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Zhang X, Wang C, Qi L, Wang S, Chen Y, Kong Z, Li S, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Liu J, Wang D. The tandem EH domains of End3 cooperate to interact with dual XPF motifs of Sla1 for the connection of early and late stages in fungal endocytosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 663:147-153. [PMID: 37121125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is imperative for physiological processes in eukaryotic cells. In fungi, the Pan1/End3/Sla1 complex controls the transition between early and late stages of CME. Although it is acknowledged that End3 uses its N-terminal to interact with the C-terminal of Sla1, detailed mechanism remains obscure. Magnaporthe oryzae, the pathogenic fungus of rice, cause blast disease that threatens rice production worldwide. Here we report the detailed interaction mechanism between End3 and Sla1 of M. oryzae, i.e. MoEnd3 and MoSla1. The two EH domains of MoEnd3 (MoEnd3-EH1 and MoEnd3-EH2) is different both in evolution and calcium binding, but are indispensable for conformational stability of each other, an unreported effect of tandem-arranged EH domains. MoEnd3-EH1 and MoEnd3-EH2 interact with peptide MoSla11145-1155 containing a NPF motif with a conserved mode, and MoEnd3-EHs (containing both EH1 and EH2 domains) binds MoSla11145-1155 with a higher affinity, supporting the synergetic effect of EH domains. In addition, MoEnd3-EHs also recognize peptide MoSla1971-981 with a new MPF motif that has not been reported before, while Sla1 of yeast contains a DPF motif that bears EH domain interaction ability. Collectively, our research shows that the two EH domains of End3 synergize to interact with dual XPF motifs of Sla1, which conforms to a bivalent receptor-bivalent ligand model to improve both affinity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Zibo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong, 255000, China
| | - Linlu Qi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shiwei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yitong Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiwei Kong
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Saijie Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, And Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dongli Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Crop Pest Monitoring and Green Control, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Candida albicans END3 Mediates Endocytosis and Has Subsequent Roles in Cell Wall Integrity, Morphological Switching, and Tissue Invasion. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0188021. [PMID: 35234488 PMCID: PMC8941917 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01880-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of endocytosis in Candida albicans secretion, filamentation, and virulence remains poorly understood, despite its importance as a fundamental component of intracellular trafficking. Given that secretory mutants display defects in endocytosis, we have focused our attention on endocytic mutants to understand the interconnection between endocytosis and other secretory pathways. Using a reverse-genetic approach based upon CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene deletion, we studied the functions of the gene END3, which plays a key role in clathrin-based endocytosis. In the end3Δ/Δ null mutant, clathrin-mediated endocytosis was substantially reduced. While in vitro growth, cell morphology, and vacuoles appeared normal, the mutant was impaired in actin patch formation, filamentous growth, biofilm formation, cell wall integrity, and extracellular protease secretion. In addition, susceptibility to various antifungal agents was altered. Consistent with the inability to form hyphae, in an in vitro keratinocyte infection model, the null mutant displayed reduced damage of mammalian adhesion zippers and host cell death. Thus, C. albicans END3 has a role in efficient endocytosis that is required for cell wall integrity, protein secretion, hyphal formation, and virulence-related processes. These findings suggest that impaired endocytosis subsequently affects other secretory pathways, providing evidence of the interconnection between these processes. IMPORTANCE Candida albicans is a fungal commensal organism that can cause serious opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients leading to substantial complications and mortality. A better understanding of the microbe's biology to develop more effective therapeutic and diagnostic tools is required as invasive candidiasis is a problem of continued clinical importance. This study focuses on endocytosis, an important but incompletely understood cellular mechanism needed to uptake nutrients and communicate with a cell's environment. In this study, we have assessed the role of endocytosis in cell wall integrity, biofilm formation, and tissue invasion in C. albicans. These findings will improve our understanding of cellular mechanisms underlying endocytosis and will inform us of the interconnection with other intracellular transport processes.
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Candida albicans ENT2 Contributes to Efficient Endocytosis, Cell Wall Integrity, Filamentation, and Virulence. mSphere 2021; 6:e0070721. [PMID: 34585966 PMCID: PMC8550084 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00707-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epsins play a pivotal role in the formation of endocytic vesicles and potentially provide a linkage between endocytic and other trafficking pathways. We identified a Candida albicans epsin, ENT2, that bears homology to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae early endocytosis genes ENT1 and ENT2 and studied its functions by a reverse genetic approach utilizing CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene deletion. The C. albicans ent2Δ/Δ null mutant displayed cell wall defects and altered antifungal drug sensitivity. To define the role of C. albicans ENT2 in endocytosis, we performed assays with the lipophilic dye FM4-64 that revealed greatly reduced uptake in the ent2Δ/Δ mutant. Next, we showed that the C. albicans ent2Δ/Δ mutant was unable to form hyphae and biofilms. Assays for virulence properties in an in vitro keratinocyte infection model demonstrated reduced damage of mammalian adhesion zippers and host cell death from the ent2Δ/Δ mutant. We conclude that C. albicans ENT2 has a role in efficient endocytosis, a process that is required for maintaining cell wall integrity, hyphal formation, and virulence-defining traits. IMPORTANCE The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans is an important cause of invasive infections in hospitalized patients and a source of considerable morbidity and mortality. Despite its clinical importance, we still need to improve our ability to diagnose and treat this common pathogen. In order to support these advancements, a greater understanding of the biology of C. albicans is needed. In these studies, we are focused on the fundamental biological process of endocytosis, of which little is directly known in C. albicans. In addition to studying the function of a key gene in this process, we are examining the role of endocytosis in the virulence-related processes of filamentation, biofilm formation, and tissue invasion. These studies will provide greater insight into the role of endocytosis in causing invasive fungal infections.
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The Role of Secretory Pathways in Candida albicans Pathogenesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010026. [PMID: 32102426 PMCID: PMC7151058 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a fungus that is a commensal organism and a member of the normal human microbiota. It has the ability to transition into an opportunistic invasive pathogen. Attributes that support pathogenesis include secretion of virulence-associated proteins, hyphal formation, and biofilm formation. These processes are supported by secretion, as defined in the broad context of membrane trafficking. In this review, we examine the role of secretory pathways in Candida virulence, with a focus on the model opportunistic fungal pathogen, Candida albicans.
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Appadurai D, Gay L, Moharir A, Lang MJ, Duncan MC, Schmidt O, Teis D, Vu TN, Silva M, Jorgensen EM, Babst M. Plasma membrane tension regulates eisosome structure and function. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 31:287-303. [PMID: 31851579 PMCID: PMC7183764 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-04-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Eisosomes are membrane furrows at the cell surface of yeast that have been shown to function in two seemingly distinct pathways, membrane stress response and regulation of nutrient transporters. We found that many stress conditions affect both of these pathways by changing plasma membrane tension and thus the morphology and composition of eisosomes. For example, alkaline stress causes swelling of the cell and an endocytic response, which together increase membrane tension, thereby flattening the eisosomes. The flattened eisosomes affect membrane stress pathways and release nutrient transporters, which aids in their down-regulation. In contrast, glucose starvation or hyperosmotic shock causes cell shrinking, which results in membrane slack and the deepening of eisosomes. Deepened eisosomes are able to trap nutrient transporters and protect them from rapid endocytosis. Therefore, eisosomes seem to coordinate the regulation of both membrane tension and nutrient transporter stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Appadurai
- Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Lincoln Gay
- Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Akshay Moharir
- Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Michael J Lang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mara C Duncan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Oliver Schmidt
- Division of Cell Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - David Teis
- Division of Cell Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Thien N Vu
- School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Malan Silva
- School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Erik M Jorgensen
- School of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | - Markus Babst
- Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
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Koppenol-Raab M, Harwig MC, Posey AE, Egner JM, MacKenzie KR, Hill RB. A Targeted Mutation Identified through pKa Measurements Indicates a Postrecruitment Role for Fis1 in Yeast Mitochondrial Fission. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20329-44. [PMID: 27496949 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.724005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tail-anchored protein Fis1 is implicated as a passive tether in yeast mitochondrial fission. We probed the functional role of Fis1 Glu-78, whose elevated side chain pKa suggests participation in protein interactions. Fis1 binds partners Mdv1 or Dnm1 tightly, but mutation E78A weakens Fis1 interaction with Mdv1, alters mitochondrial morphology, and abolishes fission in a growth assay. In fis1Δ rescue experiments, Fis1-E78A causes a novel localization pattern in which Dnm1 uniformly coats the mitochondria. By contrast, Fis1-E78A at lower expression levels recruits Dnm1 into mitochondrial punctate structures but fails to support normal fission. Thus, Fis1 makes multiple interactions that support Dnm1 puncta formation and may be essential after this step, supporting a revised model for assembly of the mitochondrial fission machinery. The insights gained by mutating a residue with a perturbed pKa suggest that side chain pKa values inferred from routine NMR sample pH optimization could provide useful leads for functional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Cleland Harwig
- the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and
| | - Ammon E Posey
- From the Department of Biology and the Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - John M Egner
- the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and
| | - Kevin R MacKenzie
- the Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - R Blake Hill
- the Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and
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Sun Y, Leong NT, Wong T, Drubin DG. A Pan1/End3/Sla1 complex links Arp2/3-mediated actin assembly to sites of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3841-56. [PMID: 26337384 PMCID: PMC4626068 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-04-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eps15-related proteins couple the clathrin-mediated endocytic-site initiation and actin assembly phases and coordinate endocytic-site formation with cargo capture and actin assembly through their interaction with a CIN85-related protein. More than 60 highly conserved proteins appear sequentially at sites of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in yeast and mammals. The yeast Eps15-related proteins Pan1 and End3 and the CIN85-related protein Sla1 are known to interact with each other in vitro, and they all appear after endocytic-site initiation but before endocytic actin assembly, which facilitates membrane invagination/scission. Here we used live-cell imaging in parallel with genetics and biochemistry to explore comprehensively the dynamic interactions and functions of Pan1, End3, and Sla1. Our results indicate that Pan1 and End3 associate in a stable manner and appear at endocytic sites before Sla1. The End3 C-terminus is necessary and sufficient for its cortical localization via interaction with Pan1, whereas the End3 N-terminus plays a crucial role in Sla1 recruitment. We systematically examined the dynamic behaviors of endocytic proteins in cells in which Pan1 and End3 were simultaneously eliminated, using the auxin-inducible degron system. The results lead us to propose that endocytic-site initiation and actin assembly are separable processes linked by a Pan1/End3/Sla1 complex. Finally, our study provides mechanistic insights into how Pan1 and End3 function with Sla1 to coordinate cargo capture with actin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidi Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Nicole T Leong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Tiffany Wong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - David G Drubin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 )
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8
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Abstract
Endocytosis, the process whereby the plasma membrane invaginates to form vesicles, is essential for bringing many substances into the cell and for membrane turnover. The mechanism driving clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) involves > 50 different protein components assembling at a single location on the plasma membrane in a temporally ordered and hierarchal pathway. These proteins perform precisely choreographed steps that promote receptor recognition and clustering, membrane remodeling, and force-generating actin-filament assembly and turnover to drive membrane invagination and vesicle scission. Many critical aspects of the CME mechanism are conserved from yeast to mammals and were first elucidated in yeast, demonstrating that it is a powerful system for studying endocytosis. In this review, we describe our current mechanistic understanding of each step in the process of yeast CME, and the essential roles played by actin polymerization at these sites, while providing a historical perspective of how the landscape has changed since the preceding version of the YeastBook was published 17 years ago (1997). Finally, we discuss the key unresolved issues and where future studies might be headed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce L Goode
- Brandeis University, Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Center, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
| | - Julian A Eskin
- Brandeis University, Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Center, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454
| | - Beverly Wendland
- The Johns Hopkins University, Department of Biology, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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Bradford MK, Whitworth K, Wendland B. Pan1 regulates transitions between stages of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1371-85. [PMID: 25631817 PMCID: PMC4454182 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-11-1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae endocytic protein Pan1 is critical for coat interactions during three transitions of the endocytic pathway. Pan1 depletion arrests endocytosis and causes actin misregulation, leading to actin flares that are connected to the coat but not the membrane. The Pan1 central region is critical for endocytic and essential functions. Endocytosis is a well-conserved process by which cells invaginate small portions of the plasma membrane to create vesicles containing extracellular and transmembrane cargo proteins. Dozens of proteins and hundreds of specific binding interactions are needed to coordinate and regulate these events. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a powerful model system with which to study clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). Pan1 is believed to be a scaffolding protein due to its interactions with numerous proteins that act throughout the endocytic process. Previous research characterized many Pan1 binding interactions, but due to Pan1's essential nature, the exact mechanisms of Pan1's function in endocytosis have been difficult to define. We created a novel Pan1-degron allele, Pan1-AID, in which Pan1 can be specifically and efficiently degraded in <1 h upon addition of the plant hormone auxin. The loss of Pan1 caused a delay in endocytic progression and weakened connections between the coat/actin machinery and the membrane, leading to arrest in CME. In addition, we determined a critical role for the central region of Pan1 in endocytosis and viability. The regions important for endocytosis and viability can be separated, suggesting that Pan1 may have a distinct role in the cell that is essential for viability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Whitworth
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Beverly Wendland
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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Boeke D, Trautmann S, Meurer M, Wachsmuth M, Godlee C, Knop M, Kaksonen M. Quantification of cytosolic interactions identifies Ede1 oligomers as key organizers of endocytosis. Mol Syst Biol 2014; 10:756. [PMID: 25366307 PMCID: PMC4299599 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20145422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a highly conserved intracellular trafficking pathway that depends on dynamic protein-protein interactions between up to 60 different proteins. However, little is known about the spatio-temporal regulation of these interactions. Using fluorescence (cross)-correlation spectroscopy in yeast, we tested 41 previously reported interactions in vivo and found 16 to exist in the cytoplasm. These detected cytoplasmic interactions included the self-interaction of Ede1, homolog of mammalian Eps15. Ede1 is the crucial scaffold for the organization of the early stages of endocytosis. We show that oligomerization of Ede1 through its central coiled coil domain is necessary for its localization to the endocytic site and we link the oligomerization of Ede1 to its function in locally concentrating endocytic adaptors and organizing the endocytic machinery. Our study sheds light on the importance of the regulation of protein-protein interactions in the cytoplasm for the assembly of the endocytic machinery in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Boeke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) DKFZ-ZMBH-Allianz, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Trautmann
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) DKFZ-ZMBH-Allianz, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Meurer
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) DKFZ-ZMBH-Allianz, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Malte Wachsmuth
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Camilla Godlee
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Knop
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH) Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) DKFZ-ZMBH-Allianz, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marko Kaksonen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
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