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Peters A, Rabe P, Krumbholz P, Kalwa H, Kraft R, Schöneberg T, Stäubert C. Natural biased signaling of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3 and G protein-coupled receptor 84. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:31. [PMID: 32102673 PMCID: PMC7045412 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-0516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medium-chain fatty acids and their 3-hydroxy derivatives are metabolites endogenously produced in humans, food-derived or originating from bacteria. They activate G protein-coupled receptors, including GPR84 and HCA3, which regulate metabolism and immune functions. Although both receptors are coupled to Gi proteins, share at least one agonist and show overlapping tissue expression, GPR84 exerts pro-inflammatory effects whereas HCA3 is involved in anti-inflammatory responses. Here, we analyzed signaling kinetics of both HCA3 and GPR84, to unravel signal transduction components that may explain their physiological differences. METHODS To study the signaling kinetics and components involved in signal transduction of both receptors we applied the label-free dynamic mass redistribution technology in combination with classical cAMP, ERK signaling and β-arrestin-2 recruitment assays. For phenotypical analyses, we used spheroid cell culture models. RESULTS We present strong evidence for a natural biased signaling of structurally highly similar agonists at HCA3 and GPR84. We show that HCA3 signaling and trafficking depends on dynamin-2 function. Activation of HCA3 by 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid but not 3-hydroxydecanoic acid leads to β-arrestin-2 recruitment, which is relevant for cell-cell adhesion. GPR84 stimulation with 3-hydroxydecanoic acid causes a sustained ERK activation but activation of GPR84 is not followed by β-arrestin-2 recruitment. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results highlight that biased agonism is a physiological property of HCA3 and GPR84 with relevance for innate immune functions potentially to differentiate between endogenous, non-pathogenic compounds and compounds originating from e.g. pathogenic bacteria. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Peters
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Rabe
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Petra Krumbholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann Kalwa
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Kraft
- Carl Ludwig Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Stäubert
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Dam Van P, Desmecht D, Garigliany MM, Bui Tran Anh D, Van Laere AS. Anti-Influenza A Virus Activities of Type I/III Interferons-Induced Mx1 GTPases from Different Mammalian Species. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39:274-282. [PMID: 30939061 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2018.0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I/III interferons provide powerful and universal innate intracellular defense mechanisms against viruses. Among the antiviral effectors induced, Mx proteins of some species appear as key components of defense against influenza A viruses. It is expected that such an antiviral protein must display a platform dedicated to the recognition of said viruses. In an attempt to identify such platform in human MxA, an evolution-guided approach capitalizing on the antagonistic arms race between MxA and its viral targets and the genomic signature it left on primate genomes revealed that the surface-exposed so-called "loop L4", which protrudes from the compact structure of the MxA stalk, is a hotspot of recurrent positive selection. Since MxA is archetypic of Mx1 proteins in general, we reasoned that the L4 loop also functions as a recognition platform for influenza viruses in the Mx1 proteins of other species that had been exposed to the virus for ever. In this study, the anti-influenza activity of 5 distinct mammalian Mx1 proteins was measured by comparing the number of viral nucleoprotein-positive cells 7 h after infection in a sample of 100,000 cells expected to contain both Mx1-positive and Mx1-negative cell subpopulations. The systematic depletion (P < 0.001) of virus nucleoprotein-positive cells among equine, bubaline, porcine, and bovine Mx1-expressing cell populations compared with Mx-negative cells suggests a strong anti-influenza A activity. Looking for common anti-influenza signature elements in the sequence of these Mx proteins, we found that an aromatic residue at positions 561 or 562 in the L4 loop seems critical for the anti-influenza function and/or specificity of mammalian Mx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phai Dam Van
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Internal Medicine and Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam.,2 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- 2 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Dao Bui Tran Anh
- 3 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anne-Sophie Van Laere
- 2 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
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3
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Ringer K, Riehl J, Müller M, Dewes J, Hoff F, Jacob R. The large GTPase Mx1 binds Kif5B for cargo transport along microtubules. Traffic 2018; 19:947-964. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Ringer
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology; Philipps University of Marburg; Marburg Germany
- DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling; Philipps University of Marburg; Marburg Germany
| | - Jana Riehl
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology; Philipps University of Marburg; Marburg Germany
| | - Manuel Müller
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology; Philipps University of Marburg; Marburg Germany
| | - Jenny Dewes
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology; Philipps University of Marburg; Marburg Germany
| | - Florian Hoff
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology; Philipps University of Marburg; Marburg Germany
| | - Ralf Jacob
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Pathology; Philipps University of Marburg; Marburg Germany
- DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling; Philipps University of Marburg; Marburg Germany
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Ashenberg O, Padmakumar J, Doud MB, Bloom JD. Deep mutational scanning identifies sites in influenza nucleoprotein that affect viral inhibition by MxA. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006288. [PMID: 28346537 PMCID: PMC5383324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate-immune restriction factor MxA inhibits influenza replication by targeting the viral nucleoprotein (NP). Human influenza virus is more resistant than avian influenza virus to inhibition by human MxA, and prior work has compared human and avian viral strains to identify amino-acid differences in NP that affect sensitivity to MxA. However, this strategy is limited to identifying sites in NP where mutations that affect MxA sensitivity have fixed during the small number of documented zoonotic transmissions of influenza to humans. Here we use an unbiased deep mutational scanning approach to quantify how all single amino-acid mutations to NP affect MxA sensitivity in the context of replication-competent virus. We both identify new sites in NP where mutations affect MxA resistance and re-identify mutations known to have increased MxA resistance during historical adaptations of influenza to humans. Most of the sites where mutations have the greatest effect are almost completely conserved across all influenza A viruses, and the amino acids at these sites confer relatively high resistance to MxA. These sites cluster in regions of NP that appear to be important for its recognition by MxA. Overall, our work systematically identifies the sites in influenza nucleoprotein where mutations affect sensitivity to MxA. We also demonstrate a powerful new strategy for identifying regions of viral proteins that affect inhibition by host factors. During viral infection, human cells express proteins that can restrict virus replication. However, in many cases it remains unclear what determines the sensitivity of a given viral strain to a particular restriction factor. Here we use a high-throughput approach to measure how all amino-acid mutations to the nucleoprotein of influenza virus affect restriction by the human protein MxA. We find several dozen sites where mutations substantially affect the sensitivity of influenza virus to MxA. While a few of these sites are known to have fixed mutations during past adaptations of influenza virus to humans, most of the sites are broadly conserved across all influenza strains and have never previously been described as affecting MxA resistance. Our results therefore show that the known historical evolution of influenza has only involved substitutions at a small fraction of the sites where mutations can in principle affect MxA resistance. We suggest that this is because many sites are already broadly fixed at amino acids that confer high resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orr Ashenberg
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jai Padmakumar
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael B. Doud
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- * E-mail:
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Yuan H, Sehgal PB. MxA Is a Novel Regulator of Endosome-Associated Transcriptional Signaling by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins 4 and 9 (BMP4 and BMP9). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166382. [PMID: 27875556 PMCID: PMC5119740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is confusion about the role that IFN-α plays in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) with different investigators reporting a causative or a protective role. There is now clear evidence in PAH pathogenesis for the involvement of BMP4 and BMP9 signaling, and its disruption by mutations in BMPR2. In the present study, we investigated MxA, an IFN-α-inducible cytoplasmic dynamin-family GTPase for effects on BMP4/9 signaling, including in the presence of PAH-disease-associated mutants of BMPR2. In human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (HPAECs), IFN-α-induced endogenous as well as exogenously expressed MxA was associated with endosomes that aligned alongside microtubules and tubules of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Moreover, IFN-α and MxA stimulated basal and BMP4/9 signaling to a Smad1/5/8-responsive pBRE-Luc reporter. In HEK293T cells, immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the association of MxA with endosomes, and immunofluorescence methods showed these to be positive for early endosome markers (early endosomal antigen 1, clathrin light chain and Rab5) and RSmad1/5/8. Functionally, using different genetic and inhibitor approaches, we observed that clathrin-mediated endocytosis enhanced and caveolin-mediated endocytosis inhibited the transcriptional response to BMP4 and BMP9. MxA produced a further 3-4-fold enhancement of the BMP-induced response in a clathrin-endocytosis dependent manner. The microtubule inhibitor nocodazole and stabilizer paclitaxel respectively attenuated and enhanced the effect of MxA, implicating microtubule integrity in this process. MxA enhanced BMP-induced signaling in the presence of wild-type BMPR2, and partially rescued signaling from some PAH-disease-associated BMPR2 mutants. Taken together, the data identify MxA as a novel stimulator of BMP4 and BMP9 transcriptional signaling, and suggest it to be a candidate IFN-α-inducible mechanism that might have a protective role against development of PAH and other vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Yuan
- Department of. Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
| | - Pravin B. Sehgal
- Department of. Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rennie ML, McKelvie SA, Bulloch EMM, Kingston RL. Transient dimerization of human MxA promotes GTP hydrolysis, resulting in a mechanical power stroke. Structure 2016; 22:1433-45. [PMID: 25295396 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins restrict replication of numerous viruses. They are closely related to membrane-remodeling fission GTPases, such as dynamin. Mx proteins can tubulate lipids and form rings or filaments that may interact directly with viral structures. GTPase domain dimerization is thought to allow crosstalk between the rungs of a tubular or helical assembly, facilitating constriction. We demonstrate that the GTPase domain of MxA dimerizes to facilitate catalysis, in a fashion analogous to dynamin. GTP binding is associated with the lever-like movement of structures adjacent to the GTPase domain, while GTP hydrolysis returns MxA to its resting state. Dimerization is not significantly promoted by substrate binding and occurs only transiently, yet is central to catalytic efficiency. Therefore, we suggest dimerization functions to coordinate the activity of spatially adjacent Mx molecules within an assembly, allowing their mechanical power strokes to be synchronized at key points in the contractile cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Rennie
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Siri A McKelvie
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Esther M M Bulloch
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Richard L Kingston
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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Haller O, Staeheli P, Schwemmle M, Kochs G. Mx GTPases: dynamin-like antiviral machines of innate immunity. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:154-63. [PMID: 25572883 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Mx dynamin-like GTPases are key antiviral effector proteins of the type I and type III interferon (IFN) systems. They inhibit several different viruses by blocking early steps of the viral replication cycle. We focus on new structural and functional insights and discuss recent data revealing that human MxA (MX1) provides a safeguard against introduction of avian influenza A viruses (FLUAV) into the human population. The related human MxB (MX2) serves as restriction factor for HIV-1 and other primate lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Haller
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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