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Yamasaki H, Itoh RD, Mizumoto KB, Yoshida YS, Otaki JM, Cohen MF. Spatiotemporal Characteristics Determining the Multifaceted Nature of Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Species in Relation to Proton Homeostasis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 38407968 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Significance: Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS) act as signaling molecules, regulating gene expression, enzyme activity, and physiological responses. However, excessive amounts of these molecular species can lead to deleterious effects, causing cellular damage and death. This dual nature of ROS, RNS, and RSS presents an intriguing conundrum that calls for a new paradigm. Recent Advances: Recent advancements in the study of photosynthesis have offered significant insights at the molecular level and with high temporal resolution into how the photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex manages to prevent harmful ROS production during the water-splitting process. These findings suggest that a dynamic spatiotemporal arrangement of redox reactions, coupled with strict regulation of proton transfer, is crucial for minimizing unnecessary ROS formation. Critical Issues: To better understand the multifaceted nature of these reactive molecular species in biology, it is worth considering a more holistic view that combines ecological and evolutionary perspectives on ROS, RNS, and RSS. By integrating spatiotemporal perspectives into global, cellular, and biochemical events, we discuss local pH or proton availability as a critical determinant associated with the generation and action of ROS, RNS, and RSS in biological systems. Future Directions: The concept of localized proton availability will not only help explain the multifaceted nature of these ubiquitous simple molecules in diverse systems but also provide a basis for new therapeutic strategies to manage and manipulate these reactive species in neural disorders, pathogenic diseases, and antiaging efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Yamasaki
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ryuuichi D Itoh
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | - Yuki S Yoshida
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Joji M Otaki
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Michael F Cohen
- University of California Cooperative Extension, Santa Clara County, San Jose, California, USA
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Mackenzie SA, Mullineaux PM. Plant environmental sensing relies on specialized plastids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7155-7164. [PMID: 35994779 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In plants, plastids are thought to interconvert to various forms that are specialized for photosynthesis, starch and oil storage, and diverse pigment accumulation. Post-endosymbiotic evolution has led to adaptations and specializations within plastid populations that align organellar functions with different cellular properties in primary and secondary metabolism, plant growth, organ development, and environmental sensing. Here, we review the plastid biology literature in light of recent reports supporting a class of 'sensory plastids' that are specialized for stress sensing and signaling. Abundant literature indicates that epidermal and vascular parenchyma plastids display shared features of dynamic morphology, proteome composition, and plastid-nuclear interaction that facilitate environmental sensing and signaling. These findings have the potential to reshape our understanding of plastid functional diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Mackenzie
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Philip M Mullineaux
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
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Sanjaya A, Muramatsu R, Sato S, Suzuki M, Sasaki S, Ishikawa H, Fujii Y, Asano M, Itoh RD, Kanamaru K, Ohbu S, Abe T, Kazama Y, Fujiwara MT. Arabidopsis EGY1 Is Critical for Chloroplast Development in Leaf Epidermal Guard Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1254. [PMID: 34205501 PMCID: PMC8235790 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the Ethylene-dependent Gravitropism-deficient and Yellow-green 1 (EGY1) gene encodes a thylakoid membrane-localized protease involved in chloroplast development in leaf mesophyll cells. Recently, EGY1 was also found to be crucial for the maintenance of grana in mesophyll chloroplasts. To further explore the function of EGY1 in leaf tissues, we examined the phenotype of chloroplasts in the leaf epidermal guard cells and pavement cells of two 40Ar17+ irradiation-derived mutants, Ar50-33-pg1 and egy1-4. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that fully expanded leaves of both egy1 mutants showed severe chlorophyll deficiency in both epidermal cell types. Guard cells in the egy1 mutant exhibited permanent defects in chloroplast formation during leaf expansion. Labeling of plastids with CaMV35S or Protodermal Factor1 (PDF1) promoter-driven stroma-targeted fluorescent proteins revealed that egy1 guard cells contained the normal number of plastids, but with moderately reduced size, compared with wild-type guard cells. Transmission electron microscopy further revealed that the development of thylakoids was impaired in the plastids of egy1 mutant guard mother cells, guard cells, and pavement cells. Collectively, these observations demonstrate that EGY1 is involved in chloroplast formation in the leaf epidermis and is particularly critical for chloroplast differentiation in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Sanjaya
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Ryohsuke Muramatsu
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Shiho Sato
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Mao Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Shun Sasaki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ishikawa
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Makoto Asano
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Ryuuichi D Itoh
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Kengo Kanamaru
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Sumie Ohbu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Abe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kazama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Makoto T Fujiwara
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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