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Malara M, Prestel M, Tahirovic S. Endo-lysosomal dysfunction and neuronal-glial crosstalk in Niemann-Pick type C disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220388. [PMID: 38368932 PMCID: PMC10874755 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a rare progressive lysosomal lipid storage disorder that manifests with a heterogeneous spectrum of clinical syndromes, including visceral, neurological and psychiatric symptoms. This monogenetic autosomal recessive disease is largely caused by mutations in the NPC1 gene, which controls intracellular lipid homeostasis. Vesicle-mediated endo-lysosomal lipid trafficking and non-vesicular lipid exchange via inter-organelle membrane contact sites are both regulated by the NPC1 protein. Loss of NPC1 function therefore triggers intracellular accumulation of diverse lipid species, including cholesterol, glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin and sphingosine. The NPC1-mediated dysfunction of lipid transport has severe consequences for all brain cells, leading to neurodegeneration. Besides the cell-autonomous contribution of neuronal NPC1, aberrant NPC1 signalling in other brain cells is critical for the pathology. We discuss here the importance of endo-lysosomal dysfunction and a tight crosstalk between neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia in NPC pathology. We strongly believe that a cell-specific rescue may not be sufficient to counteract the severity of the NPC pathology, but targeting common mechanisms, such as endo-lysosomal and lipid trafficking dysfunction, may ameliorate NPC pathology. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagiovanna Malara
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Prestel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Tahirovic
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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2
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Ke X, Pan ZH, Du HF, Shen Y, Shen JD, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Secretory production of 7-dehydrocholesterol by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300056. [PMID: 37688450 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) can be directly converted to vitamin D3 by UV irradiation and de novo synthesis of 7-DHC in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been recognized as an attractive substitution to traditional chemical synthesis. Introduction of sterol extracellular transport pathway for the secretory production of 7-DHC is a promising approach to achieve higher titer and simplify the downstream purification processing. METHODS AND RESULTS A series of genes involved in ergosterol pathway were combined reinforced and reengineered in S. cerevisiae. A biphasic fermentation system was introduced and 7-DHC was found to be enriched in oil-phase with an increased titer by 1.5-folds. Quantitative PCR revealed that say1, atf2, pdr5, pry1-3 involved in sterol storage and transport were all significantly induced in sterol overproduced strain. To enhance the secretion capacity, lipid transporters of pathogen-related yeast proteins (Pry), Niemann-Pick disease type C2 (NPC2), ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-family, and their homologues were screened. Both individual and synergetic overexpression of Plant pathogenesis Related protein-1 (Pr-1) and Sterol transport1 (St1) largely increased the de novo biosynthesis and secretory productivity of 7-DHC, and the final titer reached 28.2 mg g-1 with a secretion ratio of 41.4%, which was 26.5-folds higher than the original strain. In addition, the cooperation between Pr-1 and St1 in sterol transport was further confirmed by confocal microscopy, molecular docking, and directed site-mutation. CONCLUSION Selective secretion of different sterol intermediates was characterized in sterol over-produced strain and the extracellular export of 7-DHC developed in present study significantly improved the cell biosynthetic capacity, which offered a novel modification idea for 7-DHC de novo biosynthesis by S. cerevisiae cell factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ke
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Hao Pan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fei Du
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Dong Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Platt FM. The expanding boundaries of sphingolipid lysosomal storage diseases; insights from Niemann-Pick disease type C. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1777-1787. [PMID: 37844193 PMCID: PMC10657176 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases are inborn errors of metabolism that arise due to loss of function mutations in genes encoding lysosomal enzymes, protein co-factors or lysosomal membrane proteins. As a consequence of the genetic defect, lysosomal function is impaired and substrates build up in the lysosome leading to 'storage'. A sub group of these disorders are the sphingolipidoses in which sphingolipids accumulate in the lysosome. In this review, I will discuss how the study of these rare lysosomal disorders reveals unanticipated links to other rare and common human diseases using Niemann-Pick disease type C as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M. Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, U.K
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Wu L, Lin Y, Song J, Li L, Rao X, Wan W, Wei G, Hua F, Ying J. TMEM175: A lysosomal ion channel associated with neurological diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106244. [PMID: 37524211 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic intracellular organelles with autophagic functions that are critical for protein degradation and mitochondrial homeostasis, while abnormalities in lysosomal physiological functions are closely associated with neurological disorders. Transmembrane protein 175 (TMEM175), an ion channel in the lysosomal membrane that is essential for maintaining lysosomal acidity, has been proven to coordinate with V-ATPase to modulate the luminal pH of the lysosome to assist the digestion of abnormal proteins and organelles. However, there is considerable controversy about the characteristics of TMEM175. In this review, we introduce the research progress on the structural, modulatory, and functional properties of TMEM175, followed by evidence of its relevance for neurological disorders. Finally, we discuss the potential value of TMEM175 as a therapeutic target in the hope of providing new directions for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luojia Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China
| | - Jiali Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China
| | - Longshan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China
| | - Xiuqin Rao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China
| | - Wei Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China
| | - Gen Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China
| | - Fuzhou Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China.
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 330006, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangxi Province, 1# Minde Road, 330006 Nanchang City, Jiangxi Privince, China.
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Montaño-Samaniego M, Sánchez-Cedillo J, Lucas-González A, Bravo-Estupiñan DM, Alarcón-Hernández E, Rivera-Gutiérrez S, Balderas-López JA, Ibáñez-Hernández M. Targeted Expression to Liver of an antimiR-33 Sponge as a Gene Therapy Strategy against Hypercholesterolemia: In Vitro Study. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7043-7057. [PMID: 37754229 PMCID: PMC10527677 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45090445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases in Mexico and worldwide. The membrane transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 are involved in the reverse transport of cholesterol and stimulate the HDL synthesis in hepatocytes, therefore the deficiency of these transporters promotes the acceleration of atherosclerosis. MicroRNA-33 (miR-33) plays an important role in lipid metabolism and exerts a negative regulation on the transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. It is known that by inhibiting the function of miR-33 with antisense RNA, HDL levels increase and atherogenic risk decreases. Therefore, in this work, a genetic construct, pPEPCK-antimiR-33-IRES2-EGFP, containing a specific antimiR-33 sponge with two binding sites for miR-33 governed under the PEPCK promoter was designed, constructed, and characterized, the identity of which was confirmed by enzymatic restriction, PCR, and sequencing. Hep G2 and Hek 293 FT cell lines, as well as a mouse hepatocyte primary cell culture were transfected with this plasmid construction showing expression specificity of the PEPCK promoter in hepatic cells. An analysis of the relative expression of miR-33 target messengers showed that the antimiR-33 sponge indirectly induces the expression of its target messengers (ABCA1 and ABCG1). This strategy could open new specific therapeutic options for hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis, by blocking the miR-33 specifically in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Montaño-Samaniego
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (M.M.-S.); (J.S.-C.); (A.L.-G.); (D.M.B.-E.)
- Laboratorio de Técnicas Fototérmicas, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Unidad Politécnica Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico;
| | - Jorge Sánchez-Cedillo
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (M.M.-S.); (J.S.-C.); (A.L.-G.); (D.M.B.-E.)
| | - Amellalli Lucas-González
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (M.M.-S.); (J.S.-C.); (A.L.-G.); (D.M.B.-E.)
| | - Diana M. Bravo-Estupiñan
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (M.M.-S.); (J.S.-C.); (A.L.-G.); (D.M.B.-E.)
- Laboratorio de Quimiosensibilidad Tumoral, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Ernesto Alarcón-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Sandra Rivera-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - José Abraham Balderas-López
- Laboratorio de Técnicas Fototérmicas, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Unidad Politécnica Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico;
| | - Miguel Ibáñez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Terapia Génica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (M.M.-S.); (J.S.-C.); (A.L.-G.); (D.M.B.-E.)
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6
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Nara A, Inoue A, Aoyama Y, Yazawa T. The ultrastructural function of MLN64 in the late endosome-mitochondria membrane contact sites in placental cells. Exp Cell Res 2023:113668. [PMID: 37245582 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The close apposition between two different organelles is critical in essential processes such as ion homeostasis, signaling, and lipid transition. However, information related to the structural features of membrane contact sites (MCSs) is limited. This study used immuno-electron microscopy and immuno-electron tomography (I-ET) to analyze the two- and three-dimensional structures of the late endosome-mitochondria contact sites in placental cells. Filamentous structures or tethers were identified that connected the late endosomes and mitochondria. Lamp1 antibody-labeled I-ET revealed enrichment of tethers in the MCSs. The cholesterol-binding endosomal protein metastatic lymph node 64 (MLN64) encoded by STARD3 was required for the formation of this apposition. The distance of the late endosome-mitochondria contact sites was <20 nm, shorter than that in STARD3-knockdown cells (<150 nm). The perturbation of cholesterol egress from the endosomes induced by U18666A treatment produced a longer distance in the contact sites than that in knockdown cells. The late endosome-mitochondria tethers failed to form correctly in STARD3-knockdown cells. Our results unravel the role of MLN64 involved in MCSs between late endosomes and mitochondria in placental cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Nara
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan.
| | - Akimi Inoue
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Aoyama
- EM Application Department, EM Business Unit, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
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Lin JX, Xu CY, Wu XM, Che L, Li TY, Mo SM, Guo DB, Lin ZN, Lin YC. Rab7a-mTORC1 signaling-mediated cholesterol trafficking from the lysosome to mitochondria ameliorates hepatic lipotoxicity induced by aflatoxin B1 exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 320:138071. [PMID: 36754296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common contaminant in many foodstuffs and is considered a public health concern worldwide due to its hepatotoxicity caused by lipid metabolism disorders. However, the molecular mechanism underlying AFB1-induced lipotoxicity-dependent liver injury via regulating cholesterol metabolism remains unclear. We established a cholesterol trafficking disorder-mediated hepatic lipotoxicity model with AFB1 mixture exposure in vitro (HepaRG and HepG2 cells, 1.6 μM for 36 h) and in vivo (C57BL/6 mice, 3 mg kg-1, i.g., every other day for 6 weeks). In vitro, the interaction between lysosomal Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) protein and mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) regulated lipotoxicity induced by AFB1 mixture exposure, including lysosomal membrane permeabilization and mitochondria-dependent necroptosis. Moreover, the downregulation of lysosomal Ras-associated protein 7a (Rab7a) enhanced the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-mediated disorders of cholesterol trafficking from the lysosome to mitochondria. Furthermore, cholesterol trafficking disorder-mediated hepatic lipotoxicity induced by the low-dose level of AFB1 exposure was relieved by genetic or pharmaceutic activation of Rab7a to inhibit mTORC1 in vitro and ex vivo. In vivo, mTORC1 inhibitor (Torin1, 4 mg kg-1, i.p., every other day for 3 weeks) alleviated the cholesterol trafficking disorder-mediated hepatic lipotoxicity via upregulating the molecular machinery of lysosomes and mitochondria contact mediated by NPC1 and TSPO interaction in the low dose of AFB1 exposure. Altogether, our data suggested a novel mechanism that lysosomal Rab7a-mTORC1 signaling determined the cholesterol trafficking regulated by NPC1-TSPO from the lysosome to mitochondria, which promoted hepatic lipotoxicity via lysosomal quality control and mitochondria-dependent necroptosis signaling pathways in chemical mixture exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chi-Yu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xin-Mou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Lin Che
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ting-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Su-Min Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Dong-Bei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhong-Ning Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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Enrich C, Lu A, Tebar F, Rentero C, Grewal T. Ca 2+ and Annexins - Emerging Players for Sensing and Transferring Cholesterol and Phosphoinositides via Membrane Contact Sites. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:393-438. [PMID: 36988890 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining lipid composition diversity in membranes from different organelles is critical for numerous cellular processes. However, many lipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and require delivery to other organelles. In this scenario, formation of membrane contact sites (MCS) between neighbouring organelles has emerged as a novel non-vesicular lipid transport mechanism. Dissecting the molecular composition of MCS identified phosphoinositides (PIs), cholesterol, scaffolding/tethering proteins as well as Ca2+ and Ca2+-binding proteins contributing to MCS functioning. Compelling evidence now exists for the shuttling of PIs and cholesterol across MCS, affecting their concentrations in distinct membrane domains and diverse roles in membrane trafficking. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) at the plasma membrane (PM) not only controls endo-/exocytic membrane dynamics but is also critical in autophagy. Cholesterol is highly concentrated at the PM and enriched in recycling endosomes and Golgi membranes. MCS-mediated cholesterol transfer is intensely researched, identifying MCS dysfunction or altered MCS partnerships to correlate with de-regulated cellular cholesterol homeostasis and pathologies. Annexins, a conserved family of Ca2+-dependent phospholipid binding proteins, contribute to tethering and untethering events at MCS. In this chapter, we will discuss how Ca2+ homeostasis and annexins in the endocytic compartment affect the sensing and transfer of cholesterol and PIs across MCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert Lu
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Sphingosine kinases regulate ER contacts with late endocytic organelles and cholesterol trafficking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204396119. [PMID: 36122218 PMCID: PMC9522378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204396119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCS), close membrane apposition between organelles, are platforms for interorganellar transfer of lipids including cholesterol, regulation of lipid homeostasis, and co-ordination of endocytic trafficking. Sphingosine kinases (SphKs), two isoenzymes that phosphorylate sphingosine to the bioactive sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), have been implicated in endocytic trafficking. However, the physiological functions of SphKs in regulation of membrane dynamics, lipid trafficking and MCS are not known. Here, we report that deletion of SphKs decreased S1P with concomitant increases in its precursors sphingosine and ceramide, and markedly reduced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts with late endocytic organelles. Expression of enzymatically active SphK1, but not catalytically inactive, rescued the deficit of these MCS. Although free cholesterol accumulated in late endocytic organelles in SphK null cells, surprisingly however, cholesterol transport to the ER was not reduced. Importantly, deletion of SphKs promoted recruitment of the ER-resident cholesterol transfer protein Aster-B (also called GRAMD1B) to the plasma membrane (PM), consistent with higher accessible cholesterol and ceramide at the PM, to facilitate cholesterol transfer from the PM to the ER. In addition, ceramide enhanced in vitro binding of the Aster-B GRAM domain to phosphatidylserine and cholesterol liposomes. Our study revealed a previously unknown role for SphKs and sphingolipid metabolites in governing diverse MCS between the ER network and late endocytic organelles versus the PM to control the movement of cholesterol between distinct cell membranes.
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10
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Barral DC, Staiano L, Guimas Almeida C, Cutler DF, Eden ER, Futter CE, Galione A, Marques ARA, Medina DL, Napolitano G, Settembre C, Vieira OV, Aerts JMFG, Atakpa‐Adaji P, Bruno G, Capuozzo A, De Leonibus E, Di Malta C, Escrevente C, Esposito A, Grumati P, Hall MJ, Teodoro RO, Lopes SS, Luzio JP, Monfregola J, Montefusco S, Platt FM, Polishchuck R, De Risi M, Sambri I, Soldati C, Seabra MC. Current methods to analyze lysosome morphology, positioning, motility and function. Traffic 2022; 23:238-269. [PMID: 35343629 PMCID: PMC9323414 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of lysosomes more than 70 years ago, much has been learned about the functions of these organelles. Lysosomes were regarded as exclusively degradative organelles, but more recent research has shown that they play essential roles in several other cellular functions, such as nutrient sensing, intracellular signalling and metabolism. Methodological advances played a key part in generating our current knowledge about the biology of this multifaceted organelle. In this review, we cover current methods used to analyze lysosome morphology, positioning, motility and function. We highlight the principles behind these methods, the methodological strategies and their advantages and limitations. To extract accurate information and avoid misinterpretations, we discuss the best strategies to identify lysosomes and assess their characteristics and functions. With this review, we aim to stimulate an increase in the quantity and quality of research on lysosomes and further ground-breaking discoveries on an organelle that continues to surprise and excite cell biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte C. Barral
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Leopoldo Staiano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical ResearchNational Research Council (CNR)MilanItaly
| | | | - Dan F. Cutler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Emily R. Eden
- University College London (UCL) Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Clare E. Futter
- University College London (UCL) Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | | | | | - Diego Luis Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Gennaro Napolitano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Carmine Settembre
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Clinical Medicine and Surgery DepartmentFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Otília V. Vieira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | | | | | - Gemma Bruno
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | | | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNRRomeItaly
| | - Chiara Di Malta
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | | | | | - Paolo Grumati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | - Michael J. Hall
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Rita O. Teodoro
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Susana S. Lopes
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - J. Paul Luzio
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria De Risi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | - Irene Sambri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Chiara Soldati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | - Miguel C. Seabra
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
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11
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Shi Q, Chen J, Zou X, Tang X. Intracellular Cholesterol Synthesis and Transport. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:819281. [PMID: 35386193 PMCID: PMC8978673 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.819281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is related to multiple diseases in humans, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative and hepatic diseases. The cholesterol levels in cells are balanced dynamically by uptake, biosynthesis, transport, distribution, esterification, and export. In this review, we focus on de novo cholesterol synthesis, cholesterol synthesis regulation, and intracellular cholesterol trafficking. In addition, the progression of lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) at multiple contact sites between organelles is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Shi
- Center of Reproductive Medicine and Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiahuan Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of Jilin University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaochun Tang,
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12
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Enrich C, Lu A, Tebar F, Rentero C, Grewal T. Annexins Bridging the Gap: Novel Roles in Membrane Contact Site Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:797949. [PMID: 35071237 PMCID: PMC8770259 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.797949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCS) are specialized small areas of close apposition between two different organelles that have led researchers to reconsider the dogma of intercellular communication via vesicular trafficking. The latter is now being challenged by the discovery of lipid and ion transfer across MCS connecting adjacent organelles. These findings gave rise to a new concept that implicates cell compartments not to function as individual and isolated entities, but as a dynamic and regulated ensemble facilitating the trafficking of lipids, including cholesterol, and ions. Hence, MCS are now envisaged as metabolic platforms, crucial for cellular homeostasis. In this context, well-known as well as novel proteins were ascribed functions such as tethers, transporters, and scaffolds in MCS, or transient MCS companions with yet unknown functions. Intriguingly, we and others uncovered metabolic alterations in cell-based disease models that perturbed MCS size and numbers between coupled organelles such as endolysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, or lipid droplets. On the other hand, overexpression or deficiency of certain proteins in this narrow 10-30 nm membrane contact zone can enable MCS formation to either rescue compromised MCS function, or in certain disease settings trigger undesired metabolite transport. In this "Mini Review" we summarize recent findings regarding a subset of annexins and discuss their multiple roles to regulate MCS dynamics and functioning. Their contribution to novel pathways related to MCS biology will provide new insights relevant for a number of human diseases and offer opportunities to design innovative treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Lu
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Selectivity of mTOR-Phosphatidic Acid Interactions Is Driven by Acyl Chain Structure and Cholesterol. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010119. [PMID: 35011681 PMCID: PMC8750377 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to gain insights into the molecular details of peripheral membrane proteins’ specificity towards phosphatidic acid (PA) is undeniable. The variety of PA species classified in terms of acyl chain length and saturation translates into a complicated, enigmatic network of functional effects that exert a critical influence on cell physiology. As a consequence, numerous studies on the importance of phosphatidic acid in human diseases have been conducted in recent years. One of the key proteins in this context is mTOR, considered to be the most important cellular sensor of essential nutrients while regulating cell proliferation, and which also appears to require PA to build stable and active complexes. Here, we investigated the specific recognition of three physiologically important PA species by the mTOR FRB domain in the presence or absence of cholesterol in targeted membranes. Using a broad range of methods based on model lipid membrane systems, we elucidated how the length and saturation of PA acyl chains influence specific binding of the mTOR FRB domain to the membrane. We also discovered that cholesterol exerts a strong modulatory effect on PA-FRB recognition. Our data provide insight into the molecular details of some physiological effects reported previously and reveal novel mechanisms of fine-tuning the signaling cascades dependent on PA.
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14
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Winkler MBL, Nel L, Frain KM, Dedic E, Olesen E, Pedersen BP. Sterol uptake by the NPC system in eukaryotes: a Saccharomyces cerevisiae perspective. FEBS Lett 2021; 596:160-179. [PMID: 34897668 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sterols are an essential component of membranes in all eukaryotic cells and the precursor of multiple indispensable cellular metabolites. After endocytotic uptake, sterols are integrated into the lysosomal membrane by the Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) system before redistribution to other membranes. The process is driven by two proteins that, together, compose the NPC system: the lysosomal sterol shuttle protein NPC2 and the membrane protein NPC1 (named NCR1 in fungi), which integrates sterols into the lysosomal membrane. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae NPC system provides a compelling model to study the molecular mechanism of sterol integration into membranes and sterol homeostasis. This review summarizes recent advances in the field, and by interpreting available structural data, we propose a unifying conceptual model for sterol loading, transfer and transport by NPC proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael B L Winkler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Lynette Nel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kelly M Frain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Emil Dedic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Esben Olesen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
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15
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Sigismund S, Lanzetti L, Scita G, Di Fiore PP. Endocytosis in the context-dependent regulation of individual and collective cell properties. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:625-643. [PMID: 34075221 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis allows cells to transport particles and molecules across the plasma membrane. In addition, it is involved in the termination of signalling through receptor downmodulation and degradation. This traditional outlook has been substantially modified in recent years by discoveries that endocytosis and subsequent trafficking routes have a profound impact on the positive regulation and propagation of signals, being key for the spatiotemporal regulation of signal transmission in cells. Accordingly, endocytosis and membrane trafficking regulate virtually every aspect of cell physiology and are frequently subverted in pathological conditions. Two key aspects of endocytic control over signalling are coming into focus: context-dependency and long-range effects. First, endocytic-regulated outputs are not stereotyped but heavily dependent on the cell-specific regulation of endocytic networks. Second, endocytic regulation has an impact not only on individual cells but also on the behaviour of cellular collectives. Herein, we will discuss recent advancements in these areas, highlighting how endocytic trafficking impacts complex cell properties, including cell polarity and collective cell migration, and the relevance of these mechanisms to disease, in particular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sigismund
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Lanzetti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino Medical School, Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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16
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García‐Sanz P, M.F.G. Aerts J, Moratalla R. The Role of Cholesterol in α-Synuclein and Lewy Body Pathology in GBA1 Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1070-1085. [PMID: 33219714 PMCID: PMC8247417 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease where dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra are lost, resulting in a decrease in striatal dopamine and, consequently, motor control. Dopaminergic degeneration is associated with the appearance of Lewy bodies, which contain membrane structures and proteins, including α-synuclein (α-Syn), in surviving neurons. PD displays a multifactorial pathology and develops from interactions between multiple elements, such as age, environmental conditions, and genetics. Mutations in the GBA1 gene represent one of the major genetic risk factors for PD. This gene encodes an essential lysosomal enzyme called β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), which is responsible for degrading the glycolipid glucocerebroside into glucose and ceramide. GCase can generate glucosylated cholesterol via transglucosylation and can also degrade the sterol glucoside. Although the molecular mechanisms that predispose an individual to neurodegeneration remain unknown, the role of cholesterol in PD pathology deserves consideration. Disturbed cellular cholesterol metabolism, as reflected by accumulation of lysosomal cholesterol in GBA1-associated PD cellular models, could contribute to changes in lipid rafts, which are necessary for synaptic localization and vesicle cycling and modulation of synaptic integrity. α-Syn has been implicated in the regulation of neuronal cholesterol, and cholesterol facilitates interactions between α-Syn oligomers. In this review, we integrate the results of previous studies and describe the cholesterol landscape in cellular homeostasis and neuronal function. We discuss its implication in α-Syn and Lewy body pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PD, focusing on the role of GCase and cholesterol. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia García‐Sanz
- Instituto Cajal, CSICMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Johannes M.F.G. Aerts
- Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden UniversityFaculty of ScienceLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal, CSICMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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17
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Wong LH, Edgar JR, Martello A, Ferguson BJ, Eden ER. Exploiting Connections for Viral Replication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:640456. [PMID: 33816489 PMCID: PMC8012536 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.640456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic, is a positive strand RNA (+RNA) virus. Like other +RNA viruses, SARS-CoV-2 is dependent on host cell metabolic machinery to survive and replicate, remodeling cellular membranes to generate sites of viral replication. Viral RNA-containing double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) are a striking feature of +RNA viral replication and are abundant in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Their generation involves rewiring of host lipid metabolism, including lipid biosynthetic pathways. Viruses can also redirect lipids from host cell organelles; lipid exchange at membrane contact sites, where the membranes of adjacent organelles are in close apposition, has been implicated in the replication of several +RNA viruses. Here we review current understanding of DMV biogenesis. With a focus on the exploitation of contact site machinery by +RNA viruses to generate replication organelles, we discuss evidence that similar mechanisms support SARS-CoV-2 replication, protecting its RNA from the host cell immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James R. Edgar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Brian J. Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emily R. Eden
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Vos DY, van de Sluis B. Function of the endolysosomal network in cholesterol homeostasis and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Mol Metab 2021; 50:101146. [PMID: 33348067 PMCID: PMC8324686 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), also known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, has become the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. In addition to hepatic accumulation of triglycerides, dysregulated cholesterol metabolism is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of MAFLD. Maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis is highly dependent on cellular cholesterol uptake and, subsequently, cholesterol transport to other membrane compartments, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Scope of review The endolysosomal network is key for regulating cellular homeostasis and adaptation, and emerging evidence has shown that the endolysosomal network is crucial to maintain metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of the role of the endolysosomal network in cholesterol homeostasis and its implications in MAFLD pathogenesis. Major conclusions Although multiple endolysosomal proteins have been identified in the regulation of cholesterol uptake, intracellular transport, and degradation, their physiological role is incompletely understood. Further research should elucidate their role in controlling metabolic homeostasis and development of fatty liver disease. The intracellular cholesterol transport is tightly regulated by the endocytic and lysosomal network. Dysfunction of the endolysosomal network affects hepatic lipid homeostasis. The endosomal sorting of lipoprotein receptors is precisely regulated and is not a bulk process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyonne Y Vos
- Department of Pediatrics, section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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19
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Lange Y, Steck TL. Active cholesterol 20 years on. Traffic 2020; 21:662-674. [PMID: 32930466 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the following hypotheses, some well-supported and some speculative. Almost all of the sterol molecules in plasma membranes are associated with bilayer phospholipids in complexes of varied strength and stoichiometry. These complexes underlie many of the material properties of the bilayer. The small fraction of cholesterol molecules exceeding the binding capacity of the phospholipids is thermodynamically active and serves diverse functions. It circulates briskly among the cell membranes, particularly through contact sites linking the organelles. Active cholesterol provides the upstream feedback signal to multiple mechanisms governing plasma membrane homeostasis, pegging the sterol level to a threshold set by its phospholipids. Active cholesterol could also be the cargo for various inter-organelle transporters and the form excreted from cells by reverse transport. Furthermore, it is integral to the function of caveolae; a mediator of Hedgehog regulation; and a ligand for the binding of cytolytic toxins to membranes. Active cholesterol modulates a variety of plasma membrane proteins-receptors, channels and transporters-at least in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Lange
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Theodore L Steck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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20
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Silva BSC, DiGiovanni L, Kumar R, Carmichael RE, Kim PK, Schrader M. Maintaining social contacts: The physiological relevance of organelle interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118800. [PMID: 32712071 PMCID: PMC7377706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells form an interactive network to coordinate and facilitate cellular functions. The formation of close contacts, termed "membrane contact sites" (MCSs), represents an intriguing strategy for organelle interaction and coordinated interplay. Emerging research is rapidly revealing new details of MCSs. They represent ubiquitous and diverse structures, which are important for many aspects of cell physiology and homeostasis. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological relevance of organelle contacts. We focus on mitochondria, peroxisomes, the Golgi complex and the plasma membrane, and discuss the most recent findings on their interactions with other subcellular organelles and their multiple functions, including membrane contacts with the ER, lipid droplets and the endosomal/lysosomal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz S C Silva
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
| | - Laura DiGiovanni
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rechal Kumar
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
| | - Ruth E Carmichael
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK.
| | - Peter K Kim
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK.
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21
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Meneses-Salas E, García-Melero A, Blanco-Muñoz P, Jose J, Brenner MS, Lu A, Tebar F, Grewal T, Rentero C, Enrich C. Selective Degradation Permits a Feedback Loop Controlling Annexin A6 and Cholesterol Levels in Endolysosomes of NPC1 Mutant Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051152. [PMID: 32392809 PMCID: PMC7291204 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified elevated annexin A6 (AnxA6) protein levels in Niemann–Pick-type C1 (NPC1) mutant cells. In these cells, AnxA6 depletion rescued the cholesterol accumulation associated with NPC1 deficiency. Here, we demonstrate that elevated AnxA6 protein levels in NPC1 mutants or upon pharmacological NPC1 inhibition, using U18666A, were not due to upregulated AnxA6 mRNA expression, but caused by defects in AnxA6 protein degradation. Two KFERQ-motifs are believed to target AnxA6 to lysosomes for chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and we hypothesized that the cholesterol accumulation in endolysosomes (LE/Lys) triggered by the NPC1 inhibition could interfere with the CMA pathway. Therefore, AnxA6 protein amounts and cholesterol levels in the LE/Lys (LE-Chol) compartment were analyzed in NPC1 mutant cells ectopically expressing lysosome-associated membrane protein 2A (Lamp2A), which is well known to induce the CMA pathway. Strikingly, AnxA6 protein amounts were strongly decreased and coincided with significantly reduced LE-Chol levels in NPC1 mutant cells upon Lamp2A overexpression. Therefore, these findings suggest Lamp2A-mediated restoration of CMA in NPC1 mutant cells to lower LE-Chol levels with concomitant lysosomal AnxA6 degradation. Collectively, we propose CMA to permit a feedback loop between AnxA6 and cholesterol levels in LE/Lys, encompassing a novel mechanism for regulating cholesterol homeostasis in NPC1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Meneses-Salas
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.M.-S.); (A.G.-M.); (P.B.-M.); (F.T.)
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana García-Melero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.M.-S.); (A.G.-M.); (P.B.-M.); (F.T.)
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Blanco-Muñoz
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.M.-S.); (A.G.-M.); (P.B.-M.); (F.T.)
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaimy Jose
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia; (J.J.); (M.-S.B.)
| | - Marie-Sophie Brenner
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia; (J.J.); (M.-S.B.)
| | - Albert Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.M.-S.); (A.G.-M.); (P.B.-M.); (F.T.)
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia; (J.J.); (M.-S.B.)
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (C.R.); (C.E.); Tel.: +34-934021908 (C.R.)
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.M.-S.); (A.G.-M.); (P.B.-M.); (F.T.)
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036-Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (C.R.); (C.E.); Tel.: +34-934021908 (C.R.)
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.M.-S.); (A.G.-M.); (P.B.-M.); (F.T.)
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036-Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (C.R.); (C.E.); Tel.: +34-934021908 (C.R.)
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