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Mangotra A, Singh SK. Volatile organic compounds: A threat to the environment and health hazards to living organisms - A review. J Biotechnol 2024; 382:51-69. [PMID: 38242502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the organic compounds having a minimum vapor pressure of 0.13 kPa at standard temperature and pressure (293 K, 101 kPa). Being used as a solvent for organic and inorganic compounds, they have a wide range of applications. Most of the VOCs are non-biodegradable and very easily become component of the environment and deplete its purity. It also deteriorates the water quality index of the water bodies, impairs the physiology of living beings, enters the food chain by bio-magnification and degrades, decomposes and manipulates the physiology of living organisms. To unveil the adverse impacts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their rapid eruption and interference in the living world, a review has been designed. This review presents an insight into the currently available VOCs, their sources, applications, sampling methods, analytic procedures, imposition on the health of aquatic and terrestrial communities and their contamination of the environment. Elaboration has been done on representation of toxicological effects of VOCs on vertebrates, invertebrates, and birds. Subsequently, the role of environmental agencies in the protection of environment has also been illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Mangotra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, NH-1, Phagwara, 144411 Punjab, India.
| | - Shailesh Kumar Singh
- School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, NH-1, Phagwara, 144411 Punjab, India.
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Skaliter O, Bednarczyk D, Shor E, Shklarman E, Manasherova E, Aravena-Calvo J, Kerzner S, Cna’ani A, Jasinska W, Masci T, Dvir G, Edelbaum O, Rimon B, Brotman Y, Cohen H, Vainstein A. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor EVER controls the emission of petunia floral volatiles by regulating epicuticular wax biosynthesis in the petal epidermis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 36:174-193. [PMID: 37818992 PMCID: PMC10734618 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal cells of petunia (Petunia × hybrida) flowers are the main site of volatile emission. However, the mechanisms underlying the release of volatiles into the environment are still being explored. Here, using cell-layer-specific transcriptomic analysis, reverse genetics by virus-induced gene silencing and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR), and metabolomics, we identified EPIDERMIS VOLATILE EMISSION REGULATOR (EVER)-a petal adaxial epidermis-specific MYB activator that affects the emission of volatiles. To generate ever knockout lines, we developed a viral-based CRISPR/Cas9 system for efficient gene editing in plants. These knockout lines, together with transient-suppression assays, revealed EVER's involvement in the repression of low-vapor-pressure volatiles. Internal pools and annotated scent-related genes involved in volatile production and emission were not affected by EVER. RNA-Seq analyses of petals of ever knockout lines and EVER-overexpressing flowers revealed enrichment in wax-related biosynthesis genes. Liquid chromatography/gas chromatography-MS analyses of petal epicuticular waxes revealed substantial reductions in wax loads in ever petals, particularly of monomers of fatty acids and wax esters. These results implicate EVER in the emission of volatiles by fine-tuning the composition of petal epicuticular waxes. We reveal a petunia MYB regulator that interlinks epicuticular wax composition and volatile emission, thus unraveling a regulatory layer in the scent-emission machinery in petunia flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Skaliter
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dominika Bednarczyk
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Shor
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elena Shklarman
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Manasherova
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Javiera Aravena-Calvo
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shane Kerzner
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alon Cna’ani
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Weronika Jasinska
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Tania Masci
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gony Dvir
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Orit Edelbaum
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ben Rimon
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Biotechnology, The Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Alexander Vainstein
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Greenleaf J, Holásková I, Rowen E, Gutensohn M, Turcotte R, Park YL. Arthropods Associated with Invasive Frangula alnus (Rosales: Rhamnaceae): Implications for Invasive Plant and Insect Management. INSECTS 2023; 14:913. [PMID: 38132587 PMCID: PMC10871088 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The invasive shrub glossy buckthorn (Frangula alnus) has been progressively colonizing the Northeastern United States and Southeastern Canada for more than a century. To determine the dominant arthropod orders and species associated with F. alnus, field surveys were conducted for two years across 16 plots within the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania, USA. Statistical analyses were employed to assess the impact of seasonal variation on insect order richness and diversity. The comprehensive arthropod collection yielded 2845 insects and arachnids, with hemipterans comprising the majority (39.8%), followed by dipterans (22.3%) and arachnids (15.5%). Notably, 16.2% of the hemipterans collected were in the immature stages, indicating F. alnus as a host for development. The two dominant insect species of F. alnus were Psylla carpinicola (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae); D. suzukii utilized F. alnus fruits for reproduction. Species richness and diversity exhibited significant variations depending on the phenology of F. alnus. The profiles of volatile compounds emitted from the leaves and flowers of F. alnus were analyzed to identify factors that potentially contribute to the attraction of herbivores and pollinators. The results of our study will advance the development of novel F. alnus management strategies leveraging the insects associated with this invasive species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Greenleaf
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.G.); (E.R.); (M.G.); (R.T.)
| | - Ida Holásková
- Office of Statistics and Data Analytics, West Virginia Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
| | - Elizabeth Rowen
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.G.); (E.R.); (M.G.); (R.T.)
| | - Michael Gutensohn
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.G.); (E.R.); (M.G.); (R.T.)
| | - Richard Turcotte
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.G.); (E.R.); (M.G.); (R.T.)
- State, Private and Tribal Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Yong-Lak Park
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (J.G.); (E.R.); (M.G.); (R.T.)
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Bosorogan A, Cardenas-Poire E, Gonzales-Vigil E. Tomato defences modulate not only insect performance but also their gut microbial composition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18139. [PMID: 37875520 PMCID: PMC10598054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants protect their tissues from insect herbivory with specialized structures and chemicals, such as cuticles, trichomes, and metabolites contained therein. Bacteria inside the insect gut are also exposed to plant defences and can potentially modify the outcome of plant-insect interactions. To disentangle this complex multi-organism system, we used tomato mutants impaired in the production of plant defences (odorless-2 and jasmonic acid-insensitive1) and two cultivars (Ailsa Craig and Castlemart), exposed them to herbivory by the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni H.) and collected the insect frass for bacterial community analysis. While the epicuticular wax and terpene profiles were variable, the leaf fatty acid composition remained consistent among genotypes. Moreover, larval weight confirmed the negative association between plant defences and insect performance. The distinctive frass fatty acid profiles indicated that plant genotype also influences the lipid digestive metabolism of insects. Additionally, comparisons of leaf and insect-gut bacterial communities revealed a limited overlap in bacterial species between the two sample types. Insect bacterial community abundance and diversity were notably reduced in insects fed on the mutants, with Enterobacteriaceae being the predominant group, whereas putatively pathogenic taxa were found in wildtype genotypes. Altogether, these results indicate that plant defences can modulate insect-associated bacterial community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Bosorogan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | | | - Eliana Gonzales-Vigil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, M1C 1A4, Canada.
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G5, Canada.
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Kessler A, Mueller MB, Kalske A, Chautá A. Volatile-mediated plant-plant communication and higher-level ecological dynamics. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R519-R529. [PMID: 37279686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in general and herbivory-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) in particular are increasingly understood as major mediators of information transfer between plant tissues. Recent findings have moved the field of plant communication closer to a detailed understanding of how plants emit and perceive VOCs and seem to converge on a model that juxtaposes perception and emission mechanisms. These new mechanistic insights help to explain how plants can integrate different types of information and how environmental noise can affect the transmission of information. At the same time, ever-new functions of VOC-mediated plant-plant interactions are being revealed. Chemical information transfer between plants is now known to fundamentally affect plant organismal interactions and, additionally, population, community, and ecosystem dynamics. One of the most exciting new developments places plant-plant interactions along a behavioral continuum with an eavesdropping strategy at one end and mutually beneficial information-sharing among plants within a population at the other. Most importantly and based on recent findings as well as theoretical models, plant populations can be predicted to evolve different communication strategies depending on their interaction environment. We use recent studies from ecological model systems to illustrate this context dependency of plant communication. Moreover, we review recent key findings about the mechanisms and functions of HIPV-mediated information transfer and suggest conceptual links, such as to information theory and behavioral game theory, as valuable tools for a deeper understanding of how plant-plant communication affects ecological and evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Kessler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Michael B Mueller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Aino Kalske
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Alexander Chautá
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Cheng G, Ye C, Zhang J, Li H, Jiang Y, Duan X. Water permeability of different aerial tissues of carnations is related to cuticular wax composition. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13883. [PMID: 36840510 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular wax protects aerial plant tissues against uncontrolled water loss. To compare the differences among tissues, cultivars, and postharvest stages, we characterized the surface morphology, water permeability, and chemical composition of cuticular wax on the leaf, calyx, and petals of two carnation cultivars ('Master' and 'Lady green') at two postharvest stages. Obvious differences in these characteristics were found among tissues but not among cultivars or postharvest stages. The leaf surface was relatively smooth, whereas convex cells were observed on the petals. The mean minimum conductance of leaves was significantly higher than that of the calyx, followed by that of petals. It ranged between 8.8 × 10-4 m s-1 for 'Lady green' leaves at Stage II and 3.6 × 10-5 m s-1 for 'Master' petals at Stage I. Petal wax contained high concentrations of n-alkanes, whereas primary alcohols dominated in leaf wax. The weighted average chain length (ACL) was higher in petal wax than in leaf wax; it ranged from 19.6 in 'Lady green' leaves to 24.14 in 'Lady green' petals at Stage I. In conclusion, carnation petals are characterized by numerous convex cells on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces, and their main cuticular wax components, alkanes, have a higher ACL than leaf cuticular wax, which contributes to their higher water barrier property. The results provide further evidence for the association between cuticular chemical composition and the physiological function of the cuticle in blocking water transpiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Cheng
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changchun Ye
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Li C, Mo Y, Wang N, Xing L, Qu Y, Chen Y, Yuan Z, Ali A, Qi J, Fernández V, Wang Y, Kopittke PM. The overlooked functions of trichomes: Water absorption and metal detoxication. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:669-687. [PMID: 36581782 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are epidermal outgrowths on plant shoots. Their roles in protecting plants against herbivores and in the biosynthesis of specialized metabolites have long been recognized. Recently, studies are increasingly showing that trichomes also play important roles in water absorption and metal detoxication, with these roles having important implications for ecology, the environment, and agriculture. However, these two functions of trichomes have been largely overlooked and much remains unknown. In this review, we show that the trichomes of 37 plant species belonging to 14 plant families are involved in water absorption, while the trichomes of 33 species from 13 families are capable of sequestering metals within their trichomes. The ability of trichomes to absorb water results from their decreased hydrophobicity compared to the remainder of the leaf surface as well as the presence of special structures for collecting and absorbing water. In contrast, the metal detoxication function of trichomes results not only from the good connection of their basal cells to the underlying vascular tissues, but also from the presence of metal-chelating ligands and transporters within the trichomes themselves. Knowledge gaps and critical future research questions regarding these two trichome functions are highlighted. This review improves our understanding on trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingying Mo
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nina Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Longyi Xing
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Baoji Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Yanlong Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zuoqiang Yuan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Arshad Ali
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Hebei, China
| | - Jiyan Qi
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Victoria Fernández
- School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yuheng Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peter M Kopittke
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Emission of floral volatiles is facilitated by cell-wall non-specific lipid transfer proteins. Nat Commun 2023; 14:330. [PMID: 36658137 PMCID: PMC9852552 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
For volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to be released from the plant cell into the atmosphere, they have to cross the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the cuticle. However, how these hydrophobic compounds cross the hydrophilic cell wall is largely unknown. Using biochemical and reverse-genetic approaches combined with mathematical simulation, we show that cell-wall localized non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) facilitate VOC emission. Out of three highly expressed nsLTPs in petunia petals, which emit high levels of phenylpropanoid/benzenoid compounds, only PhnsLTP3 contributes to the VOC export across the cell wall to the cuticle. A decrease in PhnsLTP3 expression reduces volatile emission and leads to VOC redistribution with less VOCs reaching the cuticle without affecting their total pools. This intracellular build-up of VOCs lowers their biosynthesis by feedback downregulation of phenylalanine precursor supply to prevent self-intoxication. Overall, these results demonstrate that nsLTPs are intrinsic members of the VOC emission network, which facilitate VOC diffusion across the cell wall.
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