that find molecular families and substructures in mass spectrometry fragmentation data. Moreover, in silico annotation tools obtain and rank candidate molecules for fragmentation spectra. Ideally, all structural information obtained and inferred from these computational tools could be combined to increase the resulting chemical insight one can obtain from a data set. However, integration is currently hampered as each tool has its own output format and efficient matching of data across these tools is lacking. Here, we introduce MolNetEnhancer, a workflow that combines the outputs from molecular networking, MS2LDA, in silico annotation tools (such as Network Annotation Propagation or DEREPLICATOR), and the automated chemical classification through ClassyFire to provide a more comprehensive chemical overview of metabolomics data whilst at the same time illuminating structural details for each fragmentation spectrum. We present examples from four plant and bacterial case studies and show how MolNetEnhancer enables the chemical annotation, visualization, and discovery of the subtle substructural diversity within molecular families. We conclude that MolNetEnhancer is a useful tool that greatly assists the metabolomics researcher in deciphering the metabolome through combination of multiple independent in silico pipelines.
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Rutz A, Dounoue-Kubo M, Ollivier S, Bisson J, Bagheri M, Saesong T, Ebrahimi SN, Ingkaninan K, Wolfender JL, Allard PM. Taxonomically Informed Scoring Enhances Confidence in Natural Products Annotation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1329. [PMID: 31708947 PMCID: PMC6824209 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) offers unrivalled sensitivity for the metabolite profiling of complex biological matrices encountered in natural products (NP) research. The massive and complex sets of spectral data generated by such platforms require computational approaches for their interpretation. Within such approaches, computational metabolite annotation automatically links spectral data to candidate structures via a score, which is usually established between the acquired data and experimental or theoretical spectral databases (DB). This process leads to various candidate structures for each MS features. However, at this stage, obtaining high annotation confidence level remains a challenge notably due to the extensive chemodiversity of specialized metabolomes. The design of a metascore is a way to capture complementary experimental attributes and improve the annotation process. Here, we show that integrating the taxonomic position of the biological source of the analyzed samples and candidate structures enhances confidence in metabolite annotation. A script is proposed to automatically input such information at various granularity levels (species, genus, and family) and complement the score obtained between experimental spectral data and output of available computational metabolite annotation tools (ISDB-DNP, MS-Finder, Sirius). In all cases, the consideration of the taxonomic distance allowed an efficient re-ranking of the candidate structures leading to a systematic enhancement of the recall and precision rates of the tools (1.5- to 7-fold increase in the F1 score). Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of considering taxonomic information in the process of specialized metabolites annotation. This requires to access structural data systematically documented with biological origin, both for new and previously reported NPs. In this respect, the establishment of an open structural DB of specialized metabolites and their associated metadata, particularly biological sources, is timely and critical for the NP research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Rutz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Miwa Dounoue-Kubo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Simon Ollivier
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Bisson
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mohsen Bagheri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tongchai Saesong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Samad Nejad Ebrahimi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kornkanok Ingkaninan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Jean-Luc Wolfender, ; Pierre-Marie Allard,
| | - Pierre-Marie Allard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU), Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Jean-Luc Wolfender, ; Pierre-Marie Allard,
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