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Nweke AB, Nagasato D, Matsuoka K. Secreted arabinogalactan protein from salt-adapted tobacco BY-2 cells appears to be glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored and associated with lipophilic moieties. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1274-1284. [PMID: 37573142 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are plant extracellular proteoglycans associated with the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. This moiety is thought to be cleaved by phospholipase for secretion. Salt-adapted tobacco BY-2 cells were reported to secrete large amounts of AGPs into the medium. To investigate this mechanism, we expressed a fusion protein of tobacco sweet potato sporamin and AGP (SPO-AGP) in BY-2 cells and analyzed its fate after salt-adapting the cells. A two-phase separation analysis using Triton X-114 indicated that a significant proportion of SPO-AGP in the medium was recovered in the detergent phase, suggesting that this protein is GPI-anchored. Differential ultracentrifugation and a gradient density fractionation implicated extracellular vesicles or particles with SPO-AGP in the medium. Endogenous AGP secreted from salt-adapted and nontransgenic BY-2 cells behaved similarly to SPO-AGP. These results suggest that a part of the secreted AGPs from salt-adapted tobacco BY-2 cells are GPI-anchored and associated with particles or vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinze Boniface Nweke
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Nagasato
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Matsuoka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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2
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Nagasato D, Sugita Y, Tsuno Y, Tanaka R, Fukuda M, Matsuoka K. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchoring is required for the proper transport and extensive glycosylation of a classical arabinogalactan protein precursor in tobacco BY-2 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:991-1008. [PMID: 37348475 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Many precursors of plant arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) contain a C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchoring signal. Using NtAGP1, a classical tobacco AGP, as a model, and green fluorescent protein (GFP) and sweet potato sporamin (SPO) as tags, we analyzed the localization and modification of AGP and its mutant without GPI-anchoring signal (AGPΔC) in tobacco BY-2 cells. The NtAGP1 fusion proteins migrated as large smear on SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and these proteins also localized preferentially to the plasma membrane. In contrast, fusions of AGPΔC with GFP and SPO yielded several forms: The largest were secreted, whereas others were recovered in the endomembrane organelles, including vacuoles. Comparison of the glycan structures of the microsomal SPO-AGP and the secreted SPO-AGPΔC using antibodies against the glycan epitopes of AGP indicated that the glycan structures of these proteins are different. These observations indicate that GPI-anchoring is required for the proper transport and glycosylation of the AGP precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Nagasato
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuto Sugita
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuhei Tsuno
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Maki Fukuda
- School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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3
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Li A, Li D, Gu Y, Liu R, Tang X, Zhao Y, Qi F, Wei J, Liu J. Plant-derived nanovesicles: Further exploration of biomedical function and application potential. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3300-3320. [PMID: 37655320 PMCID: PMC10465964 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer vesicles actively secreted by cells, that contain a variety of functional nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and are important mediums of intercellular communication. Based on their natural properties, EVs can not only retain the pharmacological effects of their source cells but also serve as natural delivery carriers. Among them, plant-derived nanovesicles (PNVs) are characterized as natural disease therapeutics with many advantages such as simplicity, safety, eco-friendliness, low cost, and low toxicity due to their abundant resources, large yield, and low risk of immunogenicity in vivo. This review systematically introduces the biogenesis, isolation methods, physical characterization, and components of PNVs, and describes their administration and cellular uptake as therapeutic agents. We highlight the therapeutic potential of PNVs as therapeutic agents and drug delivery carriers, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, wound healing, regeneration, and antiaging properties as well as their potential use in the treatment of liver disease and COVID-19. Finally, the toxicity and immunogenicity, the current clinical application, and the possible challenges in the future development of PNVs were analyzed. We expect the functions of PNVs to be further explored to promote clinical translation, thereby facilitating the development of a new framework for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixue Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongwei Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rongmei Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaomeng Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fu Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jifu Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing 210009, China
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai 201315, China
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4
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Yun HS, Sul WJ, Chung HS, Lee JH, Kwon C. Secretory membrane traffic in plant-microbe interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:53-59. [PMID: 36089820 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense responses include the extracellular release of defense-related molecules, such as pathogenesis-related proteins and secondary metabolites, as well as cell wall materials. This primarily depends on the trafficking of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane, where they discharge their contents into the apoplastic space via soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor-assisted exocytosis. However, some pathogenic and symbiotic microbes have developed strategies to manipulate host plant exocytic pathways. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which plant exocytic pathways function in immunity and how microbes have evolved to manipulate those pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sup Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Woo Jun Sul
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Korea
| | - Hoo Sun Chung
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Ghent University, Global Campus, Incheon, 21985, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Chian Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Korea
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5
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Proteomics of Salt Gland-Secreted Sap Indicates a Pivotal Role for Vesicle Transport and Energy Metabolism in Plant Salt Secretion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213885. [PMID: 36430364 PMCID: PMC9693062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salinization is one of the major factors restricting crop growth and agricultural production worldwide. Recretohalophytes have developed unique epidermal structures in their aboveground tissues, such as salt glands or salt bladders, to secrete excess salt out of the plant body as a protective mechanism from ion damage. Three hypotheses were proposed to explain how salt glands secrete salts: the osmotic hypothesis, a hypothesis similar to animal fluid transport, and vesicle-mediated exocytosis. However, there is no direct evidence to show whether the salt gland-secreted liquid contains landmark proteins or peptides which would elucidate the salt secretion mechanism. In this study, we collected the secreted liquid of salt glands from Limonium bicolor, followed by extraction and identification of its constituent proteins and peptides by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. We detected 214 proteins and 440 polypeptides in the salt gland-secreted droplets of plants grown under control conditions. Unexpectedly, the proportion of energy metabolism-related proteins increased significantly though only 16 proteins and 35 polypeptides in the droplets of salt-treated plants were detected. In addition, vesicle transport proteins such as the Golgi marker enzyme glycosyltransferase were present in the secreted sap of salt glands from both control and salt-treated plants. These results suggest that trans-Golgi network-mediated vesicular transport and energy production contributes to salt secretion in salt glands.
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Wu D, Guo J, Zhang Q, Shi S, Guan W, Zhou C, Chen R, Du B, Zhu L, He G. Necessity of rice resistance to planthoppers for OsEXO70H3 regulating SAMSL excretion and lignin deposition in cell walls. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1031-1046. [PMID: 35119102 PMCID: PMC9306520 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The planthopper resistance gene Bph6 encodes a protein that interacts with OsEXO70E1. EXO70 forms a family of paralogues in rice. We hypothesized that the EXO70-dependent trafficking pathway affects the excretion of resistance-related proteins, thus impacting plant resistance to planthoppers. Here, we further explored the function of EXO70 members in rice resistance against planthoppers. We used the yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays to identify proteins that play roles in Bph6-mediated planthopper resistance. The functions of the identified proteins were characterized via gene transformation, plant resistance evaluation, insect performance, cell excretion observation and cell wall component analyses. We discovered that another EXO70 member, OsEXO70H3, interacted with BPH6 and functioned in cell excretion and in Bph6-mediated planthopper resistance. We further found that OsEXO70H3 interacted with an S-adenosylmethionine synthetase-like protein (SAMSL) and increased the delivery of SAMSL outside the cells. The functional impairment of OsEXO70H3 and SAMSL reduced the lignin content and the planthopper resistance level of rice plants. Our results suggest that OsEXO70H3 may recruit SAMSL and help its excretion to the apoplast where it may be involved in lignin deposition in cell walls, thus contributing to rice resistance to planthoppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Shaojie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Wei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Cong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Lili Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceCollege of Life SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China
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7
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Hu M, Zhao H, Yang B, Yang S, Liu H, Tian H, Shui G, Chen Z, E L, Lai J, Song W. ZmCTLP1 is required for the maintenance of lipid homeostasis and the basal endosperm transfer layer in maize kernels. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:2384-2399. [PMID: 34559890 PMCID: PMC9292782 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Maize kernel weight is influenced by the unloading of nutrients from the maternal placenta and their passage through the transfer tissue of the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL) and the basal intermediate zone (BIZ) to the upper part of the endosperm. Here, we show that Small kernel 10 (Smk10) encodes a choline transporter-like protein 1 (ZmCTLP1) that facilitates choline uptake and is located in the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Its loss of function results in reduced choline content, leading to smaller kernels with a lower starch content. Mutation of ZmCTLP1 disrupts membrane lipid homeostasis and the normal development of wall in-growths. Expression levels of Mn1 and ZmSWEET4c, two kernel filling-related genes, are downregulated in the smk10, which is likely to be one of the major causes of incompletely differentiated transfer cells. Mutation of ZmCTLP1 also reduces the number of plasmodesmata (PD) in transfer cells, indicating that the smk10 mutant is impaired in PD formation. Intriguingly, we also observed premature cell death in the BETL and BIZ of the smk10 mutant. Together, our results suggest that ZmCTLP1-mediated choline transport affects kernel development, highlighting its important role in lipid homeostasis, wall in-growth formation and PD development in transfer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Haiming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Haihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - He Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Zongliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Waksman Institute of MicrobiologyRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJ08854‐8020USA
| | - Lizhu E
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Weibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry and National Maize Improvement CenterDepartment of Plant Genetics and BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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8
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He B, Hamby R, Jin H. Plant extracellular vesicles: Trojan horses of cross-kingdom warfare. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:657-664. [PMID: 34485834 PMCID: PMC8409559 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants communicate with their interacting microorganisms through the exchange of functional molecules. This communication is critical for plant immunity, for pathogen virulence, and for establishing and maintaining symbioses. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed spheres that are released by both the host and the microbe into the extracellular environment. Emerging evidence has shown that EVs play a prominent role in plant-microbe interactions by safely transporting functional molecules, such as proteins and RNAs to interacting organisms. Recent studies revealed that plant EVs deliver fungal gene-targeting small RNAs into fungal pathogens to suppress infection via cross-kingdom RNA interference (RNAi). In this review, we focus on the recent advances in our understanding of plant EVs and their role in plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Rachael Hamby
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant PathologyCenter for Plant Cell BiologyInstitute for Integrative Genome BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
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9
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De Caroli M, Manno E, Piro G, Lenucci MS. Ride to cell wall: Arabidopsis XTH11, XTH29 and XTH33 exhibit different secretion pathways and responses to heat and drought stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:448-466. [PMID: 33932060 PMCID: PMC8453972 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are enzymes involved in cell wall assembly and growth regulation, cleaving and re-joining hemicellulose chains in the xyloglucan-cellulose network. Here, in a homologous system, we compare the secretion patterns of XTH11, XTH33 and XTH29, three members of the Arabidopsis thaliana XTH family, selected for the presence (XTH11 and XTH33) or absence (XTH29) of a signal peptide, and the presence of a transmembrane domain (XTH33). We show that XTH11 and XTH33 reached, respectively, the cell wall and plasma membrane through a conventional protein secretion (CPS) pathway, whereas XTH29 moves towards the apoplast following an unconventional protein secretion (UPS) mediated by exocyst-positive organelles (EXPOs). All XTHs share a common C-terminal functional domain (XET-C) that, for XTH29 and a restricted number of other XTHs (27, 28 and 30), continues with an extraterminal region (ETR) of 45 amino acids. We suggest that this region is necessary for the correct cell wall targeting of XTH29, as the ETR-truncated protein never reaches its final destination and is not recruited by EXPOs. Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses performed on 4-week-old Arabidopsis seedlings exposed to drought and heat stress suggest a different involvement of the three XTHs in cell wall remodeling under abiotic stress, evidencing stress-, organ- and time-dependent variations in the expression levels. Significantly, XTH29, codifying the only XTH that follows a UPS pathway, is highly upregulated with respect to XTH11 and XTH33, which code for CPS-secreted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Caroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e AmbientaliUniversità del SalentoLecce73100Italy
| | - Elisa Manno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e AmbientaliUniversità del SalentoLecce73100Italy
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e AmbientaliUniversità del SalentoLecce73100Italy
| | - Marcello S. Lenucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e AmbientaliUniversità del SalentoLecce73100Italy
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Cai Q, He B, Wang S, Fletcher S, Niu D, Mitter N, Birch PRJ, Jin H. Message in a Bubble: Shuttling Small RNAs and Proteins Between Cells and Interacting Organisms Using Extracellular Vesicles. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:497-524. [PMID: 34143650 PMCID: PMC8369896 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-081720-010616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Communication between plant cells and interacting microorganisms requires the secretion and uptake of functional molecules to and from the extracellular environment and is essential for the survival of both plants and their pathogens. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed spheres that deliver RNA, protein, and metabolite cargos from donor to recipient cells and participate in many cellular processes. Emerging evidencehas shown that both plant and microbial EVs play important roles in cross-kingdom molecular exchange between hosts and interacting microbes to modulate host immunity and pathogen virulence. Recent studies revealed that plant EVs function as a defense system by encasing and delivering small RNAs (sRNAs) into pathogens, thereby mediating cross-species and cross-kingdom RNA interference to silence virulence-related genes. This review focuses on the latest advances in our understanding of plant and microbial EVs and their roles in transporting regulatory molecules, especially sRNAs, between hosts and pathogens. EV biogenesis and secretion are also discussed, as EV function relies on these important processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA;
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Baoye He
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA;
| | - Shumei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA;
| | - Stephen Fletcher
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Dongdong Niu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Hailing Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, USA;
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11
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Silva J, Ferraz R, Dupree P, Showalter AM, Coimbra S. Three Decades of Advances in Arabinogalactan-Protein Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:610377. [PMID: 33384708 PMCID: PMC7769824 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are a large, complex, and highly diverse class of heavily glycosylated proteins that belong to the family of cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins. Approximately 90% of the molecules consist of arabinogalactan polysaccharides, which are composed of arabinose and galactose as major sugars and minor sugars such as glucuronic acid, fucose, and rhamnose. About half of the AGP family members contain a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid anchor, which allows for an association with the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The mysterious AGP family has captivated the attention of plant biologists for several decades. This diverse family of glycoproteins is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, including many algae, where they play fundamental roles in growth and development processes. The journey of AGP biosynthesis begins with the assembly of amino acids into peptide chains of proteins. An N-terminal signal peptide directs AGPs toward the endoplasmic reticulum, where proline hydroxylation occurs and a GPI anchor may be added. GPI-anchored AGPs, as well as unanchored AGPs, are then transferred to the Golgi apparatus, where extensive glycosylation occurs by the action of a variety glycosyltransferase enzymes. Following glycosylation, AGPs are transported by secretory vesicles to the cell wall or to the extracellular face of the plasma membrane (in the case of GPI-anchored AGPs). GPI-anchored proteins can be released from the plasma membrane into the cell wall by phospholipases. In this review, we present an overview of the accumulated knowledge on AGP biosynthesis over the past three decades. Particular emphasis is placed on the glycosylation of AGPs as the sugar moiety is essential to their function. Recent genetics and genomics approaches have significantly contributed to a broader knowledge of AGP biosynthesis. However, many questions remain to be elucidated in the decades ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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12
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Dubiel M, De Coninck T, Osterne VJS, Verbeke I, Van Damme D, Smagghe G, Van Damme EJM. The ArathEULS3 Lectin Ends up in Stress Granules and Can Follow an Unconventional Route for Secretion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1659. [PMID: 32121292 PMCID: PMC7084908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules are cytoplasmic compartments, which serve as mRNA storage units during stress, therefore regulating translation. The Arabidopsis thaliana lectin ArathEULS3 has been widely described as a stress inducible gene. This study aimed to examine in detail the localization of ArathEULS3 lectin in normal and stressed cells. Colocalization experiments revealed that the nucleo-cytoplasmic lectin ArathEULS3 relocates to stress granules after stress. The ArathEULS3 sequence encodes a protein with a EUL lectin domain and an N-terminal domain with unknown structure and function. Bioinformatics analyses showed that the N-terminal domain sequence contains intrinsically disordered regions and likely does not exhibit a stable protein fold. Plasmolysis experiments indicated that ArathEULS3 also localizes to the apoplast, suggesting that this protein might follow an unconventional route for secretion. As part of our efforts we also investigated the interactome of ArathEULS3 and identified several putative interaction partners important for the protein translation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Dubiel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tibo De Coninck
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vinicius Jose Silva Osterne
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratório de Moléculas Biologicamente Ativas, Universidade Federal do Ceará, José Aurelio Camara, S/N, 61440-970, Fortaleza 60440-970, Brazil
| | - Isabel Verbeke
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniël Van Damme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Advanced Light Microscopy, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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13
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Vincent D, Rafiqi M, Job D. The Multiple Facets of Plant-Fungal Interactions Revealed Through Plant and Fungal Secretomics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1626. [PMID: 31969889 PMCID: PMC6960344 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant secretome is usually considered in the frame of proteomics, aiming at characterizing extracellular proteins, their biological roles and the mechanisms accounting for their secretion in the extracellular space. In this review, we aim to highlight recent results pertaining to secretion through the conventional and unconventional protein secretion pathways notably those involving plant exosomes or extracellular vesicles. Furthermore, plants are well known to actively secrete a large array of different molecules from polymers (e.g. extracellular RNA and DNA) to small compounds (e.g. ATP, phytochemicals, secondary metabolites, phytohormones). All of these play pivotal roles in plant-fungi (or oomycetes) interactions, both for beneficial (mycorrhizal fungi) and deleterious outcomes (pathogens) for the plant. For instance, recent work reveals that such secretion of small molecules by roots is of paramount importance to sculpt the rhizospheric microbiota. Our aim in this review is to extend the definition of the plant and fungal secretomes to a broader sense to better understand the functioning of the plant/microorganisms holobiont. Fundamental perspectives will be brought to light along with the novel tools that should support establishing an environment-friendly and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Vincent
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Maryam Rafiqi
- AgroBioSciences Program, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Dominique Job
- CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/Institut National des Sciences Appliquées/Bayer CropScience Joint Laboratory (UMR 5240), Bayer CropScience, Lyon, France
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14
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Seifert GJ. On the Potential Function of Type II Arabinogalactan O-Glycosylation in Regulating the Fate of Plant Secretory Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:563735. [PMID: 33013983 PMCID: PMC7511660 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.563735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In a plant-specific mode of protein glycosylation, various sugars and glycans are attached to hydroxyproline giving rise to a variety of diverse O-glycoproteins. The sub-family of arabinogalactan proteins is implicated in a multitude of biological functions, however, the mechanistic role of O-glycosylation on AGPs by type II arabinogalactans is largely elusive. Some models suggest roles of the O-glycans such as in ligand-receptor interactions and as localized calcium ion store. Structurally different but possibly analogous types of protein O-glycosylation exist in animal and yeast models and roles for O-glycans were suggested in determining the fate of O-glycoproteins by affecting intracellular sorting or proteolytic activation and degradation. At present, only few examples exist that describe how the fate of artificial and endogenous arabinogalactan proteins is affected by O-glycosylation with type II arabinogalactans. In addition to other roles, these glycans might act as a molecular determinant for cellular localization and protein lifetime of many endogenous proteins.
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15
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Zhang N, Wright T, Wang X, Karki U, Savary BJ, Xu J. Engineering 'designer' glycomodules for boosting recombinant protein secretion in tobacco hairy root culture and studying hydroxyproline-O-glycosylation process in plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1130-1141. [PMID: 30467956 PMCID: PMC6523594 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The key technical bottleneck for exploiting plant hairy root cultures as a robust bioproduction platform for therapeutic proteins has been low protein productivity, particularly low secreted protein yields. To address this, we engineered novel hydroxyproline (Hyp)-O-glycosylated peptides (HypGPs) into tobacco hairy roots to boost the extracellular secretion of fused proteins and to elucidate Hyp-O-glycosylation process of plant cell wall Hyp-rich glycoproteins. HypGPs representing two major types of cell wall glycoproteins were examined: an extensin module consisting of 18 tandem repeats of 'Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp' motif or (SP4)18 and an arabinogalactan protein module consisting of 32 tandem repeats of 'Ser-Hyp' motif or (SP)32 . Each module was expressed in tobacco hairy roots as a fusion to the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP). Hairy root cultures engineered with a HypGP module secreted up to 56-fold greater levels of EGFP, compared with an EGFP control lacking any HypGP module, supporting the function of HypGP modules as a molecular carrier in promoting efficient transport of fused proteins into the culture media. The engineered (SP4)18 and (SP)32 modules underwent Hyp-O-glycosylation with arabino-oligosaccharides and arabinogalactan polysaccharides, respectively, which were essential in facilitating secretion of the fused EGFP protein. Distinct non-Hyp-O-glycosylated (SP4)18 -EGFP and (SP)32 -EGFP intermediates were consistently accumulated within the root tissues, indicating a rate-limiting trafficking and/or glycosylation of the engineered HypGP modules. An updated model depicting the intracellular trafficking, Hyp-O-glycosylation and extracellular secretion of extensin-styled (SP4)18 module and AGP-styled (SP)32 module is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zhang
- Arkansas Biosciences InstituteArkansas State UniversityJonesboroARUSA
| | - Tristen Wright
- Arkansas Biosciences InstituteArkansas State UniversityJonesboroARUSA
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Arkansas Biosciences InstituteArkansas State UniversityJonesboroARUSA
| | - Uddhab Karki
- Arkansas Biosciences InstituteArkansas State UniversityJonesboroARUSA
| | - Brett J. Savary
- Arkansas Biosciences InstituteArkansas State UniversityJonesboroARUSA
- College of Agriculture and TechnologyArkansas State UniversityJonesboroARUSA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Arkansas Biosciences InstituteArkansas State UniversityJonesboroARUSA
- College of Agriculture and TechnologyArkansas State UniversityJonesboroARUSA
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16
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Wilkop T, Pattathil S, Ren G, Davis DJ, Bao W, Duan D, Peralta AG, Domozych DS, Hahn MG, Drakakaki G. A Hybrid Approach Enabling Large-Scale Glycomic Analysis of Post-Golgi Vesicles Reveals a Transport Route for Polysaccharides. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:627-644. [PMID: 30760563 PMCID: PMC6482635 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The plant endomembrane system facilitates the transport of polysaccharides, associated enzymes, and glycoproteins through its dynamic pathways. Although enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis have been identified, little is known about the endomembrane-based transport of glycan components. This is partially attributed to technical challenges in biochemically determining polysaccharide cargo in specific vesicles. Here, we introduce a hybrid approach addressing this limitation. By combining vesicle isolation with a large-scale carbohydrate antibody arraying technique, we charted an initial large-scale map describing the glycome profile of the SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS61 (SYP61) trans-Golgi network compartment in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). A library of antibodies recognizing specific noncellulosic carbohydrate epitopes allowed us to identify a range of diverse glycans, including pectins, xyloglucans (XyGs), and arabinogalactan proteins in isolated vesicles. Changes in XyG- and pectin-specific epitopes in the cell wall of an Arabidopsis SYP61 mutant corroborate our findings. Our data provide evidence that SYP61 vesicles are involved in the transport and deposition of structural polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Adaptation of our methodology can enable studies characterizing the glycome profiles of various vesicle populations in plant and animal systems and their respective roles in glycan transport defined by subcellular markers, developmental stages, or environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wilkop
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Light Microscopy Core, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712
| | - Guangxi Ren
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Destiny J Davis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Wenlong Bao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Dechao Duan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Angelo G Peralta
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712
| | - David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7271
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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17
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de la Canal L, Pinedo M. Extracellular vesicles: a missing component in plant cell wall remodeling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4655-4658. [PMID: 30007361 PMCID: PMC6137967 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura de la Canal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata – CONICET, Funes, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcela Pinedo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata – CONICET, Funes, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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18
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Yeats TH, Bacic A, Johnson KL. Plant glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins at the plasma membrane-cell wall nexus. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:649-669. [PMID: 29667761 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 1% of plant proteins are predicted to be post-translationally modified with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that tethers the polypeptide to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Whereas the synthesis and structure of GPI anchors is largely conserved across eukaryotes, the repertoire of functional domains present in the GPI-anchored proteome has diverged substantially. In plants, this includes a large fraction of the GPI-anchored proteome being further modified with plant-specific arabinogalactan (AG) O-glycans. The importance of the GPI-anchored proteome to plant development is underscored by the fact that GPI biosynthetic null mutants exhibit embryo lethality. Mutations in genes encoding specific GPI-anchored proteins (GAPs) further supports their contribution to diverse biological processes, occurring at the interface of the plasma membrane and cell wall, including signaling, cell wall metabolism, cell wall polymer cross-linking, and plasmodesmatal transport. Here, we review the literature concerning plant GPI-anchored proteins, in the context of their potential to act as molecular hubs that mediate interactions between the plasma membrane and the cell wall, and their potential to transduce the signal into the protoplast and, thereby, activate signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor H Yeats
- School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Kim L Johnson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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19
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Cole RA, Peremyslov VV, Van Why S, Moussaoui I, Ketter A, Cool R, Moreno MA, Vejlupkova Z, Dolja VV, Fowler JE. A broadly conserved NERD genetically interacts with the exocyst to affect root growth and cell expansion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3625-3637. [PMID: 29722827 PMCID: PMC6022600 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The exocyst, a conserved, octameric protein complex, helps mediate secretion at the plasma membrane, facilitating specific developmental processes that include control of root meristem size, cell elongation, and tip growth. A genetic screen for second-site enhancers in Arabidopsis identified NEW ENHANCER of ROOT DWARFISM1 (NERD1) as an exocyst interactor. Mutations in NERD1 combined with weak exocyst mutations in SEC8 and EXO70A1 result in a synergistic reduction in root growth. Alone, nerd1 alleles modestly reduce primary root growth, both by shortening the root meristem and by reducing cell elongation, but also result in a slight increase in root hair length, bulging, and rupture. NERD1 was identified molecularly as At3g51050, which encodes a transmembrane protein of unknown function that is broadly conserved throughout the Archaeplastida. A functional NERD1-GFP fusion localizes to the Golgi, in a pattern distinct from the plasma membrane-localized exocyst, arguing against a direct NERD1-exocyst interaction. Structural modeling suggests the majority of the protein is positioned in the lumen, in a β-propeller-like structure that has some similarity to proteins that bind polysaccharides. We suggest that NERD1 interacts with the exocyst indirectly, possibly affecting polysaccharides destined for the cell wall, and influencing cell wall characteristics in a developmentally distinct manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex A Cole
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Valera V Peremyslov
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Savannah Van Why
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ibrahim Moussaoui
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ann Ketter
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Renee Cool
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Matthew Andres Moreno
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Zuzana Vejlupkova
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Valerian V Dolja
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - John E Fowler
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Correspondence:
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20
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De Marchis F, Colanero S, Klein EM, Mainieri D, Prota VM, Bellucci M, Pagliuca G, Zironi E, Gazzotti T, Vitale A, Pompa A. Expression of CLAVATA3 fusions indicates rapid intracellular processing and a role of ERAD. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 271:67-80. [PMID: 29650159 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The 12 amino acid peptide derived from the Arabidopsis soluble secretory protein CLAVATA3 (CLV3) acts at the cell surface in a signalling system that regulates the size of apical meristems. The subcellular pathway involved in releasing the peptide from its precursor is unknown. We show that a CLV3-GFP fusion expressed in transfected tobacco protoplasts or transgenic tobacco plants has very short intracellular half-life that cannot be extended by the secretory traffic inhibitors brefeldin A and wortmannin. The fusion is biologically active, since the incubation medium of protoplasts from CLV3-GFP-expressing tobacco contains the CLV3 peptide and inhibits root growth. The rapid disappearance of intact CLV3-GFP requires the signal peptide and is inhibited by the proteasome inhibitor MG132 or coexpression with a mutated CDC48 that inhibits endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD). The synthesis of CLV3-GFP is specifically supported by the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone endoplasmin in an in vivo assay. Our results indicate that processing of CLV3 starts intracellularly in an early compartment of the secretory pathway and that ERAD could play a regulatory or direct role in the active peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Marchis
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Colanero
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eva M Klein
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Mainieri
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Viviana M Prota
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Bellucci
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pagliuca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Elisa Zironi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Teresa Gazzotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milano, Italy.
| | - Andrea Pompa
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Perugia, Italy.
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21
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Muschietti JP, Wengier DL. How many receptor-like kinases are required to operate a pollen tube. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 41:73-82. [PMID: 28992536 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Successful fertilization depends on active molecular dialogues that the male gametophyte can establish with the pistil and the female gametophyte. Pollen grains and stigmas must recognize each other; pollen tubes need to identify the pistil tissues they will penetrate, follow positional cues to exit the transmitting tract and finally, locate the ovules. These molecular dialogues directly affect pollen tube growth rate and orientation. Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are natural candidates for the perception and decoding of extracellular signals and their transduction to downstream cytoplasmic interactors. Here, we update knowledge regarding how RLKs are involved in pollen tube growth, cell wall integrity and guidance. In addition, we use public data to build a pollen tube RLK interactome that might help direct experiments to elucidate the function of pollen RLKs and their associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge P Muschietti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina.
| | - Diego L Wengier
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina.
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22
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Sinclair R, Rosquete MR, Drakakaki G. Post-Golgi Trafficking and Transport of Cell Wall Components. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1784. [PMID: 30581448 PMCID: PMC6292943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall, a complex macromolecular composite structure surrounding and protecting plant cells, is essential for development, signal transduction, and disease resistance. This structure is also integral to cell expansion, as its tensile resistance is the primary balancing mechanism against internal turgor pressure. Throughout these processes, the biosynthesis, transport, deposition, and assembly of cell wall polymers are tightly regulated. The plant endomembrane system facilitates transport of polysaccharides, polysaccharide biosynthetic and modifying enzymes and glycoproteins through vesicle trafficking pathways. Although a number of enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis have been identified, comparatively little is known about the transport of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins by the endomembrane system. This review summarizes our current understanding of trafficking of cell wall components during cell growth and cell division. Emerging technologies, such as vesicle glycomics, are also discussed as promising avenues to gain insights into the trafficking of structural polysaccharides to the apoplast.
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23
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Rodriguez-Furlan C, Raikhel NV, Hicks GR. Merging roads: chemical tools and cell biology to study unconventional protein secretion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 69:39-46. [PMID: 28992077 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The endomembrane trafficking network is highly complex and dynamic, with both conventional and so-called unconventional routes which are in essence recently discovered pathways that are poorly understood in plants. One approach to dissecting endomembrane pathways that we have pioneered is the use of chemical biology. Classical genetic manipulations often deal with indirect pleiotropic phenotypes resulting from the perturbation of key players of the trafficking routes. Many of these difficulties can be circumvented using small molecules to modify or disrupt the function or localization of key proteins regulating these pathways. In this review, we summarize how small molecules have been used as probes to define these pathways, and how they could be used to increase current knowledge of unconventional protein secretion pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rodriguez-Furlan
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, USA
| | - Natasha V Raikhel
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, USA
| | - Glenn R Hicks
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, USA
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24
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Wang X, Chung KP, Lin W, Jiang L. Protein secretion in plants: conventional and unconventional pathways and new techniques. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 69:21-37. [PMID: 28992209 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein secretion is an essential process in all eukaryotic cells and its mechanisms have been extensively studied. Proteins with an N-terminal leading sequence or transmembrane domain are delivered through the conventional protein secretion (CPS) pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. This feature is conserved in yeast, animals, and plants. In contrast, the transport of leaderless secretory proteins (LSPs) from the cytosol to the cell exterior is accomplished via the unconventional protein secretion (UPS) pathway. So far, the CPS pathway has been well characterized in plants, with several recent studies providing new information about the regulatory mechanisms involved. On the other hand, studies on UPS pathways in plants remain descriptive, although a connection between UPS and the plant defense response is becoming more and more apparent. In this review, we present an update on CPS and UPS. With the emergence of new techniques, a more comprehensive understanding of protein secretion in plants can be expected in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Kin Pan Chung
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Weili Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
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Pompa A, De Marchis F, Pallotta MT, Benitez-Alfonso Y, Jones A, Schipper K, Moreau K, Žárský V, Di Sansebastiano GP, Bellucci M. Unconventional Transport Routes of Soluble and Membrane Proteins and Their Role in Developmental Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040703. [PMID: 28346345 PMCID: PMC5412289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many proteins and cargoes in eukaryotic cells are secreted through the conventional secretory pathway that brings proteins and membranes from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane, passing through various cell compartments, and then the extracellular space. The recent identification of an increasing number of leaderless secreted proteins bypassing the Golgi apparatus unveiled the existence of alternative protein secretion pathways. Moreover, other unconventional routes for secretion of soluble or transmembrane proteins with initial endoplasmic reticulum localization were identified. Furthermore, other proteins normally functioning in conventional membrane traffic or in the biogenesis of unique plant/fungi organelles or in plasmodesmata transport seem to be involved in unconventional secretory pathways. These alternative pathways are functionally related to biotic stress and development, and are becoming more and more important in cell biology studies in yeast, mammalian cells and in plants. The city of Lecce hosted specialists working on mammals, plants and microorganisms for the inaugural meeting on “Unconventional Protein and Membrane Traffic” (UPMT) during 4–7 October 2016. The main aim of the meeting was to include the highest number of topics, summarized in this report, related to the unconventional transport routes of protein and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pompa
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources-Research Division of Perugia, National Research Council (CNR), via della Madonna Alta 130, 06128 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesca De Marchis
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources-Research Division of Perugia, National Research Council (CNR), via della Madonna Alta 130, 06128 Perugia, Italy.
| | | | | | - Alexandra Jones
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Kerstin Schipper
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
| | - Kevin Moreau
- Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK.
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Experimental Botany, v.v.i., the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16502, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Gian Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, S.P. 6, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Michele Bellucci
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources-Research Division of Perugia, National Research Council (CNR), via della Madonna Alta 130, 06128 Perugia, Italy.
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van de Meene AML, Doblin MS, Bacic A. The plant secretory pathway seen through the lens of the cell wall. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:75-94. [PMID: 26993347 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Secretion in plant cells is often studied by looking at well-characterised, evolutionarily conserved membrane proteins associated with particular endomembrane compartments. Studies using live cell microscopy and fluorescent proteins have illuminated the highly dynamic nature of trafficking, and electron microscopy studies have resolved the ultrastructure of many compartments. Biochemical and molecular analyses have further informed about the function of particular proteins and endomembrane compartments. In plants, there are over 40 cell types, each with highly specialised functions, and hence potential variations in cell biological processes and cell wall structure. As the primary function of secretion in plant cells is for the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides and apoplastic transport complexes, it follows that utilising our knowledge of cell wall glycosyltransferases (GTs) and their polysaccharide products will inform us about secretion. Indeed, this knowledge has led to novel insights into the secretory pathway, including previously unseen post-TGN secretory compartments. Conversely, our knowledge of trafficking routes of secretion will inform us about polarised and localised deposition of cell walls and their constituent polysaccharides/glycoproteins. In this review, we look at what is known about cell wall biosynthesis and the secretory pathway and how the different approaches can be used in a complementary manner to study secretion and provide novel insights into these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M L van de Meene
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - M S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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27
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Wang H, Zhuang X, Wang X, Law AHY, Zhao T, Du S, Loy MMT, Jiang L. A Distinct Pathway for Polar Exocytosis in Plant Cell Wall Formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1003-1018. [PMID: 27531442 PMCID: PMC5047090 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Post-Golgi protein sorting and trafficking to the plasma membrane (PM) is generally believed to occur via the trans-Golgi network (TGN). In this study using Nicotiana tabacum pectin methylesterase (NtPPME1) as a marker, we have identified a TGN-independent polar exocytosis pathway that mediates cell wall formation during cell expansion and cytokinesis. Confocal immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy studies demonstrated that Golgi-derived secretory vesicles (GDSVs) labeled by NtPPME1-GFP are distinct from those organelles belonging to the conventional post-Golgi exocytosis pathway. In addition, pharmaceutical treatments, superresolution imaging, and dynamic studies suggest that NtPPME1 follows a polar exocytic process from Golgi-GDSV-PM/cell plate (CP), which is distinct from the conventional Golgi-TGN-PM/CP secretion pathway. Further studies show that ROP1 regulates this specific polar exocytic pathway. Taken together, we have demonstrated an alternative TGN-independent Golgi-to-PM polar exocytic route, which mediates secretion of NtPPME1 for cell wall formation during cell expansion and cytokinesis and is ROP1-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China (H.W., X.Z., X.W., A.H.Y.L., L.J.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (H.W.);Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (T.Z., S.D., M.M.T.L.);Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (S.D.); andCUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China (L.J.)
| | - Xiaohong Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China (H.W., X.Z., X.W., A.H.Y.L., L.J.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (H.W.);Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (T.Z., S.D., M.M.T.L.);Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (S.D.); andCUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China (L.J.)
| | - Xiangfeng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China (H.W., X.Z., X.W., A.H.Y.L., L.J.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (H.W.);Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (T.Z., S.D., M.M.T.L.);Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (S.D.); andCUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China (L.J.)
| | - Angus Ho Yin Law
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China (H.W., X.Z., X.W., A.H.Y.L., L.J.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (H.W.);Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (T.Z., S.D., M.M.T.L.);Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (S.D.); andCUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China (L.J.)
| | - Teng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China (H.W., X.Z., X.W., A.H.Y.L., L.J.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (H.W.);Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (T.Z., S.D., M.M.T.L.);Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (S.D.); andCUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China (L.J.)
| | - Shengwang Du
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China (H.W., X.Z., X.W., A.H.Y.L., L.J.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (H.W.);Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (T.Z., S.D., M.M.T.L.);Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (S.D.); andCUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China (L.J.)
| | - Michael M T Loy
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China (H.W., X.Z., X.W., A.H.Y.L., L.J.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (H.W.);Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (T.Z., S.D., M.M.T.L.);Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (S.D.); andCUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China (L.J.)
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China (H.W., X.Z., X.W., A.H.Y.L., L.J.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (H.W.);Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (T.Z., S.D., M.M.T.L.);Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (S.D.); andCUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China (L.J.)
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Stonebloom S, Ebert B, Xiong G, Pattathil S, Birdseye D, Lao J, Pauly M, Hahn MG, Heazlewood JL, Scheller HV. A DUF-246 family glycosyltransferase-like gene affects male fertility and the biosynthesis of pectic arabinogalactans. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:90. [PMID: 27091363 PMCID: PMC4836069 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectins are a group of structurally complex plant cell wall polysaccharides whose biosynthesis and function remain poorly understood. The pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) has two types of arabinogalactan side chains, type-I and type-II arabinogalactans. To date few enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of pectin have been described. Here we report the identification of a highly conserved putative glycosyltransferase encoding gene, Pectic ArabinoGalactan synthesis-Related (PAGR), affecting the biosynthesis of RG-I arabinogalactans and critical for pollen tube growth. RESULTS T-DNA insertions in PAGR were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana and were found to segregate at a 1:1 ratio of heterozygotes to wild type. We were unable to isolate homozygous pagr mutants as pagr mutant alleles were not transmitted via pollen. In vitro pollen germination assays revealed reduced rates of pollen tube formation in pollen from pagr heterozygotes. To characterize a loss-of-function phenotype for PAGR, the Nicotiana benthamiana orthologs, NbPAGR-A and B, were transiently silenced using Virus Induced Gene Silencing. NbPAGR-silenced plants exhibited reduced internode and petiole expansion. Cell wall materials from NbPAGR-silenced plants had reduced galactose content compared to the control. Immunological and linkage analyses support that RG-I has reduced type-I arabinogalactan content and reduced branching of the RG-I backbone in NbPAGR-silenced plants. Arabidopsis lines overexpressing PAGR exhibit pleiotropic developmental phenotypes and the loss of apical dominance as well as an increase in RG-I type-II arabinogalactan content. CONCLUSIONS Together, results support a function for PAGR in the biosynthesis of RG-I arabinogalactans and illustrate the essential roles of these polysaccharides in vegetative and reproductive plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Stonebloom
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, C 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Ebert
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, C 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guangyan Xiong
- />Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
| | - Devon Birdseye
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Jeemeng Lao
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Markus Pauly
- />Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- />Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- />BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- />Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
| | - Joshua L. Heazlewood
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, 3010 Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- />Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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29
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Kim SJ, Brandizzi F. The plant secretory pathway for the trafficking of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Glycobiology 2016; 26:940-949. [PMID: 27072815 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant endomembranes are required for the biosynthesis and secretion of complex cell wall matrix polysaccharides, glycoproteins and proteoglycans. To define the biochemical roadmap that guides the synthesis and deposition of these cell wall components it is first necessary to outline the localization of the biosynthetic and modifying enzymes involved, as well as the distribution of the intermediate and final constituents of the cell wall. Thus far, a comprehensive understanding of cell wall matrix components has been hampered by the multiplicity of trafficking routes in the secretory pathway, and the diverse biosynthetic roles of the endomembrane organelles, which may exhibit tissue and development specific features. However, the recent identification of protein complexes producing matrix polysaccharides, and those supporting the synthesis and distribution of a grass-specific hemicellulose are advancing our understanding of the functional contribution of the plant secretory pathway in cell wall biosynthesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the plant membrane trafficking routes and report on recent exciting accomplishments in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying secretion with focus on cell wall synthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Michigan State University-DOE Plant Research Laboratory
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Michigan State University-DOE Plant Research Laboratory Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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30
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Abstract
Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) describes secretion pathways that bypass one or several of the canonical secretion pit-stops on the way to the plasma membrane, and/or involve the secretion of leaderless proteins. So far, alternatives to conventional secretion were primarily observed and studied in yeast and animal cells. The sessile lifestyle of plants brings with it unique restraints on how they adapt to adverse conditions and environmental challenges. Recently, attention towards unconventional secretion pathways in plant cells has substantially increased, with the large number of leaderless proteins identified through proteomic studies. While UPS pathways in plants are certainly not yet exhaustively researched, an emerging notion is that induction of UPS pathways is correlated with pathogenesis and stress responses. Given the multitude UPS events observed, comprehensively organizing the routes proteins take to the apoplast in defined UPS categories is challenging. With the establishment of a larger collection of studied plant proteins taking these UPS pathways, a clearer picture of endomembrane trafficking as a whole will emerge. There are several novel enabling technologies, such as vesicle proteomics and chemical genomics, with great potential for dissecting secretion pathways, providing information about the cargo that travels along them and the conditions that induce them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destiny J Davis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Asmundson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Center for Organelle Biogenesis and Function, School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Angelo S Heringer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Asmundson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Thomas E Wilkop
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Asmundson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Asmundson Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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31
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Robinson DG, Ding Y, Jiang L. Unconventional protein secretion in plants: a critical assessment. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:31-43. [PMID: 26410830 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) is a collective term for mechanisms by which cytosolic proteins that lack a signal peptide ("leaderless secretory proteins" (LSPs)) can gain access to the cell exterior. Numerous examples of UPS have been well documented in animal and yeast cells. In contrast, our understanding of the mechanism(s) and function of UPS in plants is very limited. This review evaluates the available literature on this subject. The apparent large numbers of LSPs in the plant secretome suggest that UPS also occurs in plants but is not a proof. Although the direct transport of LSPs across the plant plasma membrane (PM) has not yet been described, it is possible that as in other eukaryotes, exosomes may be released from plant cells through fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the PM. In this way, LSPs, but also small RNAs (sRNAs), that are passively taken up from the cytosol into the intraluminal vesicles of MVBs, could reach the apoplast. Another possible mechanism is the recently discovered exocyst-positive organelle (EXPO), a double-membrane-bound compartment, distinct from autophagosomes, which appears to sequester LSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Robinson
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Yu Ding
- Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Hong D, Jeon BW, Kim SY, Hwang JU, Lee Y. The ROP2-RIC7 pathway negatively regulates light-induced stomatal opening by inhibiting exocyst subunit Exo70B1 in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:624-35. [PMID: 26451971 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are the tiny valves on the plant surface that mediate gas exchange between the plant and its environment. Stomatal opening needs to be tightly regulated to facilitate CO2 uptake and prevent excess water loss. Plant Rho-type (ROP) GTPase 2 (ROP2) is a molecular component of the system that negatively regulates light-induced stomatal opening. Previously, ROP-interactive Cdc42- and Rac-interactive binding motif-containing protein 7 (RIC7) was suggested to function downstream of ROP2. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. To understand the mechanism by which RIC7 regulates light-induced stomatal opening, we analyzed the stomatal responses of ric7 mutant Arabidopsis plants and identified the target protein of RIC7 using a yeast two-hybrid screen. Light-induced stomatal opening was promoted by ric7 knockout, whereas it was inhibited by RIC7 overexpression, indicating that RIC7 negatively regulates stomatal opening in Arabidopsis. RIC7 interacted with exocyst subunit Exo70 family protein B1 (Exo70B1), a component of the vesicle trafficking machinery. RIC7 and Exo70B1 localized to the plasma membrane region under light or constitutively active ROP2 conditions. The knockout mutant of Exo70B1 and ric7/exo70b1 exhibited retarded light-induced stomatal opening. Our results suggest that ROP2 and RIC7 suppress excess stomatal opening by inhibiting Exo70B1, which most likely participates in the vesicle trafficking required for light-induced stomatal opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daewoong Hong
- Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Byeong Wook Jeon
- Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Departments of Molecular Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
| | - Jae-Ung Hwang
- Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 790-784, Korea
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Basu D, Wang W, Ma S, DeBrosse T, Poirier E, Emch K, Soukup E, Tian L, Showalter AM. Two Hydroxyproline Galactosyltransferases, GALT5 and GALT2, Function in Arabinogalactan-Protein Glycosylation, Growth and Development in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125624. [PMID: 25974423 PMCID: PMC4431829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferase (GALT) initiates O-glycosylation of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs). We previously characterized GALT2 (At4g21060), and now report on functional characterization of GALT5 (At1g74800). GALT5 was identified using heterologous expression in Pichia and an in vitro GALT assay. Product characterization showed GALT5 specifically adds galactose to hydroxyproline in AGP protein backbones. Functions of GALT2 and GALT5 were elucidated by phenotypic analysis of single and double mutant plants. Allelic galt5 and galt2 mutants, and particularly galt2 galt5 double mutants, demonstrated lower GALT activities and reductions in β-Yariv-precipitated AGPs compared to wild type. Mutant plants showed pleiotropic growth and development phenotypes (defects in root hair growth, root elongation, pollen tube growth, flowering time, leaf development, silique length, and inflorescence growth), which were most severe in the double mutants. Conditional mutant phenotypes were also observed, including salt-hypersensitive root growth and root tip swelling as well as reduced inhibition of pollen tube growth and root growth in response to β-Yariv reagent. These mutants also phenocopy mutants for an AGP, SOS5, and two cell wall receptor-like kinases, FEI1 and FEI2, which exist in a genetic signaling pathway. In summary, GALT5 and GALT2 function as redundant GALTs that control AGP O-glycosylation, which is essential for normal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Basu
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wuda Wang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Siyi Ma
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Taylor DeBrosse
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Emily Poirier
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kirk Emch
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eric Soukup
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lu Tian
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ebine K, Ueda T. Roles of membrane trafficking in plant cell wall dynamics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:878. [PMID: 26539200 PMCID: PMC4609830 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall is one of the characteristic components of plant cells. The cell wall composition differs among cell types and is modified in response to various environmental conditions. To properly generate and modify the cell wall, many proteins are transported to the plasma membrane or extracellular space through membrane trafficking, which is one of the key protein transport mechanisms in eukaryotic cells. Given the diverse composition and functions of the cell wall in plants, the transport of the cell wall components and proteins that are involved in cell wall-related events could be specialized for each cell type, i.e., the machinery for cell wall biogenesis, modification, and maintenance could be transported via different trafficking pathways. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the current understanding of the roles and mechanisms of membrane trafficking in plant cells and focus on the biogenesis and regulation of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Ebine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Kazuo Ebine,
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Kawaguchi, Japan
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Poulsen CP, Dilokpimol A, Geshi N. Arabinogalactan biosynthesis: Implication of AtGALT29A enzyme activity regulated by phosphorylation and co-localized enzymes for nucleotide sugar metabolism in the compartments outside of the Golgi apparatus. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e984524. [PMID: 25723364 PMCID: PMC4622509 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.984524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins are abundant cell surface proteoglycans in plants and are implicated to act as developmental markers during plant growth. We previously reported that AtGALT31A, AtGALT29A, and AtGLCAT14A-C, which are involved in the biosynthesis of arabinogalactan proteins, localize not only to the Golgi cisternae but also to smaller compartments, which may be a part of the unconventional protein secretory pathway in plants. In Poulsen et al., (1) we have demonstrated increased targeting of AtGALT29A to small compartments when Y144 is substituted with another amino acid, and we implicated a role for Y144 in the subcellular targeting of AtGALT29A. In this paper, we are presenting another aspect of Y144 substitution in AtGALT29A; namely, Y144A construct demonstrated a 2.5-fold increase while Y144E construct demonstrated a 2-fold decrease in the galactosyltransferase activity of AtGALT29A. Therefore, the electrostatic status of Y144, which is regulated by an unknown kinase/phosphatase system, may regulate AtGALT29A enzyme activity. Moreover, we have identified additional proteins, apyrase 3 (APY3; At1g14240) and UDP-glucuronate epimerases 1 and 6 (GAE1, At4g30440; GAE6, At3g23820), from Arabidopsis thaliana that co-localize with AtGALT31A in the small compartments when expressed transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana. These proteins may play roles in nucleotide sugar metabolism in the small compartments together with arabinogalactan glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peter Poulsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Present address: Fungal Physiology; CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Center; Utrecht CT, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi Geshi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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