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Sun P, Zhu Z, Jin Z, Xie J, Miao H, Liu J. Molecular Characteristics and Functional Identification of a Key Alpha-Amylase-Encoding Gene AMY11 in Musa acuminata. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7832. [PMID: 39063074 PMCID: PMC11276985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpha-amylase (AMY) plays a significant role in regulating the growth, development, and postharvest quality formation in plants. Nevertheless, little is known about the genome-wide features, expression patterns, subcellular localization, and functional regulation of AMY genes (MaAMYs) in the common starchy banana (Musa acuminata). Twelve MaAMY proteins from the banana genome database were clustered into two groups and contained a conserved catalytic domain. These MaAMYs formed collinear pairs with the AMYs of maize and rice. Three tandem gene pairs were found within the MaAMYs and are indicative of putative gene duplication events. Cis-acting elements of the MaAMY promoters were found to be involved in phytohormone, development, and stress responses. Furthermore, MaAMY02, 08, 09, and 11 were actively expressed during fruit development and ripening. Specifically, MaAMY11 showed the highest expression level at the middle and later stages of banana ripening. Subcellular localization showed that MaAMY02 and 11 were predominately found in the chloroplast, whereas MaAMY08 and 09 were primarily localized in the cytoplasm. Notably, transient attenuation of MaAMY11 expression resulted in an obvious increase in the starch content of banana fruit, while a significant decrease in starch content was confirmed through the transient overexpression of MaAMY11. Together, these results reveal new insights into the structure, evolution, and expression patterns of the MaAMY family, affirming the functional role of MaAMY11 in the starch degradation of banana fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiguang Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biological Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology and Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China; (P.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.J.); (J.X.)
| | - Zhao Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biological Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology and Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China; (P.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.J.); (J.X.)
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biological Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology and Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China; (P.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.J.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianghui Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biological Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology and Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China; (P.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.J.); (J.X.)
| | - Hongxia Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biological Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology and Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China; (P.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.J.); (J.X.)
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Juhua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biological Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology and Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, 4 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China; (P.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.J.); (J.X.)
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
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Navarro JL, Losano Richard P, Moiraghi M, Bustos M, León AE, Steffolani ME. Effect of Different Wheat Sprouting Conditions on the Characteristics of Whole-Wheat Flour. Food Technol Biotechnol 2024; 62:264-274. [PMID: 39045301 PMCID: PMC11261644 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.62.02.24.8435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Research background Controlled sprouting promotes physiological and biochemical changes in whole grains, improves their nutritional value and offers technological advantages for breadmaking as an alternative to traditional whole grains. The aim of this study is to find sprouting conditions for the grains of Klein Valor wheat variety (Triticum aestivum L.) that would increase the nutritional value without significantly affecting the gluten proteins, which are essential in wholegrain baked goods. Experimental approach The chemical and nutritional composition, enzymatic activity and pasting properties of the suspensions of unsprouted and sprouted whole-wheat flour were evaluated. Results and conclusions This bioprocess allowed us to obtain sprouted whole-wheat flour with different degrees of modification in its chemical composition. Sprouting at 25 °C resulted in an observable increase in enzymatic activity and metabolic processes, particularly α-amylases, which significantly affect the starch matrix and the associated pasting properties. Additionally, there was a smaller but still notable effect on the structure of the cell walls and the protein matrix due to the activation of endoxylanases and proteases. In contrast, sprouting at 15 and 20 °C for 24 h allowed for better process control as it resulted in nutritional improvements such as a higher content of free amino acid groups, free phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity, as well as a lower content of phytates. In addition, it provided techno-functional advantages due to the moderate activation of α-amylase and xylanase. A moderate decrease in peak viscosity of sprouted whole-wheat flour suspensions was observed compared to the control flour, while protein degradation was not significantly prolonged. Novelty and scientific contribution Sprouted whole-wheat flour obtained under milder sprouting conditions with moderate enzymatic activity could be a promising and interesting ingredient for wholegrain baked goods with improved nutritional values and techno-functional properties. This approach could avoid the use of conventional flour improvers and thus have a positive impact on consumer acceptance and enable the labelling of the product with a clean label.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Navarro
- Institute of Food Science and Technology of Córdoba (ICYTAC), CONICET-UNC Valparaiso y Rogelio Martínez, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pedro Losano Richard
- Institute of Food Science and Technology of Córdoba (ICYTAC), CONICET-UNC Valparaiso y Rogelio Martínez, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Malena Moiraghi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology of Córdoba (ICYTAC), CONICET-UNC Valparaiso y Rogelio Martínez, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Córdoba (UNC), Valparaiso y Rogelio Martínez, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Mariela Bustos
- Institute of Food Science and Technology of Córdoba (ICYTAC), CONICET-UNC Valparaiso y Rogelio Martínez, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alberto Edel León
- Institute of Food Science and Technology of Córdoba (ICYTAC), CONICET-UNC Valparaiso y Rogelio Martínez, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Córdoba (UNC), Valparaiso y Rogelio Martínez, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Steffolani
- Institute of Food Science and Technology of Córdoba (ICYTAC), CONICET-UNC Valparaiso y Rogelio Martínez, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Córdoba (UNC), Valparaiso y Rogelio Martínez, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina
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Guo N, Tang S, Wang Y, Chen W, An R, Ren Z, Hu S, Tang S, Wei X, Shao G, Jiao G, Xie L, Wang L, Chen Y, Zhao F, Sheng Z, Hu P. A mediator of OsbZIP46 deactivation and degradation negatively regulates seed dormancy in rice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1134. [PMID: 38326370 PMCID: PMC10850359 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is a deleterious phenotype that occurs frequently in rice-growing regions where the temperature and precipitation are high. It negatively affects yield, quality, and downstream grain processing. Seed dormancy is a trait related to PHS. Longer seed dormancy is preferred for rice production as it can prevent PHS. Here, we map QTLs associated with rice seed dormancy and clone Seed Dormancy 3.1 (SDR3.1) underlying one major QTL. SDR3.1 encodes a mediator of OsbZIP46 deactivation and degradation (MODD). We show that SDR3.1 negatively regulates seed dormancy by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of ABIs. In addition, we reveal two critical amino acids of SDR3.1 that are critical for the differences in seed dormancy between the Xian/indica and Geng/japonica cultivars. Further, SDR3.1 has been artificially selected during rice domestication. We propose a two-line model for the process of rice seed dormancy domestication from wild rice to modern cultivars. We believe the candidate gene and germplasm studied in this study would be beneficial for the genetic improvement of rice seed dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naihui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, P. R. China
| | - Shengjia Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Yakun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
- National Nanfan Research Academy (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, 572024, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Ruihu An
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Zongliang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Shikai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Shaoqing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Gaoneng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Guiai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Lihong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Fengli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China.
- Jiangxi Early-season Rice Research Center, Pingxiang, Jiangxi Province, 337000, P. R. China.
| | - Peisong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biological Breeding/Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/China National Rice Improvement Centre/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, P. R. China.
- Rice Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, P. R. China.
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Yang B, Sun S, Li S, Zeng J, Xu F. RNA-seq study reveals the signaling and carbohydrate metabolism regulators involved in dormancy release by warm stratification in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:355-365. [PMID: 37283615 PMCID: PMC10240920 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0824a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Long-term seed dormancy of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis limits its large-scale artificial cultivation. It is crucial to understand the regulatory genes involving in dormancy release for artificial cultivation in this species. In this study, seed dormancy of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis was effectively released by warm stratification (20°C) for 90 days. The freshly harvested seeds (dormant) and stratified seeds (non-dormant) were used to sequence, and approximately 147 million clean reads and 28,083 annotated unigenes were detected. In which, a total of 10,937 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between dormant and non-dormant seeds. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) classification revealed that the majority unigenes involved in signaling transduction and carbohydrate metabolism. Of them, the signaling transduction-related DEGs were mainly hormones-, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-, and transcription factor (TF)-related genes. The largest number of signaling transduction-related DEGs were auxin-responsive genes (SAUR, AUX/IAA, and ARF) and AP2-like ethylene-responsive transcription factor (ERF/AP2). Moreover, at least 29 DEGs such as α-amylase (AMY), β-glucosidase (Bglb/Bglu/Bglx), and endoglucanase (Glu) were identified involving in carbohydrate metabolism. These identified genes provide a valuable resource to investigate the molecular basis of dormancy release in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Shan Sun
- The Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shengyu Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Jiali Zeng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Furong Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
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Xiao Y, Li Y, Ouyang L, Yin A, Xu B, Zhang L, Chen J, Liu J. A banana transcriptional repressor MaAP2a participates in fruit starch degradation during postharvest ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1036719. [PMID: 36438126 PMCID: PMC9691770 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1036719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fruit postharvest ripening is a crucial course for many fruits with significant conversion of biosubstance, which forms an intricate regulatory network. Ethylene facilitates the ripening process in banana with a remarkable change of fruit starch, but the mechanism adjusting the expression of starch degradation-related enzyme genes is incompletely discovered. Here, we describe a banana APETALA2 transcription factor (MaAP2a) identified as a transcriptional repressor with its powerful transcriptional inhibitory activity. The transcriptional level of MaAP2a gradually decreased with the transition of banana fruit ripening, suggesting a passive role of MaAP2a in banana fruit ripening. Moreover, MaAP2a is a classic nucleoprotein and encompasses transcriptional repressor domain (EAR, LxLxLx). More specifically, protein-DNA interaction assays found that MaAP2a repressed the expression of 15 starch degradation-related genes comprising MaGWD1, MaPWD1, MaSEX4, MaLSF1, MaBAM1-MaBAM3, MaAMY2B/2C/3A/3C, MaMEX1/2, and MapGlcT2-1/2-2 via binding to the GCC-box or AT-rich motif of their promoters. Overall, these results reveal an original MaAP2a-mediated negative regulatory network involved in banana postharvest starch breakdown, which advances our cognition on banana fruit ripening and offers additional reference values for banana varietal improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Xiao
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Lejun Ouyang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Aiguo Yin
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Bo Xu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Jianye Chen
- College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
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Dynamic RNA-Seq Study Reveals the Potential Regulators of Seed Germination in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182400. [PMID: 36145801 PMCID: PMC9505804 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is an important traditional Chinese medicine, but poor seed germination limits its large-scale artificial cultivation. Thus, it is crucial to understand the regulators of seed germination to obtain clues about how to improve the artificial cultivation of Paris polyphylla. In this study, the seeds at three germination stages, including ungerminated seeds (stage 1), germinated seeds with a 0.5 cm radicel length (stage 2), and germinated seeds with a 2.0 cm radicel length (stage 3) after warm stratification (20 °C) for 90 days were used for RNA sequencing. Approximately 220 million clean reads and 447,314 annotated unigenes were obtained during seed germination, of which a total of 4454, 5150, and 1770 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at stage 1 to stage 2, stage 1 to stage 3, and stage 2 to stage 3, respectively. Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, signal transduction, and translation. Of them, several genes encoding the glutamate decarboxylase, glutamine synthetase, alpha-galactosidase, auxin-responsive protein IAA30, abscisic-acid-responsive element binding factor, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 9/18, and small and large subunit ribosomal proteins were identified as potentially involved in seed germination. The identified genes provide a valuable resource to study the molecular basis of seed germination in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis.
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Mangan D, Draga A, Ivory R, Cornaggia C, Blundell M, Howitt C, McCleary B, Ral J. A novel enzymatic method discriminating wheat pre-harvest sprouting from Late Maturity alpha-amylase. J Cereal Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2022.103480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang Q, Pritchard J, Mieog J, Byrne K, Colgrave ML, Wang JR, Ral JPF. Over-Expression of a Wheat Late Maturity Alpha-Amylase Type 1 Impact on Starch Properties During Grain Development and Germination. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:811728. [PMID: 35422830 PMCID: PMC9002352 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.811728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The hydrolysis of starch is a complex process that requires synergistic action of multiple hydrolytic enzymes, including α-amylases. Wheat over-expression of TaAmy1, driven by seed specific promoter, resulted in a 20- to 230-fold total α-amylase activity in mature grains. Ectopic expression of TaAmy1 showed a significant elevated α-amylase activity in stem and leaf without consequences on transitory starch. In mature grain, overexpressed TaAMY1 was mainly located in the endosperm with high expression of TaAmy1. This is due to early developing grains having effect on starch granules from 18 days post-anthesis (DPA) and on soluble sugar accumulation from 30 DPA. While accumulation of TaAMY1 led to a high degree of damaged starch in grain, the dramatic alterations of starch visco-properties caused by the elevated levels of α-amylase essentially occurred during processing, thus suggesting a very small impact of related starch damage on grain properties. Abnormal accumulation of soluble sugar (α-gluco-oligosaccharide and sucrose) by TaAMY1 over-expression reduced the grain dormancy and enhanced abscisic acid (ABA) resistance. Germination study in the presence of α-amylase inhibitor suggested a very limited role of TaAMY1 in the early germination process and starch conversion into soluble sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jenifer Pritchard
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jos Mieog
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Keren Byrne
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Colgrave
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ji-Rui Wang
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jean-Philippe F. Ral
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Jean-Philippe F. Ral,
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